Protein is composed of amino acids and is the building block of muscle mass. It makes up 33% of muscles, 20% of bones and cartilages, and 10% of skin. Proteins are classified as simple, conjugated, or derived. Simple proteins like albumin and globulins are composed of one amino acid, while conjugated proteins contain amino acids and a prosthetic group. Protein deficiencies can cause kwashiorkor or marasmus in children.

2. Protein
Prepared by:
M. Shayan

3. Protein
• Protein is composed of amino acids which are organic compounds made of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Sulphur

4. Protein
• According to National Institute of health, Amino acids are the building block
of muscle mass.
• 1 gram of protein gives 4KCAL (17 KJ)

5. Distribution of protein in the human body
• Muscles (33%)
• Bones and cartilages (20%)
• Skin (10%)
• Tissues and body fluid (37%)

6. Classification of protein
• Composed of one amino acid only, no prosthetic group is there.
• (Globular, ScleroProtein)
Simple proteins
• In conjugated protein there is amino acid and prosthetic group.
Conjugated proteins
• Those which are derived from simple and conjugated proteins.
Derived proteins

7. Simple protein - Albumin
BLOOD
(Serumbumin)
EGGWHITE
(Ovolbumin)
KIDNEY BEANS
(Phaseolin)
MILK
(Lactalbumin)

8. Simple protein - Globulins
BLOOD
(Serum Globulins)
MUSCLES
(MYOSIN)
POTATOES
(Tuberin)
LENTILS
(Legunin)

9. Simple protein - Glutelins
WHEAT
(GLUTELIN)
RICE
(Oryzenin)

10. Simple protein - Histones
• Histones are a family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the
nucleus.
• They are found inside the nucleus
of eukaryotic cells.

11. Simple protein - Scleroprotein
• Scleroprotein/ Fibrous protein consist of:
Keratin (skin and hair)
collagen
Elastin (tendons, arteries)
 Fibrin (major component of the blood clot)
• Collagen is the most abundant protein
which exists in vertebrae animal as
tendon, cartilage and bone.

12. Conjugated Protein - Nucleoprotein
• It contains nucleic acids, nitrogen and phosphorus.
• It is present in chromosomes and in all living forms as combination of protein
with DNA or RNA.
NUCLEUSOF CHROMOSOMESAND
RIBOSOMES
(Deoxyribonucleoprotein) Viruses and Bacteriophages

13. Conjugated Protein - Mucoprotein
• Mucoproteins can be found throughout the body.
• including the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs, airways, and the
synovial fluid of the knees.
• present in Saliva in the form of (Mucin)
• Also present in Egg white in the form of (Ovomucoid)
(Synovial fluid is the thick
liquid that lubricates your
joints and keeps them moving
smoothly)

14. Conjugated Protein - Glycoprotein
• If carbohydrate content is more then 4% it would be known as Hexamine,
Mucoprotein, But if less then 4% the it would be Glycoprotein.
Bones (Osseomucoid)
 Tendons (Tendomucoid)
Cartilage (Chondromucoid)

15. Conjugated protein – Phosphoprotein
• Milk (Casein)
• Egg yolk (Ovovitellin)

16. Structure of protein
• Depends upon the spatial arrangement of polypeptide chains.
• Four structures are:
 Primary structure
 Secondary structure
 Tertiary Structure
 Quaternary Structure

17. Primary structure
• The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called a primary
structure.
• Amino Acids are linked with one another through peptide bonds.

18. Secondary structure
• Peptide chains may acquire spiral shape or may be present in a zig zag
manner.
• This coiling of peptide chains is called the secondary structure of proteins.
• It is due to Hydrogen bonding.

19. Tertiary structure
• Twisting or folding of polypeptide
chains represents tertiary
structure of proteins.

20. Quaternary structure
• Quaternary means four.
• It is the arrangement of multiple folded
protein or coiling protein molecules
in a multi-subunit complex.

21. Function of protein
• Building new tissue
• Repair tissue
• Provide energy to body
• Release energy
• Transport Oxygen through blood
• Protein help to store iron
• Immuno Protection
• Generation
• Maintain level of water in blood

22. Protein Energy malnutrition - Kwashiorkor
• Literally Kwashiorkor means the illness older child gets when another is
born.
• The children are usually between (1 to 3 years)
• The shortage of protein affects growth and all parts of body.
• The skin flakes and may ulcerate
• The muscles and seem wasted that the child cant even crawl.
• If no treatment given, Death may occurs.

23. Symptoms of Kwashiorkor
• Loss of muscle mass
• Diarrhea
• Oedema (swelling of ankles, feet and belly)
• Fatigue
• Enlargement of liver

24. Protein energy malnutrition - Marasmus
• It is one of the extreme form of Protein energy malnutrition which is wide
spreading in developing countries.
• Although children of all ages and adults can suffer from Marasmus.
• The marasmic child is usually less then one year old.
• A common cause of for marasmus is a cessation of breast feeding.
• It may because the mother may view bottle feeding as a status symbol, or
the mother may have died.

25. Symptoms of Marasmus
• Weight loss
• Loose skin
• Chronic diarrhea
• Stomach shrinkage
• Fatigue
• Bones and joints become prominent
• Loss of appetite
• Less active

26. Difference between kwashiorkor and Marasmus

27. Denaturing of protein
• Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the
quaternary structure.
• Denaturation of protein may due to
Heat again and again it maybe(Cooking, Steaming, Boiling and roasting)
Freeze
Excessive heat (Puff making)
Milk protein may affect through sun light.

28. Food sources
• Food sources of protein are given below.
Animal (Chicken, Fish, Eggs etc.)
Cereals (Legumes, Wheat, Maize etc.)
Fruits (Almonds, Guava, Kiwi,Almonds,Walnuts, Pistachio etc.)
Vegetable (Onion,Cauliflower, Peas, Carrot)
Plants (Soy Bean oil)

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