Practical Manual for extension methodology for transfer of agricultural technologies.pdf

Extension Methodologies for Transfer of Agricultural Technology
PRACTICAL MANUAL
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Senior Scientist & Head
Deendayal Research Institute,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Ambajogai, Dist. Beed (MS) 431 517

Publisher : Deendayal Research Institute,
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA,
Ambajogai, Dist. Beed (MS) 431 517
Editor : Dr. Saurabh Sharma
Senior Scientist & Head
Krishi Vigyan Kendra , Beed (MS)
Typing : Mr. Shaikh Akram
Printer : Aai Offset
Shivaji Chowk, Ambajogai, Dist. Beed
ISBN No. : 978-93-5437-085-4
Pages : 66
Price : 370/-
Year : 2021

INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1 Preparation of leaflet 1-2
2 Preparation of folder 3-4
3 Preparation and presentation of booklet 5-8
4 To acquaint with the organization of group discussion 9-13
5 To acquaint with conducting the method demonstration 14-16
6 To acquaint with the procedure of conducting result demonstration 17-21
7 Preparation and presentation of Radio Script 22-27
8 Preparations of Television /Video Script 28-33
9 To acquaint with preparation and presentation of posters 34-35
10 To acquaint with the preparation and presentation of charts 36-38
11 Handling and operation of over head projector 39-43
12 Handling and Operation of Public Address System 44-47
13 Preparation of News stories 48-49
14 To acquaint with preparation and presentation of various types of slides 50-52
15 Creating a multimedia presentation using MS PowerPoint 53-55
16 Organization of campaign 56-58
17 Organization of exhibition 59-61
18 Organization of Kisan Mela 62-64
19 Organization of Farmers Rally 65-66

Page 1 of 66
EXERCISE 1
Objective: To acquaint with preparation and presentation of leaflet
Leaflet is a printed material, which
is small in size, covered or bound
containing information on a subject or
specific topic and providing opportunity
for reading, learning and/or referring.
What is leaflet?
Leaflets are printed educational aids for a
single sheet of paper folded to make a full page
of printed matter on single side or sometimes
both sides. A leaflet is commonly referred to as any piece of printed
information, which includes fact sheets, guides, small booklets,
broachers and usually distributed for a campaign to disseminate the
information or message to a large population.
How to prepare leaflet?
Heading:
Leaflet heading is the part which is most prominently responsible
for catching the attention of people and is therefore considered as the
most important part of the leaflet. The heading must be precise, focused
on the main theme and written in eye catching words and colors.
Subheadings:
Leaflet subheading are essential when the main heading is not
successful in covering the theme of the main text or if required on a
specific points.
Text:
The text in leaflets must be as possible and should begin with
impressive and interesting sentences to capture the attention of readers.
Leaflets must be good mixture of text, illustrations and pictures so that
they become more interesting for the readers

Page 2 of 66
Pictures:
To make the leaflet more eye catching, the picture are mixed in the
text so that it becomes more easily understandable, interesting and
meaningful.
Colour Combination:
Colour combination and background must be used in organizing
the leaflet so that leaflet could be more attractive and amazing.
Size:
The size of leaflet is customized so that it is easy to carry and read.
Font Size:
Font size must be large enough so that everyone including the
elderly people with diminished eyesight may read the content.
Advantages:
 Leaflets are a good combination of written words, illustrations and
pictures so they are more widely accepted.
 They should have facts to enjoy a high level of credibility and
prestige in readers.
 They are considered a permanent source of message which cannot
be altered until and unless the leaflet is tampered with
 A wide range of people may be targeted to spread the message
through leaflets.
Limitations:
 Illiterate people can‘t be targeted through leaflets to spread message
 Planning, printing, and designing the leaflets require a lot of time,
efforts, men and money.
 Expert, skilled professional manpower is required for planning the
designing leaflets.
 Distribution of leaflet is not an easy task, it requires a strong
coordination, efforts, time and money

Page 3 of 66
EXERCISE 2
Objective: To acquaint with preparation and presentation of folder
Folder are a type of non-
projected audio-visual aids. A folder
is a paper that can be folded into two
or three or five, and matter can be
printed either on a single or on both
sides. In other words, a folder is an
unbound booklet without a hard cover
or binding.
What is a folder ?
Discuss the purpose, the message, the target people and content.
Discuss the quality and quantity of folder , each side should also carry
the organization‘s logo or name. Keep the language simple by avoiding
long and complicated sentences. The best folder s are short and simple.
All facts should be correct.
Purpose of folder (s):
 To mobilize people to support a cause
 To advertise a meeting or a specific event
 To popularize a slogan or a message
 Explain an issue to the community
 Inform people of their rights
 Win support for a campaign

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How to prepare folder ?
Tutorial style:
This is the first and the most basic style of folder s. It gives information
on a particular subject or explains how something is done.
Frequently asked question style:
This is a very effective technique to get an answer to any question
fast.
Testimonial style:
This is a story telling mode. A story is narrated about the folder
issue. The concepts are introduced one by one historically. This makes
the learning process easier for most learners.
Advantages:
 They are best method for dissemination of information or a message
to larger group of people.
 They save time and resources in dissemination of information to a
large group of people.
Limitations:
 The main disadvantage of folder s is that they can waste a lot of
money and time if printed folder s are not distributed properly.
 Only literate and educated people can be benefited with this
educational aid.
 They do not ensure that the target group has surely paid attention
and time to read the folder .

Page 5 of 66
EXERCISE 3
Objective: To acquaint with preparation and presentation of
booklet
A booklet is a small book with
a coverage page. A booklet
consists of more than 5-6
pages.
What is Booklet?
 Spoken language should be taken into account while it is
being prepared.
 Illustration with pictures will enhance the comprehension in
the learner
 Should be formulated with care and often without strict time
limit
 Pictures can be added sometimes. On certain occasions
pictures may not be necessary.
 Colour catches attention and helps to make the sectioning of
material into topics that follow a train of thought
Purpose of folder s:
 To mobilize people to support a cause
 To advertise a meeting or a specific event
 To popularize a slogan or a message
 Explain an issue to the community
 Inform people of their rights
 Win support for a campaign

Page 6 of 66
Principles:
 It should center on a
single concept
 There should be a
logical sequence
 The writing should
be based on the
readability level
 Objectives should be
framed according to the need of the population it serves
 Should create interest
 Should be attractive
 Procedure preparation should include the feelings that patient
have and offer advice and ways for the patient to practice
cropping with the feelings.
How to prepare booklet?
 Spoken language should be taken into account while it is
being prepared
 Illustration with pictures will enhance the comprehension in
the learner
 Should be formulated with care and often without strict time
limit
 Pictures can be added sometimes. On certain occasions
pictures may not be necessary
 Color catches attention and helps to make the sectioning of
material into topics that follow a train of thought

