As a developing country, Nepal has to upgrade the uses of GNSS application. In this slide, I am tried to cover the GNSS application used in Nepal.

1. GNSS
Presented By:
Ashok Kumar Rimal

2.  OUTLINE
1
1
Introduction
2
History
3
Applications: Status
4
Conclusion
5
References

3. 2
Introduction1

4. 1
NEPAL
• landlocked country located between India to the east, south, and
west and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north
3
Introduction
• Total area: 147,516 km²
• Nepal lies between 80.4' and 88.12'
east longitude and 26.22' and 30.27'
north latitude
• Standard time: GMT+05:45 all over
Nepal

5. 1 Introduction
4

6. 1 Introduction
GNSS
• include constellations of Earth-orbiting satellites that
broadcast their locations in space and time, of
networks of ground control stations, and of receivers
that calculate ground positions by trilateration
• GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, COMPASS, IRNSS, QZSS
5

7. 2
• In 1970, establishment of Trigonometrical Survey branch under
survey department
• In 1976, establishment of Geodetic Survey branch
• Control network was defined through the use of conventional
measurements. i.e. Precise Leveling, Astronomical and Gravity
Observations
• Geodetic Survey Division commenced the use of GPS technology in
1991 A.D for carrying out land survey.
• initiated the use of GPS for survey of previously established high
order control points
• Everest to WGS-84
• Need Transformation parameters 6
History

8. 2
• Establishment of different (first/second/third) for strengthening
the geodetic network
• GNSS observation are done regularly as yearly development
program
• Develop semi dynamic datum for the country
• Determination of ground displacement of 25 April 2015 Nepal
earthquake by GNSS precise point positioning
• Used GNSS for setting up GCP points for RS image rectification
• CORS setup: first in Nagarkot observatory
• Height determination process of the Mt. Everest
7
History

9. 3 Application: Status
8

10. 3 Application: Status
9
Geodetic Survey Division
• Geodetic Survey Division maintain/operate 2 CORS station at Nagarkot.
• Establishment of CORS station at front field of Survey Department office at
Minbhawan, Kathmandu. The construction is going on.
• Geodetic Survey Division is planning to establish more than 50 CORS station
covering whole country. The work of initial phase is on the floor.
• Resurvey of past control points (First order/second order) by GNSS method.
• Establishment of network of control points required for re-cadastral survey such
as in Siraha, Saptari district by GNSS method.
• GPS observations of the geodetic stations for regional/local transformation
parameter (WGS 84 to Everest 1830 and vice-versa.)
• GNSS survey at level benchmarks along the level alignment.
• The positioning of Airborne Gravity 2010 was from onboard GNSS sensor and
ground reference GNSS control stations.

11. 3 Application: Status
10
Topographical Survey and Land Use Management
• GNSS survey to assist in surveying & delineating international boundaries of the
country with neighboring countries. (Border survey/India-Nepal border/China-
Nepal border)
• GCP establishment by GNSS method to prepare & update the topographical
base maps of the country. (topo map update using ZY3 satellite image provided
by china/such satellite image georeferenced with GCP established by GNSS
method)
• Survey Department is conducting LIDAR survey of Terai region extending from
CHITAWAN -TO- KANCHANPUR. The positioning of LIDAR point clouds will come
from GNSS method

12. 3 Application: Status
11
UNAVCO and DMG:
• CORS stations are established by UNAVCO and Department of Mines and
Geology in Nepal. There are 11 existing 11 CORS network stations and 5 new
CORS stations.
• 11 existing CORS stations: JMLA, NPGJ, JMSM, BESI, CHLM, NAST, SYBC, SNDL,
RMJT, BRNZ.
• 5 new CORS stations: DLPA, DNSG, HETA, CHWN, KLCK.

13. 3 Application: Status
12Fig. Epicenter (star) and GNSS station (triangle) displacement vectors
Displacement Determination of 25 April 2015 Earthquake

14. 3 Application: Status
• collected and processed GNSS data at
17 stations around the epicenter
• GNSS station displacements are
calculated precisely with an accuracy
of 1cm in the horizontal and the
vertical components
• show that the affected area stretches
about 160 km in the south-eas
• common moving direction is close to
the south-southeast with the
maximum value of 2 m in the
horizontal component
13
Displacement Determination of 25 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake
Figure. Displacements of stations KKN4 (left)
and NAST (right), accepted from (Galetzka J.,
2015)

