The document outlines three general methods of teaching: pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy. Pedagogy refers to teaching children through guidance and instruction. Andragogy focuses on adult learning through self-direction and drawing on life experiences. Heutagogy, coined by Hase and Kenyon, emphasizes self-determined learning where learners manage their own learning and discover knowledge through novel experiences.

1. General Methods of Teaching (GMT)
ADROGOGY
PEDAGOGY
HEUTAGOGY

2. Pedagogy
 The word "pedagogy" comes from the Greek words “Paidos," meaning
"child," and "agogos," meaning "leader" or "guide." Pedagogy refers
to the science and art of teaching children and young people, usually in
formal educational settings such as schools and universities.
 It focuses on the development of cognitive and intellectual abilities, as
well as personal and social skills.
 The pedagogical approach is based on the premise that students need
to be guided, instructed and motivated in order to learn effectively.
General Methods of Teaching (GMT)

3. Andragogy
 The word "andragogy" comes from the Greek words “Andros," meaning
"man," and "agogos," meaning "leader" or "guide.“ Andragogy, is the study
of adult learning. It emphasizes the need for learners to take responsibility
for their own learning and focuses on the self-directed and experiential
nature of adult learning.
 This approach is based on the belief that adults have a wealth of life
experience and prior knowledge that can be used to enhance their learning.
 The goal of andragogy is to help adults acquire the skills, knowledge, and
attitudes needed to meet the challenges of everyday life.
General Methods of Teaching (GMT)

4. Heutagogy
 The term "heutagogy" was coined by Stewart Hase and Chris
Kenyon. The word "heutagogy" is derived from the Greek words
"heutagogia," which means "self-directed learning" or "self-
determined learning," and "heuriskein," which means "to discover" or
"to find.“
 Hase and Kenyon were looking for a term to describe an approach to
learning that goes beyond pedagogy and andragogy, and emphasizes
the learner's role in self-directed learning. They combined the Greek
roots to create the term "heutagogy" to convey the idea of self-
discovery in the context of learning.
General Methods of Teaching (GMT)

5. PEDAGOGY
CHILDREN’S LEARNING
ANDRAGOGY
ADULTS LEARNING
HEUTAGOGY
SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING
DEPENDENCE
The learner is a dependent personality.
Teacher determines what, how, and when
anything is learned.
Adults are independent. They strive
for autonomy and self-direction in
learning.
Learners are interdependent. They identify the potential to
learn from novel experiences as a matter of course. They
are able to manage their own learning.
RESOURCES FOR
LEARNING
The learner has few resources — the
teacher devises transmission techniques
to store knowledge in the learner’s head.
Adults use their own and other’s
experience.
Teacher provides some resources, but the learner decides
the path by negotiating the learning.
REASONS FOR
LEARNING
Learn in order to advance to the next
stage.
Adults learn when they experience a
need to know or to perform more
effectively.
Learning is not necessarily planned or linear. Learning is not
necessarily based on need but on the identification of the
potential to learn in novel situations.
FOCUS OF LEARNING
Learning is subject centered, focused on
the prescribed curriculum and planned
sequences according to the logic of the
subject matter.
Adult learning is task or problem
centered.
Learners can go beyond problem solving by enabling pro-
activity. Learners use their own and others’ experiences and
internal processes such as reflection, environmental
scanning, experience, interaction with others, and pro-
active as well a problem-solving behaviors.
MOTIVATION
Motivation comes from external sources
— usually parents, teachers, and a sense
of competition.
Motivation stems from internal
sources — the increased self-esteem,
confidence and recognition that
come from successful performance.
Self-efficacy, knowing how to learn, creativity, ability to use
these qualities in novel as well as situations, and working
with others.
ROLE OF THE
TEACHER
Designs the learning process,imposes
material, is assumed to know best.
Enabler or facilitator, climate of
collaboration, respect and openness
Develop the learner’s capability. Capable people: Know
how to learn are creative Have a high degree of self-efficacy
Apply competencies in novel as well as familiar situations
Can work well with others
General Methods of Teaching (GMT)

6. General Methods of Teaching
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