Internship report based on an Industrial Training visit to Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara Sub Division. Diploma in Civil Engineering Semester 4. (KWA)

1. INTERNSHIP REPORT
Kerala Water Authority
Sub Division Aruvikkara
Prepared By:
Siana Ann Sebastian,
Rajadhani Polytechnic College,
Thiruvananthapuram

2. INDEX
SL No. CONTENT PAGE No.
01 Acknowledgement 01
02 Introduction 02
03 About the Organisation 03
04 Water Treatment 04
05 Treatment Plants 05 - 07
06 Water Treatment Processes 08 - 19
07 Peculiarities of KWA Aruvikkara 20 - 28
08 Dams 29 - 30
009 Conclusion 31
10 Bibliography and References 32

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
'Gratitude is not a thing of expression; it is more a matter of feeling.’
I would like to express my deep gratitude to the Chief Engineer Kerala Water Authority,
Aruvikkara, Superintending Engineer P.H Circle Kerala Water Authority Aruvikkara,
Executive Engineer P.H.Division Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara, Assistant
Executive Engineer, Head Engineer, Sub Division Aruvikkara, And sincere appreciation
and gratitude to The Principal, Rajadhani Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mr.
Suresh Babu, The Vice Principal Mrs. Sangeetha Shibu, Head of the department,
Diploma in Civil Engineering, Miss. Divya Raj, for permitting me to have an internship
training at Aruvikkara treatment plant which helped me enrich my knowledge in the field
of Water treatment processes, information about the working of the Aruvikkara and
Neyyar dams under the wing, understanding the layout and set up of the organisation and
working closely with 74 MD, 86 MLD, 72 MLD and …………. treatment plants and the
installations and maintenance required for their seamless operation. It was my privilege
being trained under the guidance of Mr. Sudheesh, Kerala Water Authority. I would like
to thank them for their active support and continuous guidance without which it would
have been difficult for me to complete this training. They were generous enough to take
time out of their regular work to lend a helping hand whenever I needed one and enabled
me to complete this tenure.I would also like to mention the generous guidance of
Mr……….Overseer Aruvikkara division together with all the staff at Aruvikkara division
whose guidance helped me settle down in the organisation and successfully complete the
project within the relatively short time frame of 5 days, from 10th May 2023 to 14h May
2023. They were supportive enough to give me an opportunity to be a part of such a
prestigious organisation for 5 days and understand the infrastructure and working of the
organisation. Last but not the least I would like to thank our mentor Miss. Swathy M.S.,
Lecturer, Diploma In Civil Engineering, Rajadhani Polytechnic College, Trivandrum for
her sincere efforts in helping us complete this journey.

4. INTRODUCTION
This report is drafted on the basis of a 4 day visit to the Kerala Water Authority, Water
Supply Sub Division Aruvikkara starting from 10th of May 2023 to 13th of May 2023.
During our visit, we observed the working of four water treatment plants all operating on
different technologies- traditional and advanced under the wing. KWA has Four Water
Treatment plants under the Aruvikkara Sub Division, consisting of 72 MLD, 74 MLD,
84MLD and 75 MLD plants working with both advanced and traditional methods. This 5
day endeavour enabled us to understand the basics of Civil Engineering, Electrical
Engineering and related amenities in the functioning, working and seamless running of
the above mentioned plants as well as the Kerala Water Authority Sub Division Office,
Aruvikkara.
The attained objectives of the internship :
● Understand the bases of drinking water treatment
● Study the detailed process of water treatment
● Understand the quality parameters of drinking water
● Recognising visible and microscopic impurities in water
● Treatments to remove harmful chemicals, pollutants and bacterias in water
● Analyse of the different methods adopted for purification
● Observe the working of four water treatment plants
● Understand the different technologies used
● Interpretation of the difference between traditional and modern modes of water
treatment
● Observe the seamless KWA Infrastructure
The knowledge we acquired is not limited to these alone. We were also able to visit and
observe the Electrical Sub Station under KWA Aruvikkara to understand the power
supply and distribution of the various plants and the office. We visited the Aruvikkara
Dam located close to the Kerala Water Authority Office to further understand the process
of collecting water for purification, making it suitable for drinking and further
transportation of the water to the whole of Trivandrum City. The disciplined and
systematic working in the Kerala Water Authority Office.

