survey report from abhijit sarmaa

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REPORT
ON
SURVEY CAMP FOR TOPOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY USINGTOTAL STATION AND
LEVELLING SURVEY AT AGHAMLOK
LINGTAM
GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
NAME: SINGAY WANGCHUK
 Mr. Sourav Gupta REG. NO: 201800586
 Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa ROLL NO: 28
 Mr. Abranil Adak
 Mr. Jyoti Prasanna Sengupta
 Mr. Rajeep Roy
 Ms. Prena Gurung
 Mr. Souvik Das

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SIKKIM MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent college of Sikkim Manipal University)

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ACKOWLEDGEMET
This report is the outcome result of survey camp of SIKKIM MAIPAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHOLOGY (Rangpo Majhitar East Sikkim) at AGHAMLOK LINGTAM.
The purpose of this fieldwork was making to the each of us independent to carry out the work
in real problem in the field. We think the purpose is suitable for further work and which make
us to produce the report of the field work in time. We are sincerely indebted to our college
SMIT, for providing opportunity to consolidate our theoretical and practical knowledge in
engineering surveying.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Sourav Gupta (Assistant professor) and
Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa (Assistant professor) for their vital encouragement and support in
the completion of this report.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Dr. Chandrashekar Bhuiyan (HOD of
Civil engineering Department) for bestowing me with such a great opportunity.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our camp teachers for their helpful
suggestions, friendly behavior and guiding anytime during the field work an also providing
prompt comments and rectification necessary before finalization of the report for their
valuable instructions, during the fieldwork, without which it was very difficult to do the work
in the field and to produce the report.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my friends who helped me in the camp and made me the
work so much easy.
Yours Sincerely,
SINGAY
WANGCHUK
201800586

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ABSTRACT
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative position of above, on or beneath
the surface of earth and is the most important part of civil engineering. The results of surveys
are used to map the earth, prepare navigation charts, establish property boundaries, develop
data of land used and natural resources information etc. further survey maintains highways
railroads, buildings, bridge, tunnels, canals, dams and many more.
The main objectives of survey camp was organized for us is to take an opportunity to
consolidate and update our practical and theoretical knowledge in engineering survey in the
actual field condition. In the survey map we have to prepare topographic map of the give
area, road site survey fulfilling all the technical requirements. In this regard, we are required
to carry out the necessary field works in our sub group so that we will get opportunity to the
decision on planning and execution of field works for preparation of topographic map and
detail road and road site survey.

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INTRODUCTION
Surveying
Surveying is an art of science of determining the relative’s position point on the surface of the
earth by the mean of angular and linear measurements. The application of surveying required
astronomy. The knowledge of surveying is advantageous to many phase of engineering in
surveying, all the measurement of length is horizontal, or else is subsequently reduce to
horizontal distance. The objectives of surveying are to prepare plan or map so that it may
represent the area on a horizontal plane.
In our survey camp, the type of survey that we performed is engineering surveying which
includes the preparation of topographic map in which both horizontal and vertical control are
necessary. As per instrument used we perform Total station for topographical survey and
Auto level for profile leveling and cross sectional leveling off a road site for establishing
control points in road site survey.
Principle of Surveying
The fundamental principle of surveying is:
 Working from whole to part: It is very important to established first systemof
control points with higher precision. Minor control points can be established by less
precise method and details can be located using minor control point by running
minor traverse. This principle is applied to prevent the accumulation of error and to
control and localized minor error.
 Location of points by measurement from two point of reference: The relative
position of points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least
two point ofreference, the position of which has already been fixed.
 Consistency of work: The survey work should performed by keeping consistency in
method, instrument, observer etc. to get desired level of accuracy.
 Independency check: Every instrument taken in the field must be checked by
someindependent field observation so that the mistake is not passed unnoticely.
 Accuracy required: Proper method and proper instrument should be used
depending upon the amount of accuracy required. Accuracy of angular and the
liners should becomplete.

