The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste. It has four chambers and is located in the chest behind the sternum. The main components of the circulatory system are the blood, which contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma; the heart, which pumps blood through the vessels; and a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries that carry blood throughout the body.

1. Cardiovascular
System
Dr Vibhash Kumar Vaidya
Department of Anatomy

2. INTRODUCTION
 The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
 It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
 The system supplies nutrients to
and remove waste products
from various tissue of body.
 The conveying media is liquid in
form of blood which flows in
close tubular system.
Figure 1-2(f)

3. FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
 Transport nutrients, hormones
 Remove waste products
 Gaseous exchange
 Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
 Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

4. COMPONENTS OF
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
–BLOOD
–HEART
–BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

5. BLOOD
–The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
–Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
–Plasma is fluid portion

6. HEART
–Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ.
Location:
–Superior surface of diaphragm
–Left of the midline
–Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
6

7. HEART
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 7
Figure 18.1

9. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
– Generating blood pressure
– Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
– Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
– Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

10. BLOOD VESSELS
•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
•These includes:
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins

11. BLOOD VESSELS
-Arteries(Distributing channel)
– Thick walled tubes
– Elastic Fibers
– Circular Smooth Muscle
–Capillaries (microscopic vessels)
– One cell thick
– Serves the Respiratory System
–Veins (draining channel)

12. BLOOD VESSELS
• General structure
1.Tunica intima
2.Tunica media
3.Tunica adventitia

13. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD
VESSELS
–Conducting Vessels
–Distributing Vessels
–Resistance Vessels
–Exchange Vessels
–Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels

14. ARTERIES
Blood vessels that
carry blood away from
the heart are called
arteries.
They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).

15. ARTERIES
– Accompanied by vein and nerves
– Lumen is small
– No valves
– Repeated branching

16. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES
– Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches)
– Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular, Radial, Tibial etc.)
– Arterioles (<0.1 mm)-
Terminal arterioles
Meta-arterioles
Thoroughfare
channel/ preferred

17. CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)
– The smallest blood vessels
are capillaries and they
connect the arteries and
veins.
– This is where the exchange
of nutrients and gases
occurs.

18. TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
CONTINUOUS- SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE TISSUES
FENESTRATED- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS, SMALL
INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS etc.

19. SINUSOIDS
–Large irregular vascular space (30-40 micron) .
–Eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow, suprarenal, Parathyroid etc.

20. VEINS
– Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
– They have one-way
valves which prevent
blood from flowing
backwards.
– They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor
blood).

21. VEINS
– Thin Walled
– Large irregular lumen
– Have valves
– Dead space around
– Types:
Large
Medium
Small

22. VEINS
–Veins without valves:
 SVC & IVC
 Hepatic, Renal
 Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular
 Facial
 Pulmonary
 Umbilical
 Emissary
 Portal Veins <2mm

23. VEINS
– Veins without Muscular tissue:
 Dural venous sinuses
 Pial Veins
 Retinal
 Veins of erectile tissue of sex organs
 Veins of spongy bones

24. VEINS
– Factors responsible for venous return:
1. Muscle contraction
2. Negative intrathoracic pressure
3. Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves

25. ANASTOMOSIS
• Communication
between vessels
• ARTERIAL:
Actual( end to end &
convergent)- Palmar,
plantar, Circle of Willis,
Labial Intestinal arcade,
etc.
Potential-Coronary,
around joints etc.

26. ANASTOMOSIS….
• ARTERIOVENOUS
ANASTOMOSIS:
1. Skin of nose
2. Lips
3. External Ear
4. Mucus membrane of GI &
nose
5. Erectile tissue of sex organ
6. Thyroid
7. Tongue

27. ANASTOMOSIS….
• VENOUS ANASTOMOSES: Communication between
the veins or tributaries of veins.
• Example :
The dorsal venous arches of foot and hand.

28. END ARTERIES
• END ARTERIES:
Which do not anastomose
with their neighbours
1. Central artery of retina
2. Arteries of spleen, liver,
kidneys, metaphyses of
long bones
3. Central branches of
cerebral cortex

29. CIRCULATION
–Coronary circulation – the circulation of
blood within the heart.
–Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and lungs.
–Systemic circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and the cells of the
body.
–Fetal Circulation

30. SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
from the left
ventrical, through
various parts of the
body.
30
Figure 18.5

31. Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 31
CORONARY CIRCULATION:
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Figure 18.7a

32. PORTAL CIRCULATION
Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.

33. FETAL CIRCULATION

34. UMBILICAL ARTERY
DESCENDING AORTA
(Through Ductus Arteriosus)
PULMONARY TRUNK
RIGHT VENTRICLE
ASCENDING AORTA
UMBILICAL VEIN
PORTAL VEIN
(Through Ductus Venosus)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
RIFHT ATRIUM
(Through Foramen Ovale)
LEFT ATRIUM
PLACENTA

35. APPLIED
Diseases and Disorders
BLOOD PRESSURE
HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ANEURYSM
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
HEART ATTACK
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA

36. APPLIED
– Problems with the cardiovascular
system are common, but they
don’t just affect older people.
– Many heart problems affect
children and teenagers.

38. QUESTIONS
1-All of the following are the example of elastic arteries except:
a)Aorta
b)Common carotid artery
c)Subclavian artery
d)Radial artery

39. QUESTIONS
2-All of the following are the example of end arteries except:
a)Central branches of cerebral arteries
b)Central artery of retina
c)Facial artery
d)Splenic artery

40. QUESTIONS
3-Arteriovenous anastomosis are found at all of the following sites except:
a)Skin of lips
b)Erectile tissue of penis
c)Thyroid gland
d)Liver

41. QUESTIONS
4-All of the following are the example of portal circulation except:
a)Hepatic circulation
b)Renal circulation
c)Circulation of hypophysis cerebri
d)Pulmonary circulation

42. QUESTIONS
5-All of the following are features of veins except:
a)Thin walls
b)Thin tunica media
c)Thin tunica adventia
d)Wide lumen

43. REFERENCES
1- General Anatomy by Vishram Singh
2- Clinical Anatomy by R. Snell
3-Gray’s Anatomy