5. ABOUT THE ORGANISATION
Kerala Water Authority is an autonomous authority established for the development and
regulation of water supply and waste water collection and disposal in the state of Kerala,
India. It is a government-owned organisation and hence a monopoly in most parts of the
state. The authority was founded on 1 April 1984. The Authority has its head office in
Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Water Authority is governed by a board chaired by the
Chairman, usually the Principal Secretary / Secretary, Department of Water Resources,
Government of Kerala. The board also includes the secretaries of the departments of
finance, local self-government, the executive director of KRWSA, Managing Director,
Technical member, Accounts Member of Kerala Water Authority and three members
from local self-government institutions.
It was established on 1st April 1984 under the Kerala water and wastewater ordinance,
1984 by converting the erstwhile Public Health Engineering Department to provide for
the development and regulation of water supply and wastewater collection and disposal in
the State of Kerala and for matters connected therewith. The Kerala Water Supply and
Sewerage Act 1986 (Act 14 of 1986) replaced the ordinance. The Authority was
established by vesting the properties and assets of the erstwhile Public Health
Engineering Department under section 16 of the Act, and the assets, rights and liabilities
of the local bodies and Kerala State Rural Development Board in so far as they pertain to
the execution of water supply and sewerage schemes under 18 of the Act.
The Kerala Water Authority, Sub Division: Aruvikkara, situated at Aruvikkara
surrounding Aruvikkara Gravity and Masonry dam which was completed in 1972, built
across Karamana River. It fulfils the need for irrigation and drinking water supply in the
district of Thirivananthapuram. It houses the above-mentioned dam as well as Peppara
Dam constructed in 1983.

6. WATER TREATMENT
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate
for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation,
river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely
returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable
components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired
end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from
both drinking and irrigation use.
Water supplied to domestic properties such as for tap water or other uses, may be further
treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include
water softening or ion exchange.Water contamination is primarily caused by the
discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. The effluent from various enterprises,
which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water
resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion of organic and inorganic
contaminants at the initial discharge. Industries generate wastewater as a result of
fabrication processes, processes dealing with paper and pulp, textiles, chemicals, and
from various streams such as cooling towers, boilers, and production lines.
Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants and/or
inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is
pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any
adverse health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with
ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces.
Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. The
removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves the
use of reactive chemical agents such as suspended solids, to remove bacteria, algae,
viruses, fungi, and minerals including iron and manganese. Research including Professor
Linda Lawton's group at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen is working to improve
detection of cyanobacteria. These substances continue to cause great harm to several less
developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems.
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to
its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep
residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during
distribution and to keep the pipes clean. Water supplied to domestic properties such as for
tap water or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment
process. Such treatments can include water softening or ion exchange.

7. TREATMENT PLANTS
The Kerala Water Authority, SubDivision Aruvikkara has four water treatments plants
under its supervision. It includes 72 MLD plant, 74 MLD plant, 84 MLD plant and 75
MLD plant. MLD is the volume unit that translates to “millions of litres per day” that
means all these plants collectively produce 305 Million litres of drinking and potable
water per day. They each have different technologies governing, guiding and operating
the bases of treatment of water, differing with the change in plants. The first ever
installed plant in Aruvikkara is the 86 MLD plant which uses the most traditional and
conventional method of water purification. Whereas the latest installed plant of 75 MLD
has improved and advanced Japan technology. The four plants showcase various methods
of water treatment that includes but is not limited to: Pumping room, chemical rooms,
aerators, clariflocculators, chlorination tanks, clear water pump house, filtration beds, etc.
They all collectively work to provide the city of Thiruvananthapuram with pure and safe
drinking water and acts as a source of irrigation in the city.
Above image shows the layout plan of 72 MLD plant under Kerala Water Authority,
Aruvikkara.