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Objectives of survey camp
 To become familiar with the problem that may arise during the field works.
 To became familiar with proper handling of instrument and their function.
 To collect required data in the field in systematic way.
 To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy and
present it in the diagrammatic and tabular form in order to understand by
orders.
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Topographical surveying is the process of determining the positions of existing features of
the locality by means of conventional signs on a topographical map. They are carried out to
depict the topography of the mountainous terrain, rivers, wooded areas, and other cultural
details as roads, railways and townships etc.
o Equipments and Accessories:
o Total station
o Theodolite
o Leveling staff(5m)
o Ranging rods
o Measuring tapes(30m)
o Leveling instrument
o Pegs
o Plumb bob
o Prism
o Prism holder
o Metric chain

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TOTAL STATION
A total station is an electronic/ optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance
meter (EDM). It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage
system.
The instrument is used to measure sloping distance of object to the instrument, horizontal
angles and vertical angles. This microprocessor unit enables for computation of data collected
to further calculate the horizontal distance, coordinates of point and reduced level of point.
Data collected from total station can be downloaded in laptops/ computer for further
processing of information.
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features
as topographic surveying or to set features such as roads, houses and boundaries. They are
also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators,
and private accident reconstructions and insurance companies to take measurements scenes.

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Parts of Total Station:

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Components of total station:
Total station is a compact instrument which weighs around 50N to 55N. It consists of a
distance measuring instrument (EDM), an angle measuring instrument (Theodolite) and a
simple microprocessor. The components used in total station surveying are as follows:
1. A tripod is used to hold the total station.
2. An electronic notebook used to record, calculate and even manipulate the field data.
3. Prism and prism pole which can measure lengths up to 2km and up to 6-7km can
bemeasured with triple prism.
4. Battery.
Functions of total station:

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 Coordinates determination:
Total station determines the coordinates of an unknown point relative to the known
coordinate by establishing a direct line of sight between the two points. Angles and
distances are measured from the total station to points under survey and the
coordinates of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using
trigonometry and triangulation. Some total stations have Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS), which does not require direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
 Distance measurement:
A total station has a small solid state emitter within the instruments optical path. They
generate modulated microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by prism reflector
or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and

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interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is thus determined byemitting
and receiving multiple frequencies and determining the integer number of wavelength, to
the target for each frequency.
 Angular measurement:
Most of the modern total stations have digital barcodes on rotating glass cylinder that
are installed within the instrument. Angle measurements are done trough electro
optical scanning of these digital barcodes.
 Data processing:
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the theodolite to a
computer and the application software in turn generates a map of the survey area.
Many advanced models of total station have built in micro processor to record and
compute distances, horizontal and vertical angles.
Advantages of total station:
o Quick settings of the instrument on the tripod using laser plummet.
o On board area computation programmed to compute the area of the field.
o Local language support.
o Full GIS creation.
o Automation of old maps.
o Graphical view of plots and land for quick visualization.