Page 7 of 66
Presentation:
 Heading
 Sub heading
 Text
 Pictures
Applications:
 Used in health workers program to hand out to people as an
aid
 Used as mass media for health education
 Used as teaching-learning material in classroom teaching
Popular applications for booklets includes
 Product and service catalogs
 Reference materials
 Manuals
 Any application where detailed descriptions and durability are
desired.
Advantages:
 Individualized learning
 Makes mass education possible with high efficiency
 Easy to transport
 Commonly and constantly available
 Allow self pacing. Certain people who read skim rapidly, using
trigger word to read selectively and non-sequentially. Such
processing cannot be used with audio-tapes.
 Can be reproduction in logical languages. Needs very little
maintenance when compared with sophisticated aids.
 Can be used at an age

Page 8 of 66
 More efficient than oral languages
 Saves times that can be spent on more complex activities
such as IPR
 Relatively cheap to produce. Lasts well when given reasonable
care
 Very flexible as teaching aid since it can be used in whole or
in part
 Stimulates interest of the learner
Limitations:
 Some may through it out
 Storing is found to be difficult
 Demands good typing
 No group dynamics is encouraged
 Can‘t be used for those who have not learned to read
 If the learning objective primarily requires skills in dealing
with persons, this may not be effective
 Printed teaching material can be described as a frozen
language that is selective in its description of reality.

Page 9 of 66
EXERCISE 4
Objective: - To acquaint with the organization of group discussion
Group discussion: It is
that form of discourse that
occurs when two or more
persons, recognizing a
common problem exchange
and evaluate information and
ideas, in an effort to solve that
problem. Their effort may be directed
towards a better understanding of the problem, or
towards the development of a programme of action relative to the
problem. Discussion usually occurs in a face-to-face situation, with
the exchange being spoken. When more than two people are
involved, it usually occurs under the direction of a leader.
Purposes:
1. To solve a problem (decision-making)
2. To exchange information (improve understanding)
3. To plan a programme of action.
4. To elect or select a person for a position etc.
5. To hear and discuss a report.
6. To motivate.
7. To form attitudes.
8. To train individuals.

Page 10 of 66
Procedure
1. Understand and adopt the proper technique.
(i) Recognition of the problem as such by the group.
(ii) Definition of the problem, its situation and diagnosis.
(iii) Listing of as many solutions as possible.
(iv) Critical thinking and testing of these hypotheses to find the
most appropriate and feasible solution or solutions.
(v) Acceptance or rejection of the solution or solutions by the
group.
(vi) Lastly, considering how to put the accepted solution into
practice.
2. See that one of the group members takes up the role of the
discussion leader (or chairman).
3. The size of group should never exceed 30 persons.
4. The role of the chairman:
(a) Make physical arrangement for the meeting, so that all members
feel comfortable. Seating arrangement should be such that everyone
can see the faces of all other members. Circular seating is
preferable. Square, rectangle, U or V shape also used sometimes
(b) Introduce members, if they are new to one another.
(c) Announce the topic and purpose of discussion.
(d) Follow a plan.
(e) Hear all the contributions
made, and from time to time
give short summary of the
discussion up to that particular
moment, especially when the
group moves from one step to
another.

Page 11 of 66
(f) Build a permissive climate.
(g) Keep the group moving at the rate at which their thinking
progresses.
(h) Give or get clarification of vague statement.
(i) Protect minority opinion.
(j) Try to get balanced participation.
(k) Promote group cohesion.
(l) Remain personally neutral.
(m) Give a final summary of discussion.
Some Don'ts for chairman:
(a) Never ask questions that
suggest answers or can be
answered with a yes or No.
put only thought-provoking
questions.
(b) Don't favour one view against another when there is a conflict or
difference of opinion among members.
(c) Never become emotional about the discussion.
(d) Don't become impatient with the group.
(e) Don't dominate the discussion or answer all the questions raised by
the members.
5. The roles of members.
a) Talk one at a time. No private conversation with neighbours. No
speech making.
b) Supply as much pertinent information as possible.
c) Contribute one point at a time.
d) Answer questions directly, specifically and briefly.
e) Test all thinking by critical analysis.

Page 12 of 66
f) Listen attentively,
g) Stay on the subject.
h) Exhibit willingness to change his opinion when change is justified
(i.e., open minded).
i) Support the needed leadership.
j) Promote group harmony even while criticising or disagreeing.
6. The role of the expert (Extension worker or specialist)
1. He should not dominate the meeting nor to suggest his own
solution and should only supply information, which the group
does not have.
2. Should furnish technical information,
3. Should present ways other groups have met similar situations, and
4. Should present the immediate problem in its larger setting, with its
implications for integrating the solution of the problem with
other group policies and action programs.
Advantages:
1. It is a democratic method, giving
equal opportunity for every
participant to have his say.
2. It appeals to the practical type of
individuals.
3. It creates a high degree of
interest.
4. The strength of group discussion
lies in the fact that the discussants approach the problem with an
open mind and evolve the judgment in a spirit of enquiry.
5. It is a co-operative effort and not combative or persuasive in nature.

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6. Combined and co-operative thinking (Pooling of wisdom) of several
persons is likely to be superior to that of isolated individuals.
7. Develops group morale. Group action is encouraged for
implementation of the decision.
8. It is a scientific method employing the reflective thinking pattern.
9. Participants need not be good speakers or debaters.
10. Continued experience with such group discussions improves one's
capacity for critical arid analytical thinking
Limitations:
1. Factions in villages may hinder the successful use of this method.
2. The ideal discussants with self-discipline (open mind and
suspended judgment) are difficult to find. It also is difficult to find
an ideal chairman or leader for group discussion.
3. It is not suitable for dealing with topics to which discussants are
new.
4. In large groups especially, and even in small groups to some extent,
it is difficult to achieve group homogeneity or cohesion.
5. The size of the group has to be limited, because the success of the
method is perhaps inversely proportional to the size of group.
6. It is not suitable for taking decisions in times of crisis or
emergency, as it is a slow process.
7. Due to its informal conversational style, the scope for orderly or
coherent arrangement of ideas is limited.
Assignment 1: Conduct a group discussion on the topic —————

Page 14 of 66
EXERCISE 5
Objective: To acquaint with conducting the method demonstration
What is method demonstration?
It is relatively a short time
demonstration given before a
group to show how to carry out
an entirely new practice or an
old practice in a better way.
Objectives:
1. To enable the people to acquire new skill
2. To enable the people to improve upon their old skills
3. To make the learners do things more effectively and efficiently by
getting rid of defective practices
4. To save time, labour and annoyances and to increase satisfaction to
learners.
5. To give confidence to the people that a particular recommended
practice is a practicable proposition in their own situation
Procedure:
1. Analyses the situation and determine need:
(a) Determine that the subject matter practice involves skills
which need to be demonstrated to many people.
(b) Is it suitable for visual presentation to a group?
(c) Is the practice really important from farmers‘ point of view?
(d) Can people afford to follow the practice?