8. Above image shows the basic structure of water supply in the city of
Thiruvananthapuram.
Above is the image of the miniature model of 74 MLD water treatment plant of Kerala
Water Authority, Aruvikkara.

9. Above image shows the schematic diagram of the 75 MLD water treatment plant at
Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara.

10. WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Processes in Water Treatment:
a) Pumping
b) Aeration
c) Chemical Treatment
d) Clariflocculatior
e) Filtration
f) Chlorination/Disinfection
g) Clear Water pump house

11. Pumping:
The pumping of water is a basic and practical technique, far more practical than scooping
it up with one's hands or lifting it in a hand-held bucket. This is true whether the water is
drawn from a fresh source, moved to a needed location, purified, or used for irrigation,
washing, or sewage treatment, or for evacuating water from an undesirable location.
Regardless of the outcome, the energy required to pump water is an extremely demanding
component of water consumption. All other processes depend or benefit either from
water descending from a higher elevation or some pressurised plumbing system.
The ancient concept of the aqueduct took simple and eloquent advantage of maintaining
elevation of water for as long and far a distance as possible. Thus, as water moves over
great distances, it retains a larger component of its potential energy by spending small
portions of this energy flowing down a slight gradation. A useful aqueduct system
ultimately depends on a fresh water source existing at a higher elevation than the location
where the water can be of use. Gravity does all the work. In all other instances, pumps are
necessary.
In day-to-day situations, available water is often contaminated, unhealthy, or even
naturally poisonous, so that it is necessary to pump potable water from lower levels to
higher levels, where it can be of use. A freshwater source in a lower stream, river, pond,
or lake is often pumped to higher ground for irrigation, livestock, cooking, cleaning or
other uses by humans, who quite naturally need fresh water. This will purify mostly fresh
water, and the treatment of largely contaminated water refers endlessly to pumping.
Aeration:
Water aeration is the process of increasing or maintaining the oxygen saturation of water
in both natural and artificial environments. Aeration techniques are commonly used in
pond, lake, and reservoir management to address low oxygen levels or algal blooms.
Water aeration is often required in water bodies that suffer from hypoxic or anoxic
conditions, often caused by upstream human activities such as sewage discharges,
agricultural run-off, or over-baiting a fishing lake. Aeration can be achieved through the
infusion of air into the bottom of the lake, lagoon or pond or by surface agitation from a
fountain or spray-like device to allow for oxygen exchange at the surface and the release
of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane or hydrogen sulphide.
Decreased levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) is a major contributor to poor water quality.
Not only do fish and most other aquatic animals need oxygen, aerobic bacteria help
decompose organic matter. When oxygen concentrations become low, anoxic conditions

12. may develop which can decrease the ability of the water body to support life.Any
procedure by which oxygen is added to water can be considered a type of water aeration.
There are many ways to aerate water, but these all fall into two broad areas – surface
aeration and subsurface aeration. A variety of techniques and technologies are available
for both approaches.
Types of Aeration method adopted by Aruvikkara KWA:
(i) Natural aeration:
Natural aeration is a type of both sub-surface and surface aeration. It can occur through
subsurface aquatic plants. Through the natural process of photosynthesis, water plants
release oxygen into the water providing it with the oxygen necessary for fish to live and
aerobic bacteria to break down excess nutrients.
Oxygen can be driven into the water when the wind disturbs the surface of the water body
and natural aeration can occur through a movement of water caused by an incoming
stream, waterfall, or even a strong flood.
In large water bodies in temperate climates, autumn turn-over can introduce oxygen rich
water into the oxygen poor hypolimnion.
(i) Fountains:
A fountain consists of a motor that powers a rotating impeller. The impeller pumps water
from the first few feet of the water and expels it into the air.[4]
This process utilises
air-water contact to transfer oxygen. As the water is propelled into the air, it breaks into
small droplets. Collectively, these small droplets have a large surface area through which
oxygen can be transferred. Upon return, these droplets mix with the rest of the water and
thus transfer their oxygen back to the ecosystem.
Fountains are a popular method of surface aerators because of the aesthetic appearance
that they offer. However, most fountains are unable to produce a large area of oxygenated
water.[4]
Also, running electricity through the water to the fountain can be a safety hazard.