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Procedure for setup the total station:
1. Set up and level the instrument so that it is precisely over the control point. Press
OKto exit the level screen.
2. Navigate the quick survey (Q- survey) program from the main menu and press.
3. To set your horizontal angle back sight press F4 twice to make set Hz soft key
available.
4. Press F2 set Hz to open the set horizontal angle menu.
5. Aim at the back sight point then press F1 Hz=0. Press F4 OK to set the back sight
angle.
6. The instrument is ready to measure the horizontal angles.
 As you turn the instrument to the right (clockwise) the horizontal
anglemeasurement (Hz) will increase.
 As you turn the instrument to the left (counter clockwise) Hz will decrease.
 If this is not the case, see your instructor.
7. To set your instrument heights (HI) press F1 STATION to open the station Entry
menu.
8. Scroll down to the HI field and press F3 INPUT to access the number keys.
9. Use the F# keys to select the appropriate numbers and the navigation key to
movefrom digit to digit.
10. Once you have correct instrument height in place. Press Enter, press F4 OK to
returnto the page one of the Quick survey program.
11. To set the height of your reflector uses the navigation button to select the
reflectorheight above the ground (Hr) field.
12. If the INPUT soft key is unavailable, press F4 to toggle until it is available.
13. Press F3 INPUT and use the F# keys to select the appropriate numbers and
thenavigation key to move from digit to digit.
14. Once you have the correct reflector height in place, press Enter.
15. To set the current temperature and pressure press F2 EDM.
16. Press F1 ATMOS to open the atmospheric data entry menu.
17. Scroll to the temperature field and use the INPUT and number soft keys to insert
theappropriate temperature. Once the field is correct press Enter.
18. Scroll to the pressure field and enter the current pressure field and enter the
currentpressure using the same routine.
19. Press OK twice to return to page one of the Q-survey programs.
20. Now you are ready to measuring horizontal angles, horizontal distance and
verticaldistances.
21. To make a measurement, aim the total station at the prism and press ALL or use
theblack trigger key located on the right hand side of the instrument.

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22. The instrument will display the horizontal angle (Hz), vertical angle (v) and the
horizontal distance on the first data.
23. Press the page button to display the Hz, slope distance and vertical distance.
24. Pressing the page button again will display Northing, Easting and Elevation.
25. Pressing the page button once again will return the display to the first page
showingHz, v and horizontal distance again.

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CONTOURING
Contouring in surveying is the determination of elevation of various points on the ground and fixing these
points of same horizontal positions in the contour map. To exercise vertical control leveling work is
carried out and simultaneously to exercise horizontal control chain survey or compass survey or plane
table survey is to be carried out. If the theodolite is used, both horizontal and vertical controls can be
achieved from the same instrument. Based on the instruments used one can classify the contouring in
different groups.
Methods of Contour Surveying
There are two methods of contour surveying:
Direct method
Indirect method
Direct Method of Contouring
It consists in finding vertical and horizontal controls of the points which lie on the selected contour line.
For vertical control levelling instrument is commonly used. A level is set on a commanding position in the
area after taking fly levels from the nearby bench mark. The plane of collimation/height of instrument is
found and the required staff reading for a contour line is calculated. The instrument man asks staff man to
move up and down in the area till the required staff reading is found. A surveyor establishes the horizontal
control of that point using his instruments. After that instrument man directs the staff man to another point
where the same staff reading can be found. It is followed by establishing horizontal control. Thus, several
points are established on a contour line on one or two contour lines and suitably noted down. Plane table
survey is ideally suited for this work. After required points are established from the instrument setting, the
instrument is shifted to another point to cover more area. The level and survey instrument need not be
shifted at the same time. It is better if both are nearby to communicate easily. For getting speed in
levelling some times hand level and Abney levels are also used. This method is slow, tedious but accurate.
It is suitable for small areas.
Indirect Method of Contouring
In this method, levels are taken at some selected points and their levels are reduced. Thus in this method
horizontal control is established first and then the levels of those points found. After locating the points on

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the plan, reduced levels are marked and contour lines are interpolated between the selected points. For
selecting points any of the following methods can be used:
Method of squares
Method of cross-section
Radial line method
Method of Squares
In this method area is divided into a number of squares and all grid points are marked (Ref. Fig.
Commonly used size of square varies from 5 m × 5 m to 20 m × 20 m. Levels of all grid points are
established by levelling. Then grid square is plotted on the drawing sheet. Reduced levels of grid points
marked and contour lines are drawn by interpolation [
Method of Cross-Section
In this method cross-sectional points are taken at regular interval. By levelling the reduced level of all
those points are established. The points are marked on the drawing sheets,their reduced levels (RL) are
marked and contour lines interpolated.