Page 15 of 66
2. Plan the demonstration in detail:
(a) Gather all the information‘s about the practice. Familiarize
yourself with the subject matter
(b) Talk over the problem with few village leaders
(c) Identify the key points which is to be emphasized at each step
(d) Make sure that the work place is properly arranged
3. Rehearse the demonstration:
(a) Practice the demonstration, until you are thorough with all
the steps
(b) Make sure that the steps and points will be clear from
audience point of view
(c) Check time required, to make sure that there is opportunity
for audience questions and other expected participations.
4. Give the demonstration:
(a) Give prior publicity
(b) Make physical arrangements for demonstration
(c) Explain purpose and how it is applicable to local problems
and the solutions
(d) Show each operation slowly step by step. Repeat where
necessary.
(e) Use simple words to explain the each step of operation
(f) Make sure that the audience can see and hear
(g) Emphasize key points and tell why they are important.
(h) Solicit questions at each step before going on to next step.
(i) Give opportunity to learners to practice the skill

Page 16 of 66
5. Follow up
(a) Give publicity on the demonstration through press, radio,
meetings etc.
(b) Arrange for reports on demonstration given by extension
worker and local leaders.
(c) Make a sample check to assess the extent of use of the skill
and satisfaction derived by those attending the method
demonstration
Advantages:
1. Peculiarly suited in teaching skills to many people.
2. Seeing, hearing, discussing and participating in a group
stimulate interest and action.
3. The costly trial and error procedure is estimated.
4. Acquirement of skill is speeded
5. Simple demonstration readily lends themselves to repeated
use by local leaders.
6. Introduce changes of practice at a low cost
7. Provide publicity material
Limitations:
1. Suitable only for practices involving skills
2. Need good deal of preparation, equipment and skill on the part of
extension worker
3. May require considerable equipments to be transported to the work
place
4. Require a certain amount of showmanship, not possessed by some
extension workers.
Assignment 1: Conduct a method demonstration on the topic —————

Page 17 of 66
EXERCISE 6
Objective: To acquaint with the procedure of conducting result
demonstration
What is result demonstration?
The teaching method
which is designed to show by
example the practical
application of an established
fact or group of related facts.
In other words it is a way of showing people
the value or worth of an improved practice whose success has
already been established on the research station.
Objectives of result demonstration:
1. To show the utility and feasibility of a recommended practice under
village conditions
2. Chiefly to establish confidence on the part of the farmer as well as
the extension teacher
Procedure or technique of conducting result demonstration:
1. Analyze situation and determine need:
(a) Is it necessary to establish further confidence in local
application of research findings and results of observation
plots?
(b) What has been the experience of the extension worker in
guiding the carrying out of the practice under similar
conditions?

Page 18 of 66
(c) Is it possible to locate good illustration of the practice locally,
obviating the necessity of expensive result demonstration?
(d) Is the need for result demonstration felt by the farmers?
2. Decide upon specific purpose:
(a) Which particular audience should have the learning
experience?
(b) What specifically do you want them to learn?
(c) Is it to establish confidence of farmer in the new practice?
(d) Is it to develop confidence in extension on the part of a
community or of a minority group with whom extension
worker is not known well and favorably?
3. Plan the result demonstration:
(a) Consult subject matter specialist
(b) Decide upon evidence needed and how local proof will be
established
(c) Locate source of materials
4. Select the demonstrator:
(a) Consult with local leader and select a demonstrator who
commands the confidence and respect of villagers.
(b) Visit the prospective demonstrator to make sure that all
conditions for success of the demonstration are favourable.
(c) The demonstrator should be conscious of his responsibility for
successful completion of the demonstration and its effect
upon the community.
(d) Explain and agree upon procedure with demonstrator and
leave written instruction preferably

Page 19 of 66
5. Select the plot:
(a) The plot should be located preferably in a roadside field for
easy accessibility and publicity
(b) The field should be representative or typical of the soils in the
village (neither too rich nor too poor)
6. Start the demonstration:
(a) Give wide publicity before starting the demonstration
(b) Get all the materials ready
(c) Start demonstration in presence of the villagers
(d) Mark the demonstration plot with large signs so that all can
see.
7. Supervise the demonstration:
(a) Visit the demonstration plot with sufficient frequency to
maintain demonstrators‘ interest.
(b) Maintain demonstration records
(c) Give publicity to the demonstration and the farmer at suitable
stage.
(d) Conduct tours to successful demonstration at proper time.
8. Complete the demonstration:
(a) See that final steps to complete the demonstration are taken.
(b) Take photographs.
(c) Hold meetings at demonstration, where visual evidence will
contribute to confidence.
(d) Summarize records. Analyze and interpret data.
9. Follow up:
(a) Give wide publicity to results of demonstration

Page 20 of 66
(b) Encourage demonstrator to report at meetings
(c) Prepare visual aids
(d) Get other farmer to agree to demonstrate during the next
season.
Advantages:
1. Gives the extension worker extra assurance that the
recommendation is practical and furnish local proof of its
advantage
2. Increase confidence of farmers
3. Useful in introducing a new practice
4. Contributes to discovery of local leader
5. Provide teaching material for further use by extension worker.
Limitation:
1. Require lots of time
2. Costly teaching method
3. Difficult to find good demonstrator who keeps records
4. Teaching value frequently destroyed by unfavorable weather and
other factors
5. Few people can see the demonstration at the stage when it is most
convincing.
6. Unsuccessful demonstration may undermine the prestige of
extension and entail loss of confidence

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Assignment 1: Visit a result demonstration and record the following
Observations:
1. Name of Demonstrator: …………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
2. Village: ……………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
3. Date of laying demonstration :…………………………..………………….………
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
4. Theme of demonstration: ………………………………….………………………
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
5. Objectives of demonstration :…………………………………………………..….
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
6. Technology involved :……………………………………………………..………
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
7. Stage of demonstration :………………………………………………….………..
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
8. Performance :………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
9. Inputs applied: ………………………………………………………….………….
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
10. Perception of demonstrator: …………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
11. Perception towards selection of plot: ……………………………………….……..
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
12. Limitations of demonstration :………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
13. Strong points of demonstration: …………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………….……………………..
14. Suggestions for future improvement: ……………………………………….…….
……………………………………………………………….……………………..