13. Above image shows the Aerator facility in the 74 MLD plant in Aruvikkara wing.
Chemical Treatment:
Different chemical procedures for the conversion into final products or the removal of
pollutants are used for the safe disposal of contaminants.
● Pre-chlorination for algae control and arresting biological growth.
● Aeration along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron when present
with relatively small amounts of manganese.
● Disinfection for killing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, using chlorine,
ozone and ultraviolet light.
Physical techniques of water/waste water treatment rely on physical phenomena to
complete the removal process, rather than biological or chemical changes.Most common
physical techniques are:
● Sedimentation is one of the most important main wastewater treatment procedures.
Gravity settling is a method of separating particles from a fluid. The particle in
suspension remains stable in quiescent conditions due to the decrease in water

14. ● velocity throughout the water treatment process, following which the particles
settle by gravitational force. For solids separation that is the removal of suspended
solids trapped in the floc.
● Filtration is the technique of removing pollutants based on their particle size.
Pollutant removal from wastewater permits water to be reused for a variety of
purposes. The types of filters used in the procedure differ depending on the
contaminants present in the water. Particle filtration and Membrane filtration are
the two main forms of waste water filtration.
● Dissolved air flotation (Degasification) is the process of removing dissolved gases
from a solution . Henry's law states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is
proportionate to the partial pressure of the gas. Degasification is a low-cost
method of removing carbon dioxide gas from wastewater that raises the pH of the
water by removing the gas.
● Deaerator is used to reduce oxygen and nitrogen in boiler feed water applications.

15. Chemicals added for the purification of water:
a) Aluminium Sulphate:
The chemical formula for aluminium sulphate is Al2(SO4)3. Frequently, it is known as
filter alum. In water purification, a mixture of 48 percent filter alum in a water solution is
combined with the raw incoming water at a rate of 18-24 milligrams per liter.
Alums are found in many household products such as deodorant and baking powder.
However, in water purification processes it is as a coagulant. A coagulant binds
extremely fine particles suspended in raw water into larger particles that can be removed
by filtration and settling.
This allows for the removal of unwanted color and cloudiness (turbidity). Additionally,
the process removes the aluminium itself.
Above image shows the Aluminium Sulphate tank in 75 MLD water treatment plant in
Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara Sub Division.

16. b) Lime:
Hydrated lime's chemical name is calcium hydroxide, and its chemical formula is
Ca(OH)2. When purifying water, adding hydrated lime to the water for pH adjustment is
a part of the process. Filter alum is an acidic salt that lowers the pH of water undergoing
purification. Adding hydrated lime to this process between the sedimentation and
filtration steps at the rate of 10 to 20 milligrams per litre neutralises the effect of filter
alum on the processing water.
Above given is the Lime Tank in 75 MLD water treatment plant in Kerala Water
Authority, Aruvikkara.
Clariflocculator:
Flocculation is a process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to sediment
in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying