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. The spacing of cross-section depends upon the nature of the ground, scale of the map and the contour
interval required. It varies from 20 m to 100 m. Closer intervals are required if ground level varies
abruptly. The cross- sectional line need not be always be at right angles to the main line. This method is
ideally suited for road and railway projects.
Radial Line Method
. In this method severalradial lines are taken from a point in the area. The direction of each line is noted.
On these lines at selected distances points are marked and levels determined. This method is ideally suited
for hilly areas. In this survey theodolite with tacheometry facility is commonly used.
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For interpolating contour points between the two points any one of the following method may be used: (a)
Estimation (b) Arithmetic calculation (c) Mechanical or graphical method. Mechanical or graphical
method of interpolation consist in linearly interpolating contour points using tracing sheet: On a tracing
sheet severalparallel lines are drawn at regular interval. Every 10th or 5th line is made darker for easy

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counting. If RL of A is 97.4 and that of B is 99.2 m. Assume the bottom most dark line represents 97 m
RL and every parallel line is at 0.2 m intervals. Then hold the second parallel line on A. Rotate the tracing
sheet so that 100.2 the parallel line passes through point B. Then the intersection of dark lines on AB
represents the points on 98 m and 99 m contours . Similarly the contour points along any line connecting
two neighbouring points may be obtained and the points pricked. This method maintains the accuracy of
arithmetic calculations at the same time it is fast.
Drawing Contours
After locating contour points smooth contour lines are drawn connecting corresponding points on a
contour line. French curves may be used for drawing smooth lines. A surveyor should not lose the sight of
the characteristic feature on the ground. Every fifth contour line is made thicker for easy readability. On
every contour line its elevation is written. If the map size is large, it is written at the ends also.
Contour Maps and Its Uses
A contour maps consists of contour lines which are imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation.
Such lines are drawn on the plan of an area after establishing reduced levels of severalpoints in the area.
The contour lines in an area are drawn keeping difference in elevation of between two consecutive lines
constant. For example, the contour map shows contours in an area with contour interval of 1 m. On
contour lines the level of lines is also written.Contour Map
Characteristics of Contour Maps
The contours maps have the following characteristics:
Contour lines must close, not necessarily in the limits of the plan.
Widely spaced contour indicates flat surface.
Closely spaced contour indicates steep ground.
Equally spaced contour indicates uniform slope.
Irregular contours indicate uneven surface.
Approximately concentric closed contours with decreasing values towards centre indicate a pond.
Approximately concentric closed contours with increasing values towards centre indicate hills.
Contour lines with U-shape with convexity towards lower ground indicate ridge
Contour lines with U-Shape with convexity
Uses of Contour Maps
Contour maps are extremely useful for various engineering works:
A civil engineer studies the contours and finds out the nature of the ground to identify. Suitable site for the
project works to be taken up.
By drawing the section in the plan, it is possible to find out profile of the ground along that line. It helps in
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Intervisibility of any two points can be found by drawing profile of the ground along that line.
The routes of the railway, road, canal or sewer lines can be decided so as to minimize and balance
earthworks.
Catchment area and hence quantity of water flow at any point of nalla or river can be found. This study is
very important in locating bunds, dams and also to find out flood levels.
From the contours, it is possible to determine the capacity of a reservoir.
Read More: What is Contour Interval? Its Calculation, Uses and When it is Required Contour Lines and
Its Types, Characteristics and Uses in Surveying Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing -its Uses and
Importance Roles and Work of Surveyor in Construction

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Conclusion
The survey camp was undoubtedly one of the most incredible
memories. The acquisition of knowledge and interpersonal
happiness obtained from the camp hardly is acquired from
books and lectures. We are delighted and grateful to have an
excellent camp organized by thecivil engineering department
not only the travel, but also learn to explore and to reflect.
After this camp, we realized that engineering survey is
vitally important as a golden opportunity for us. The rapid
development of civil engineering methodology has
broadenedour horizons and eye opening.

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