Page 22 of 66
EXERCISE 7
Object: Preparation and presentation of Radio Script
Radio: is an electronic audio-
medium for broadcasting
programs to the audience. This
medium is cosmopolite in
approach and is suitable for
communication to millions of
people widely dispersed and
suited in remote areas. Availability of low cost transistor sets has
helped radio to penetrate deep into the rural life.
When you want to reach people who cannot read or write, or people
who live in remote villages, and when you want to reach people speedily,
you make use of radio.
Radio is generally used to inform, alert, suggest, direct, interest,
stimulate and motivate people. It is effective when you supplement it with
other media or methods. But the radio has some 'cannot' too, which you
have to understand well. The radio cannot teach, it cannot go into
details, it cannot specify. Radio broadcasts can stimulate farmers
curiosity. It can arouse and build interest of farmers. It creates a desire
to learn and encourage for doing the things better. The radio voice
appears to the listeners authentic and real. Therefore, radio has a good
place in communication. The radio can be used to inform, alert, suggest,
direct, interest, stimulate and motivate the people. It is effective when
you supplement it with other media or methods. But the radio has some
limitations which one should understand while using it. The radio cannot
teach, specify and go into details. You cannot use your smile or frown
you cannot gesticulate or use visuals.

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Script writing for radio
 It is writing in spoken form.
 Simplicity is essential
 It must start strongly, perhaps provocatively and end strongly with
a concluding statement
 Repetition of key ideas is essential
 Avoid overuse of statistics (Spell out figures in the script)
 Use research based information
 Maintain continuity of narration in writing
Before writing the script
 Determine the purpose of your writing
 The type of learners to whom you are presenting
 Select a topic which is of interest to large number of listeners and
which can be covered in few minutes.
 A talk should never go beyond ten minutes.
 Since you have a limited time, select only one phase of the subject.
Delivering the talk
 Rehearse the talk aloud
 The rate of delivery should be , on an average, 140 words a minute
and it should be kept uniform
 Use tone, accentuation, modulation, silence, volume and pitch in
your voice
 Just talk to the people and don't read.
 Observe mike manners
 Start and finish in time
Advantages
 It can stimulate and motivate.
 Relatively cheap.

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 It can quickly transmit messages in most remote areas.
 It can persuade, it can create or change attitudes.
 It strongly appeals to the ear.
 The radio voice appears to the listener as authentic and real.
 It is good medium for illiterate people.
Components of writing for radio:
A. You as a broadcaster
B. Your listeners and
C. Your broadcasts or program
A. You as a Broadcaster - Speaker - Communicator;
1. Should have sound knowledge
2. Build the audience
3. Know your audience
4. Motivate listener to lead action
B. Your listeners: You should have knowledge about
1. Their opinion leaders
2. Their varied characteristics like curiosity, boringness,
laziness, greediness, competitiveness, practicality, limited
vocabulary, interest, local affairs, age, sex, income level,
demographic distribution, education, religion, occupation,
language/ dialect, social status, listening behavior,
programme preference etc.
C. Your program:
Steps for writing a Radio Script
1. Select a topic.
2. A five minute talk is ideal. 120 words per minute or 600
words for the talk plus
5 0-100 words as stand by.

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3. Select only one phase of the talk.
4. Write out the central fact.
5. Write the script.
6. Make your script clear and convincing and your arguments logical
so that it can stimulate the listeners.
7. Summarise clearly, what you have said.
Mechanical style of writing of Radio talk
1. Write plainly with type writer on only one side of the paper.
2. Choose 8 1/2 X 11" sheet of paper.
3. All written copy must be double spaced.
4. Put the name and address in the upper left hand corner and write
the release date and time in the upper right hand corner.
5. Keep the headings in conformity to general style.
6. Leave 3" or 4" margin at the top.
7. Write more at the bottom on the first sheet and following sheets
except last.
8. The draft of the written material should again be checked for its
completeness and conciseness, clarity of punctuation, ideas,
paragraphs and arrangement of ideas in logical order, test of
correctness and effectiveness.
Points to be considered while writing radio script
1. Empathy - Put yourself in listeners place.
2. Ask yourself-
a. What is the message?
b. Who exactly needs to receive it?
c. How can I best put it across?
d. When is the right time for it?
e. How soon should I repeat it?
f. What should be the supplementary message?

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3. Simplify the message,
4. Avoid text book approach.
5. Select a topic, which have direct bearing on the needs and desire of
the people.
6. The first 30 seconds are crucial for audience, build his interest.
7. Start from where the farmer's knowledge ends.
8. Farmers interested in farmer's surroundings and tie in with the
listener's experience.
9. Facts are always welcomed.
10. Be accurate, brief and clear.
11. Use a direct address and be friendly
12. Illustrate your points.
13. Repetition is the essence.
14. Give details about names, sources, places and rates.
15. Handle and simplify the related statistics.
16. Talk in round number.
17. Rehearse it.
CHECK THAT:
1. You have presented the subject clearly, correctly and briefly
2. All words are short, simple and easy to pronounce and listen
3. Sentences are short and sequence is logical
5. Information is latest one and facts are authentic
7. Human interest is included
8. Properly punctuated and mistakes are corrected
9. Radio is for education and not for teaching

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Assignment 1. Write a radio script in Hindi on the topic allotted to you.
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EXERCISE 8
Object: Preparation of Television /Video Script
Video script is a blue
print for producing an
educational programme
and is precisely worded
document which describes
visuals shot by shot with
the details of'
accompanying sound
track. Script is one of the
factors responsible for
success or failure of any T.V./Video programme. Besides electronic
motion picture with attendent sound effect he script provides the
basic edifice of the whole programme. It is a blue print of what is
going to be in the T.V./Video programme.
The effectiveness of the script is governed by four major factors viz.
1. Audience needs their culture, reliance etc.
2. The purpose of communication.
3. Thematic content of the subject to be communicated.
4. The specific medium and mode of presentation considering
available resources of men, money and material.
Steps of script writing
The process of writing a video script comprises of three stages:
1. Preparation of treatment or basic script.
2. Carrying out research on the subject and
3. Writing of shooting script.