17. agent. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are
merely suspended, under the form of a stable dispersion (where the internal phase (solid)
is dispersed throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation) and are
not truly dissolved in solution.
Coagulation and flocculation are important processes in water treatment with coagulation
aimed to destabilise and aggregate particles through chemical interactions between the
coagulant and colloids, and flocculation to sediment the destabilised particles by causing
their aggregation into floc.
According to the IUPAC definition, flocculation is "a process of contact and adhesion
whereby the particles of a dispersion form larger-size clusters". Flocculation is
synonymous with agglomeration and coagulation / coalescence.
Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilise a stabilised
charged particle. Meanwhile, flocculation is a mixing technique that promotes
agglomeration and assists in the settling of particles. The most commonly used coagulant
is alum, Al2(SO4)3·14H2O.
The chemical reaction involved:
Al2(SO4)3 · 14 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 6 H+
+ 3 SO2−
4 + 8 H2O
During flocculation, gentle mixing accelerates the rate of particle collision, and the
destabilised particles are further aggregated and enmeshed into larger precipitates.
Flocculation is affected by several parameters, including mixing speeds, mixing intensity,
and mixing time. The product of the mixing intensity and mixing time is used to describe
flocculation processes.
In colloid chemistry, flocculation refers to the process by which fine particulates are
caused to clump together into a floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid
(creaming), settle to the bottom of the liquid (sedimentation), or be readily filtered from
the liquid. Flocculation behaviour of soil colloids is closely related to freshwater quality.
High dispersibility of soil colloids not only directly causes turbidity of the surrounding
water but it also induces eutrophication due to the adsorption of nutritional substances in
rivers and lakes and even boats under the sea.
In civil engineering, and in the earth sciences, flocculation is a condition in which clays,
polymers or other small charged particles become attached and form a fragile structure, a
floc. In dispersed clay slurries, flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and

18. the dispersed clay platelets spontaneously form flocs because of attractions between
negative face charges and positive edge charges.
Clariflocculator is a combination of flocculation and clarification in a single tank. It has
two concentric tanks where the inner tank serves as a flocculation basin and the outer
tank serves as a clarifier.
In the Clariflocculator, the water enters the flocculator, where the flocculating paddles
enhance flocculation of the feed solids. As heavy particles settle to the bottom, the liquid
flows radially upward in the clarifier zone. The clarified liquid is discharged over a
peripheral weir into the peripheral launder. The deposited sludge is raked to the bottom
near the central weir from where it is routed to the sludge chamber and discharged.
Application Areas:
● Municipal Water Treatment
● Primary Treatment in ETP
● Heavy Metal Removal
Filtration:
Filtration, the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by
the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid
particles. Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid may be
the desired product. In some processes used in the production of chemicals, both the fluid
filtrate and the solid filter cake are recovered. Other media, such as electricity, light, and
sound, also can be filtered.
The art of filtration was known to early humans, who obtained clear water from a muddy
river by scooping a hole in the sand on a river bank to a depth below the river water level.
Clear water filtered by the sand would trickle into the hole. The same process on a larger
scale and with refinements is commonly used to purify water for cities. The basic
requirements for filtration are: (1) a filter medium; (2) a fluid with suspended solids; (3) a
driving force such as a pressure difference to cause fluid to flow; and (4) a mechanical
device (the filter) that holds the filter medium, contains the fluid, and permits the
application of force. The filter may have special provisions for removal of the filter cake
or other solid particles, for washing the cake, and possibly for drying the cake. The
various methods used for treating and removing the cake, for removing the clarified

19. filtrate, and for creating the driving force on the fluid have been combined in various
ways to produce a great variety of filter equipment.
Above is the image of the filter bed in 72 MLD water treatment plant in Aruvikkara,
Kerala Water Authority.
Chlorination/ Disinfection:
Microorganisms can be found in raw water from rivers, lakes and groundwater. While not
all microorganisms are harmful to human health, there are some that may cause diseases
in humans. These are called pathogens. Pathogens present in water can be transmitted
through a drinking water distribution system, causing waterborne disease in those who
consume it.
In order to combat waterborne diseases, different disinfection methods are used to
inactivate pathogens. Along with other water treatment processes such as coagulation,
sedimentation, and filtration, chlorination creates water that is safe for public
consumption.

20. Chlorination is one of many methods that can be used to disinfect water. This method was
first used over a century ago, and is still used today. It is a chemical disinfection method
that uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-containing substances for the oxidation and
disinfection of what will be the potable water source.
It is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to
water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In
particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as
cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
Above is the image of the Chlorination tank in 84 MLD plant in Kerala Water Authority,
Aruvikkara.
Clear Water pump house:
A pump house is a building that contains water pumps that move water for irrigation,
land drainage, sewage treatment, or fire fighting. Pump houses have been around for a
long time and are still commonly used. Pump houses are also used in fire fighting and for
other purposes. There are pump houses for land drainage, drinking water, wastewater,

21. canals, and more. Here it is used to store the purified and clear drinking water after it’s
treatment from the plant until it is then transported over the city of Thiruvananthapuram
for household and other utilisation purposes.