15. 3
14
Because of the effect of plate tectonic motion, the actual position of points on the
earth changes continuously. However nearly all users find it difficult to deal with
continuous coordinate change.
Modern semi-dynamic datum are based on a version of the International Terrestrial
Reference Frame. Stable coordinates are produced by projecting each coordinate to its
position at a common date called the reference epoch.
In this case a mathematical model, usually a National Deformation Model, is used to
calculate the trajectory of points.
The effect of earthquake is an instantaneous offset while the effect of the velocity
increases linearly with time.
The total motion is just the sum of the earthquake and the constant velocity terms.
Application: Status
Semi-Dynamic Datum

16. 3
15
Figure 5: Basic NDM model where trajectory of points effected by a constant
velocity and two earthquakes
Application: Status
Semi-Dynamic Datum

17. 3
16Figure 5: Air-Route chart of National and International flights
Application: Status
PBN Implementation Plan

18. 3
17
• At the 36th Session of ICAO Assembly, it has been resolved: “All the contracting States should have a
PBN implementation plan in place by 2009 to ensure a globally harmonized and coordinated
transition to PBN by 2016”
• The objective is to provide the continuity to the development in the field of air navigation including
the GNSS-based procedures- a step for transitioning to PBN
• CAA Nepal completed WGS-84 survey of the runway thresholds, critical positions of runway and
Navigation Aids of TIA and all domestic airports in operation in 1999 and data have been published
in the AIP Nepal
• Re-verification of WGS-84 data and survey of other essential points at Kathmandu & Biratnagar
Airports has been carried out in 2010
• To take early benefit of the satellite based navigation, GNSS based approach procedures for TIA and
8 major domestic aerodromes were developed in 1999, some of them were flight validated
• GNSS NPA procedures were reviewed and some GNSS/RNAV departure procedures were developed
based on PANS/OPS in 2005. Some of them were flight validated.
• GNSS based approach and departure procedures have been designed at about nine domestic
airports including Tribhuvan International Airport and some of them have been flight validated
Application: Status
PBN Implementation Plan

19. 3
18
• Used satellite image as a primary data
• Needed of geo-referencing
• Select the required nos of GCPs and taking the coordinates of that points by using GNSS
receiver
Application: Status
National Land Use Project

20. 3
19
• Over 8,000 boundary pillars along the Indo-Nepal border will be equipped with positioning
system using Global Navigation Satellite System
• Nepal-India Boundary Global Navigation Satellite System (NIB GNSS) would be used for
Nepal-India boundary pillars
Application: Status
Boarder Measurements

21. 3
20
• GNSS based survey was conducted for determining locations of gravity points, bench marks
as well as top of Mt. Everest
• GNSS survey was conducted for 1 hour 16 minutes on the top of the world
Application: Status
Mt. Everest Height Measurements

22. 3
21
Application: Status
Location Based Services

23. 3
22
Application: Status
Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) Many peoples (> 55%)
in Nepal reside in areas that
are vulnerable to natural
disasters.

24. 23
4 Conclusion
 GNSS systems where revolutionary in the area of Navigation by providing positioning
and navigation capabilities to the autonomous vehicles. With precise
positioning, GNSS can be used for lane or track determination (for road and rail
vehicles) and attitude determination by using multiple antennas
 Nepal has applied the GNSS systems in many dynamic fields. i.e. Surveying and
Mapping, DRM, LBS, Planning, Weather Forecast, Future Risk Prediction etc.
 There are many furthermore application of GNSS which are already used other
country but Nepal still has not
 Needed of upgrading the technology, producing the skilled manpower, increasing the
budget for GNSS application

25. 24
5
REFERENCES
• https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJG/article/view/23009
• https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/activities/2014/trieste-
gnss/43.pdf
• https://mycoordinates.org/united-nationsnepal-workshop-on-the-applications-
of-gnss/
• https://www.gisresources.com/india-nepal-border-pillars-to-be-gps-enabled/
• https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/application-of-remote-sensing-and-
geographical-information-system-gis-in-forest-survey-in-nepal/
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315499261_Measuring_ground_defo
rmations_caused_by_2015_M_w78_Nepal_earthquake_using_high-
rate_GPS_data_and_its_application_to_seismology
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332350732_Opportunities_and_Chall
enges_of_Geospatial_GeomaticsSurveying_Education_in_Nepal
• https://mycoordinates.org/towards-a-modernized-geodetic-datum-for-nepal/