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1. Preparation of treatment or basic script
The treatment or the basic script is the story of the
educational video program presented in straight forward, plain
language. This component is shared with all the team members so
that everyone has a chance to give their opinion on the style,
emphasis. Mood and shape of the educational video program, as it
will finally emerge. Treatment also comprises of a decision
regarding the formal in which the program will be produced i.e.
drama, documentary, demonstration, interview, lecture etc.
The treatment should be sufficiently detailed to indicate.
a. The method of presentation i.e. the style of video.
b. Will the programme have spoken dialogues or commentary or
both?
c. Will music be used as an important ingredient?
d. Will the programme be a documentary, interview based,
demonstration or dramatized?
e. How long will the programme be?
Information referring to all the above questions is written in a
descriptive form. This document describing all these minute details
about the programme is termed as the basic script.
2. Carrying out research on the subject:
1. All the information that the programme is to present must be
systematically gathered and checked for accuracy.
2. If the programme deals with a technical subject, a skill or any
scientific phenomenon, it is good to have a subject expert who
can guide on the preciseness of the subject.
3. Efforts should also be made to scan all possible. Sources of
information you should also collect books, magazines,

Page 30 of 66
articles, leaflets etc. Which will be helpful in writing the
shooting script? Put all the desired information in the form of
a proposal.
3. Writing the shooting script
Now prepare the program proposal and the structural outline
of the basic script. The structural outline comprises of instructional
points to be taken up, detailed contents to be included in case of
each instructional point, and instructional objectives. Based on
these structural outlines a story board is prepared. The story board
is a form of script which describes shot by shot description of
sequences with accompanying sound track. The script writer
keeping in mind his audience with their back ground, his objective
and peculiarities of the medium should arrange his content along
with visuals in order to make the program effective as well as
interesting. He should visualize the sequences of the entire program
with the help of a story board a series of drawings with
accompanying notes as to the proposed commentary. This includes
time segment, video i.e. shots to be taken either close up, long or
medium, audio i.e. background music and commentary as well as
dialogue.
Factors to be considered while writing TV/ Video script
1. Kind of audience.
2. Objectives of the program.
3. Genuineness of information or facts.
4. Treatments of topics.
5. Format of the program.
6. Feasibility and practicability.
7. Peculiarities of the medium.

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8. Utilizing as a visual medium.
9. Presenting in a humorous and light-hearted tone.
10. Pre and post telecast preparation.
General guidelines for writing T.V./Video script
1. The script must be simple, direct and personal.
2. It must be written with a full knowledge and involvement of
program visuals.
3. The presenter's style and personality should be taken in to account.
4. It must stress and recapitulate its salient points.
5. It should involve and address the audience directly.
6. It should have variety of pace and rhythm and give occasional
'breathing spaces' especially in the middle of the program.
7. It should not attempt to say too much in the time available.
8. It should suggest the suitable visuals, sound effect etc. along with
the commentary.
9. It should end with a simple resume of the program's main points
possibly with a different visual presentation.
10. Use short, simple sentences and familiar words.
11. Use local information.
12. Be direct, personal and straight forward.
13. Avoid technical terms and difficult words.
14. Avoid contradictory ideas
15. Use visuals/graphics familiar to the audience.
16. Use a normal speed of 125 to 150 words per minute of speech.
17. For sustaining interest and arouse curiosity, use variety of
episodes.
18. Report wherever necessary.
19. Straight talk should not be more than five to six minutes and
dialogue of 10-12 minutes duration.

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20. Appropriate number, variety of pitches and style of delivering the
talk in interesting way impress the viewers.
Types of formats of TV/Video scripts:
1. Dramatic presentation
2. Camera Script-Story based type
3. One man presentation/demonstration type
4. Interview type presentation
5. Discussion type
6. Documentary
7. Quiz type
8. News type
9. Audience participation type
10. Magazine type program
11. Advertisement type
12. Music program
13. Announcement type
14. Special events
15. Specia1 features

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Assignment
1. Write a video script on the topic allotted to you in the format given
below.
A. Program Proposal
1. Title of program: ……………………………………………………………
……………………………….………………….………………….……………
2. Target audience: ……………………………….…………………………….
3. Duration: ……………………………………………………………………….
4. Language: …………………………………………………………………….
5. Format: ………………………………………………………………………
6. Subject expert: …………………………………………………………………
7. Resources required: ………………………………………………………….
8. Educational objective: ………………………………………………………….
9. Will your learner be viewing Individually/In a group/ in a group
with teacher: ………………………………………………………………………….
10. Indicate whether any work is to be done by the viewer before or
after the program: …….………………….………………….…………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
B. Story Board
S.
No.
Duration Video
Shot
description
Audio Place of
shooting
Voice/dialogues Music

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EXERCISE 9
Objective: To acquaint with preparation and presentation of posters
Poster: It helps the
extension workers to get
across one idea to the
audience. It is the visual
aid, which has to catch the
attention of the audience
and pass on to them a
simple message at a glance.
The audience should become
aware of the event, practice or idea you want to communicate.
The A, B ,C, of poster is Attractive, Brief and Clear. A poster has to
be bold in design, simple to understand and attractive in colour. It has
following parts.
A. Illustration/Picture:
(i) It should be such as to bring out the message clearly at a
glance
(ii) If it is a drawing, the actual thing to be shown should be
brought out in bold.
(iii) Avoid unnecessary details so that the viewers‘ attention is not
confused
(iv) If you use a photograph, avoid unwanted surroundings and
bring out the point prominently
(v) While preparing illustrations keep in mind the experience of
the audience and use objects familiar to them.

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B. Caption in words:
(i) As small as possible
(ii) A five word caption is the best
(iii) Never write caption vertically,
as it creates difficulty in reading
(iv) Do not break the caption
C. Colour:
(i) Use bright attractive colours
(ii) The center core can be highlighted with a more prominent
colour
(iii) Even in the caption some prominent words can be given in
different colours
(iv) Do not use odd combination of colours.
D Layout:
(i) It should be well balanced so that the viewer‘s eyes can travel
smoothly and quickly through the caption and illustration
(ii) It should be attractive and must clearly bring out the message
to the viewer.
Characteristics of a good poster:
1. Contain a brief and sticking slogan in bold letters
2. Contain action pictures to compel the attention of the people
3. Tell a complete idea at a glance
4. Have a few pleasing colours preferably 2 or 3 colours
5. It should be simple brief and timely
6. At least 20‖ x 30‖ in size
7. Letter size should not be less than 2 to 2.5 inches and should not
be more than 3 to 3.5 inches
8. Made on poster paper or drawing sheet
Assignment 1: Prepare a poster on the topic allotted to you.