22. PECULIARITIES OF KERALA WATER AUTHORITY
ARUVIKKARA

23. 75 MLD Water Treatment Plant
The newest addition to the family of water treatment plants housed in Aruvikkara is the
75 MLD water treatment plant installed recently. It houses the latest technology in water
treatment in the history of Aruvikkara water treatment plants. With advanced technology
for aerators, Scada room for the proper functioning and monitoring of the whole set up,
etc
Above image shows the 75 MLD Water Treatment Plant of Kerala Water Authority,
Aruvikkara, situated at Aruvikkara, Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala.

24. Above image shows the raw water pump house of 75 MLD plant, KWA, Aruvikkara.
Above image shows the Plate Settler in 75 MLD Plant, KWA, Aruvikkara.

25. Above image shows the Aerator in 75 MLD Water Treatment Plant, Kerala Water
Authority. Aruvikkara.
Above image shows the Lime and Alum storage in 75 MLD Water Treatment Plant,
Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara.

26. Quality Testing Facilities and parameters in 75 MLD Water Treatment Plant:
Above images show the Jar Test apparatus in 75 MLD plant and the chemicals used.

27. 11kV Substation:

28. Above images show the details and Electrical room at 11kV sub station powering the
Plants in Kerala Water Authority , Aruvikkara.

29. DAMS UNDER KERALA WATER AUTHORITY, ARUVIKKARA
Above image shows the Aruvikkara Dam situated at Aruvikkara.
Aruvikkara Dam is in the Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala, and is located in
Aruvikkara. This gravity and masonry dam, which was finished in 1972 and spans
the Karamana River, is utilised for irrigation and delivering drinking water to
Thiruvananthapuram. The Aruvikkara dam project began in the 1930s and was aided by
the Peppara dam, which was completed in 1983. The dam is 14.01 metres in height and
83.21 metres in length.
Thiruvananthapuram's irrigation demands are met by the Aruvikkara Dam.
It was constructed to serve the city with piped water. Thiruvananthapuram's irrigation
demands are met by the Aruvikkara Dam. It was constructed to serve the city with
piped water. The Trivandrum Water Works, named for Lord Willingdon, Viceroy and
Governor-General of India, was established in 1933 and has been in charge of supplying
and distributing water from the Karamana River ever since.

30. Above image shows the Peppara Dam under the Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara.
Peppara Dam is a masonry gravity dam on the Karamana River in Trivandrum District. It
was built by the Kerala Water Authority in 1983 has a catchment area of 83 km2
and
receives an average rainfall of 481 cm. The 423m long dam unifies all upper tributaries of
the Karamana river and water flow to Aruvikkara is regulated to suit the needs of the
Trivandrum city. There is also a 3MW hydel power station at Peppara. It is the main
drinking water supply to Thiruvananthapuram city and suburban areas. This dam is
situated inside the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary. It serves as the primary source of water
for water treatment in Kerala Water Authority, Aruvikkara Sub Division, bearing more
water than what is capable of Aruvikkara Dam.

31. CONCLUSION
We thank the Almighty for providing the power and skill enough for the successful
completion of the internship and the concerned report. We thank all the officials of Kerala
Water Authority SubDivision Aruvikkara for directly or indirectly helping us in its
entirety and for equipping us with new and profound knowledge of the things we knew so
little about. We thank all the teaching staff, members, Head of Department of Diploma in
Civil Engineering, Rajadhani Polytechnic College, Thiruvananthapuram.
This internship has theoretically enabled us to understand a lot of things that are related
to water treatment, running of Water Treatment Plants and so on. But it has thus prepared
us for skills that go way beyond the lessons echoed inside the four walls of any
classroom. We thank our parents and everyone concerned who helped us in this whole
endeavour.

32. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
References:
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppara_Dam
● https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html
● kwa.kerala.gov.in
● en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Water_treatment