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EXERCISE 10
Objective: To acquaint with the preparation and presentation of
charts
Chart: Charts are visual symbols
for summarizing, comparing,
contrasting or performing other
services in explaining subject
matter. In other words, they are
diagrammatic presentations of
ideas and facts.
Characteristics of a good chart
1. Attractive and impressive
2. Express data simple and easily
3. Communicate more data or information quickly
Types of charts
1. Line charts (or Line graphs): These are particularly useful in
showing trends and relationships. A single continuous line may
represent growth or expansion. Multiple lines chart may show the
relation between market price and quantity of a farm product. A
cumulative line chart may show relationship between production
costs and market prices.
2. Bar charts (or Bar graphs): These are used to compare quantities
at different times or under different circumstances. These are
composed of measured blocks spaced along a clearly marked scale.
For example, the effect of fertilizer in increasing crop yields on test
plots in three successive years might be shown in a bar chart.

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3. Pie charts: These are in the shape of circles and used to show how
several parts make up the whole. A pie chart might be used to show
the relative proportion of different crops produced by a country.
4. Organization or flow charts: These are diagrams used to show
organizational or administrative relationship. Boxes connected with
lines show levels and lines of authority. e.g. Organizational charts
to show administrative relationship in a ministry, an extension
service or a university.
5. Time (or table) charts: In this information is compiled in tabular
form along with time. A railway time table is favourable example.
6. Job charts : The works or jobs to be conducted are arranged
alongwith days. e.g. Gramsevak‟s job chart
7. Tree charts or stream charts: These are used to show the
development or growth of something in shape of a tree or a stream
eg:. Genealogical tree.
8. Flip charts : These consist of a series of individual charts which
are tacked or bound together and hung on a supporting stand.
These individual charts carry a series of related messages in
sequence. The teacher flips them one after another, as the lesson or
story progresses. To be effective, a flip chart should deal with only
one broad theme and give only the salient points without too much
data or details.
9. Pictorial graphs (or Picto graphs or pictorial charts) : To give the
viewer a vivid picture and to create a rapid association with the

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graphic message, cartoons and other types of illustrations may be
used. Each visual symbol or ―isotype‖ may indicate quantity as
shown when you compare the number of tractors on farms in
different years.
10. Area graph: By this graph we make a quantitative comparison
between to state of affairs by using one or two or more squares.
11. Pull charts: Consists of written messages which are hidden by the
strips of thick cardboard or plywood. The messages can be shown
to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the concealing strips.
These strips can again be restored to the concealing position after
the presentation or whenever needed.
12. Strip tease charts: As is true in the case of pull charts, the appeal
of the strip tease chart is in its suspense. It teases the interest and
imagination of the audience. The information on the chart is
covered with thin paper strips, to which wax, tape or other sticky
substance has been applied at each end of the strip. Pins or tacks
also can be used. As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a
point with words or symbols, he removes the appropriate strip of
paper. It is possible to add considerable interest to the presentation
by removing the paper with a dramatic flourish. The strip tease
chart adds sparkle to what might otherwise be a drab presentation.
It centers attention on the most important facts at any one time.
The technique increases learning and aids recall.
13. Overlay charts: These consist of a number of illustrated sheets
which can be placed over the other conveniently and in succession.
Assignment 1: Prepare a chart on the topic allotted to you.

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EXERCISE 11
Objective: Handling and Operation of Over Head Projector
The Over Head
Projected (OHP) projects
an image over the head
or shoulder of the
teacher. This means
that the teacher need
not to turn back on the
class and is thus able to
maintain eye contact at
all times. So it is useful
for judging reactions to
teaching points and keeping a good rapport with audience
throughout whole lecture. One of the important factor of this
equipment is that it projects different varieties of teaching aids
such as charts, graphs, drawing, diagrams, posters etc. prepared
on transparent materials. The transparency to be projected is
placed on a horizontal platform of the projector. The projector
adopts itself to many instructional situations and is capable of
projecting materials that would be impossible with other
equipments like transparency, glass slide, film strip, cellophane
paper roll etc.

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Advantages
1. The operator is able to face his audience; hence the teacher can
always maintain eye contact with the audience.
2. The projector is sufficiently powerful to permit successful operation
in lighted room.
3. The operator can point out features appearing on the screen by
pointing the materials on the projector itself.
4. A wide variety of techniques may be used to prepare materials for
use in it.
Projection principle:
This equipment follows the principle of indirect projection in which
the rays of light come from a projection lamp, enter one element of a
condenser lens unit and are reflected by a plane mirror placed at an
angle of 450 with either of the axis of the condenser lens unit. The
reflected rays then enter the other element of the condenser lens unit,
pass through the slide or transparency as the case may be, enter the
objective lens and are again reflected by another plain mirror placed at
an angle of 450 with the axis of the objective lens to form an enlarged
image of t he material on the screen. The loss of light in this case is more
than the direct projection principle.
Different parts of Over Head Projector:
(1) Projection lamp: It is of low voltage halogen type in photo-phone
model. In other old models it is tungsten filament lamps. Generally
the low voltage halogen lamps give a greater amount of light and
relatively less heat than the others.
(2) Projection Head assembly: Containing the objective lens mirror and
focus control.

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(3) Mirror: To change the direction of light from vertical to horizontal so
that it falls on a screen in front of the projector.
(4) Lens: Focus the picture on the screen by raising and lowering the
complete assembly on the sliding guide rod.
(5) Projection Stage: Working area where transparencies are placed for
projection.
(6) Projection lamp (Halogen)
(7) Cooling fan
(8) Reflector
(9) Mirror adjusting knob.
(10) Focusing knob
(11) Exhaust window
(12) Feeding lever
(13) Object stage
(14) Projection Head assembly
(15) Projection hood
(16) Adjusting mirror
(17) Objective lens
(18) Mirror at 450
(19) Elevating device
(20) Film strip accessory
(21) Thermo state switch
(22) Projection stage.
(23) Condenser lenses
(24) Slide carrier attachment
(25) Close up lenses for film strips
(26) ON/OFF switch having three facilities (a) OFF (b) Fan (c) Lamp
(27) Lamp saver switch having two facilities (a) HIGH (b) LOW

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Major steps of operation:
1. Set the projector in the class room with the mirror facing the screen
and maintain 2-3 meters distance between projector and screen.
2. Connect with main supply.
3. Switch on fan first and then lamp.
4. Place the transparency on the platform with right side up.
5. For projecting film strip, set the film strip in the film accessory and
use the close up lenses. Move the film strip by using a screw
provided along with it.
6. For projecting the glass slide or photographic slide, set the slide
carrier in slide carrier attachment and place a slide in the slide
carrier.
7. Focus the image on the screen by raising or lowering the complete
assembly on the sliding guide rod.
8. Before starting the lamp, see that the lamp saver switch is always
in low position.
9. When the use is over, switch off the projection lamp and allow it to
cool.
10. Disconnect the projector.
Precautions while using the Overhead Projector
1. Place the screen so that the bottom extends no lower than the
viewer‟s eye level.
2. Mount the screen in the front left corner of the room if you are right
handed and in the front right corner of the room if you are left
handed.
3. Do not clean mirror with other than a soft brush/cloth.
4. Do not remove the lamp once fitted till it is fused.
5. Do not handle the lamp with bare hands as this can considerably
shorten the life of the lamp.

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6. Clean the lenses of the projector before starting projection.
7. Proper oiling of equipment should be done timely.
8. Adjustment and alignment of optical system should be properly
done.
9. Replace the out dated elements of optical system.
10. Make sure that you stand to one side of the projector.
11. If the audience is large, increase the distance between the screen
and projector to produce a large image.
12. The visual should be placed on the overhead projector with the light
switch turned off.
13. Do not leave projected materials on the screen for a longer period
with the light switch is on.
14. When using the overhead projector, refrain from placing the hands
directly on the glass parts.
15. Periodically clean the glass parts of the overhead with a damp cloth.
16. Cover the overhead projector with a plastic paper.
17. Don't stand with your hand on the light stage.
18. Don't move the projector when the light is turned on.
19. Do not use the projector without running the fan.
20. Keep the mirror assembly in closed position always, when it is not
in use to prevent it from dust.
Assignment 1: Handle and operate the Over Head Projector
Assignment 2: Prepare a line diagram of the Over Head Projector and
label it.
Assignment 3: Prepare a line diagram of the indirect projection principle.

Page 44 of 66
EXERCISE 12
Object: Handling and Operation of Public Address System
Public Address system is generally used to produce loud
sound. It consists of three essential parts namely Microphone,
Amplifier and Loudspeaker. It is used to amplify and reinforce
sound. It is based on magnetic principal.
Principal:
(1) The microphone converts sound waves in to alternating electric
waves.
(2) The Amplifier is an electronic device to amplify these electric
currents.
(3) These amplified electric' current are fed into the loud speaker.

Page 45 of 66
(4) Where they are converted into sound waves and the magnified
sound heard.
Types of Amplifier:
(1) AC supply (Alternative current)
(2) DC supply (Direct Current)-Dry Battery, Wet Battery
Loud Speaker- It consists of two parts:
1. Horn
2. Unit
Speakers may be of two types:
1. In door
2. Out door
Microphone:
1. Single waves
2. All waves
Different parts of P.A. system
1. Amplifier
2. Horn and Unit
3. Microphone
4. Microphone cord
5. Microphone stand
6. Output selector
7. Input cord
8. Speaker cord
9. Control panel

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Operation of public address system equipment
In this system, the amplifier requires electricity to perform its
operation. This electricity may come from Dry Battery, Wet Battery or
AC/DC power supply. The design of the amplifier is always depended
upon the type of the electricity source available for operating the
amplifier. The following points indicate the way in which P.A. equipment
should be operated to give best results.
1. Examine the Microphone, the amplifier and the Loudspeaker
thoroughly and note their special characteristics, if any. Ascertain
the voltage necessary to run the amplifier.
2. Connect the Microphone into the proper input terminals of the
amplifier.
3. Connect the loud speaker to the proper output terminals of the
Amplifier. A loud speaker connected to the improper output
terminals of the amplifier is mismatched and so produces distortion
in sound. An amplifier has many output terminals, but the pair
suited to the particular speaker should be selected.
4. Connect the amplifier into the proper power supply. Use a step
down transformer, if the amplifier runs on 110 volts supply and if
the available line voltage is of 220 volts. If a generator is used,
adjust its voltage properly.
5. Switch on the amplifier and see that its pilot lamp glows. If the pilot
lamp does not glow it indicates that electricity is not fed into
amplifier or the lamp is defective. Try to locate the defect in the
connecting wires, electric supply, plug point, or the pilot lamp itself.
It requires a couple of minutes to warm itself up. A typical sound is
produced on advancing the volume control a little. Some amplifiers
use more than one microphone and separate volume controls for
each of the microphones in use are there. The volume control,

Page 47 of 66
which is in the circuit of the microphone used, should be operated
and other unused volume controls should be kept at their minima.
6. Test the Microphone. This can be done by repeating a few words
before the microphone and hearing the reproduction of the same
over the speaker. To test the Microphone never blows air into it,
because the moisture content of the air may damage the sensitive
microphone.
7. Now, if the microphone is picking up sound advance the volume
control and adjust the tone control to get desired volume of sound.
Care should be taken that the microphone should always be placed
at a distance of about 10" from the speaker (the person who is
speaking).
8. Distance between microphone and loudspeaker should be about 12
feet to 15 feet and these should never be kept in one line to control
the feedback and disturbance.
9. Never put loudspeaker in front of the speaker facing him but put it
in front of the audience facing them.
Assignment 1: Handle and operate the P.A System.
Assignment 2: Prepare a line diagram of P.A System and label it.

Page 48 of 66
EXERCISE 13
Objective: Preparation of News stories
What is News?
NEWS:
N = North,
E = East,
W = West,
S = South.
News is the information from all sides
1. Any accurate fact or idea that will interest a large number of people.
2. Report of any event containing timely and unknown information.
3. Something that is actually happened, happening or expected to
happen.
4. An event, fact, opinion or value which is communicated or made
public and is of interest to a large number of people.
News Media: News paper, Radio, T.V., Wall news, Hand bill etc.
Elements of news:
1. Immediacy
2. Truth and objectivity - Accuracy
3. Nearness or proximity
4. Interesting
5. Identity - Individual names
6. Timings and place of occurrence
7. Suspense and mystery
8. Amazing
9. Number and size of Audience
10. Type of audience.
News that interest to farmers:
1. Weather forecast
2. New applicable farm practices
3. Input, cost and availability
4. Land revenue policies
5. Labor saving practices- new tools
6. Service Department's news- electricity, irrigation

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7. Market policies/new price policy
8. Successful farming
9. Local news/developments.
10. Subsidy, loan and banking facilities
11. Development activities- Village/Block/ Distt.
12. Farm diagnostic services like Water and Soil testing, Plant
Protection, Availability of literature/ training etc.
Forms of news writing
1. Press Releases:
1. Press Communiqués
2. Press Notes - can be edited/condensed
3. Handouts.
4. Official- Speeches of VIPs
5. Unofficial- In personal capacity
2. Non-news Releases:
1. Biographical sketches
2. Contradictions
3. Articles and features
4. News letters
5. News stories
Writing news releases
1. Always use pyramid structure of news writing (Fig)
2. When you have collected all the facts, write them in order of their
importance.
3. Pick up most important and interesting facts for the LEAD point.
Spend some time in carefully wording it.
4. Write the story next, weighing each fact as you write it.
5. To make your story good economies on words; Use the most
effective words you can think of, keeping in mind the reader.
6. Use simple sentences and short paragraphs
7. There should be no ambiguity.
8. It should not ambiguity.

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EXERCISE-14
Objective: To acquaint with preparation and presentation of various
types of slides
Type of slides:
1. Glass slides:
(A) Silhouetted slide
(B) Cellophane paper slide
(C) Plane glass slide
2. Photographic slides
Methods of preparation
1. Glass slides: These are made up of pieces of glass. The size of all
glass slides is 31/4‖ x 31/4‖.
A. Silhouetted glass slide:
While preparing this slide the object is cut out from black
paper and is placed between pieces of cover glass which are
then held tightly together with the help of binding tape.
* Size of glass slide 3.25 x 3.25 inches
When this slide in projected light does not pass through the
object which is opaque and the resulting image on the screen
is a shadow figure of the object.
Plane glass slide
B. Cellophane paper slide:
In this type of slide, material is traced on cellophane paper,
through the carbon. The typed cellophane paper in placed
between two cover glasses, which are then fixed properly with
binding tape. Care should be taken to leave some margin

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while typing the cellophane paper, so that the text should not
be covered.
C. Plane glass slide:
For this slide take a piece of glass, write information on it with
marking pencil or by OHP marker pens and cover the slide by
other slide and fix it with binding tape properly.
2. Photographic slide: A photographic slide is a film transparency
contained in a frame or mount. There are several formats, but 2‖ x
2‖ slide format is most common. The reversal film is used in still
camera for shooting the photographs for photographic slide. The
film is then developed and different photographs are separated and
bounded individually in either paper or plastic frame. A series of
photographic slides is used to present a story.
3. Power point slides: These slides are prepared with the help of
computer by using the software Microsoft PowerPoint. These slides
are prepared in soft copies and are directly presented through
computer by using Data projector or LCD projector. The print out of
these slides can be taken by using printer if needed.
Points to be considered while preparing slides:
1. Always take into consideration following aspects while
preparing graphic materials
(a) Size and dimension of the working area
(b) Proportion of the visual material
(c) Design and layout features
(d) Background and contrast
(e) Content and illustrations.

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2. Select a Readable letter style. Avoid script letter styles
because the letters are difficult to distinguish one from
another.
3. Use capital letter for short titles and labels, but for longer
captions and phrases (six words or more) use lower case
letters.
4. Include not more than 15 to 20 words in a single projected
visual.
5. Separate lines within a caption so that adequate white space
is left.
6. Space letters optically.
7. Thickness of line should be moderate bold because it
increases the area of a letter that is visible to the viewer.
8. Space letters so that they do not appear to either blend
together or lose their continuity for forming letters.
9. Allow 1 ½ letter widths for the space between words and 3
widths between sentences.
10. Light letters against dark background have greater visibility
than do dark letters against a light background.
11. For satisfactory legibility, dark letters on a light coloured
background require a wider width stroke than do light letters
on a dark background.
12. Mark the slides with „x‟ or dot in the upper right hand corner
indicating that this is the thumb spot for holding and
inserting the slide in the correct position in the magazine.
13. Try to keep your fingers off the slide surface.
Assignment 1 : Prepare a slide of each type on the topics allotted to you.

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EXERCISE 15
Objective: Creating a multimedia presentation using MS power
point.
Presentation is actually a
type of communication where
you put your thoughts, ideas
and feelings across to an
individual or to a group so
that the entire group accepts
them.
Opening New/Blank Presentations
In the window you can view the PowerPoint program. This window
is called the application window as it contains the PowerPoint program's
main options and commands.
To create a new presentation
 Click on `Blank presentation' option. Then click on the ÒK' button.
The layout dialog box will be displayed.
 Microsoft PowerPoint by default selects the first Auto layout. This is
the title slide. Click on ÒK' button to open a blank presentation.
Creating Slides
After opening a new presentation, a blank slide is automatically
created with the name as 'Presentation 1'. Now that we have seen how to
create a blank presentation, we shall also see how to enter some text in
the slides.
 In the presentation window Click on title placeholder. The cursor
will change to an I-beam. This pointer appears whenever you enter
or edit text. The title placeholder is outlined to indicate that it has
been selected.
 Type the title À presentation on myself

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 Click outside the title placeholder to view the title you have typed.
 While you are within the title placeholder box, do not press <Enter>
key, as it will add a new line to the title placeholder.
 Click on the New Slide option in the Common task. The layout
dialog box will be displayed. By default, the 'Bulleted List' is
selected.
 Click title slide, click OK. The description of each layout is displayed
in a box in the right bottom corner of the layout dialog box.
 Type your name in the title placeholder
 Repeat steps 4 and 5 to insert a new side.
 Type Address in the title placeholder & your address in the text box.
Do not type the quotation marks.
 Click on the New Slide option in the Common Toolbar.
 Click the Billeted List Slide. Click OK
 Type `Favorite Subjects' in the title placeholder and type four of
your favorite subjects the bulleted list text box. Do not type the
quotation marks.
 Repeat steps 9 and 10 to insert a new slide.
 Type `Hobbies' in the title placeholder and type any four of your
hobbies in the bulleted list placeholder. Do not type the quotation
marks.
 Repeat steps 9 and 10 to insert a new slide.
 Type `Favorite Sports' in the tile placeholder and type four of your
favorite sports in the bulleted list placeholder. Do not type the
quotation marks.
Each slide can be viewed at a time, page by page. This can be done
as follows:
1. Click on the `View' option from the menu bar.
2. Click on the `Slide Sorter' option.
3. The slides will all the displayed together.

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Saving a Presentation
We have learnt to create and insert slides using the title slide and
bulleted list layout. To save the presentation the steps given below have
to be followed.
1. Click on File main menu option.
2. Click on the Save As command button. This opens the Save As
dialog box. You can change the current drive and directory to the
drive and directory in which you want to save your presentation.
3. In the File Name text box, type my presentation
4. The filename extension need not be included. PowerPoint automatic-
ally adds the extension PPT to your presentation file name.
5. Click the `Save' button to save it as ‗myself ppt'
Closing a Presentation
It is advisable to close the first and then your application. The
procedure for closing a presentation file is as follows:
1. Click on File main menu option.
2. Click on the Close command.
The presentation is closed and only the application window and the
common task window are left on the screen.
Opening an Existing Presentation
Load Power Point (if not open) as per the steps given for loading
power point in 1.1 and open now presentation. Follows the steps given
below:
1. Click on File main menu option
2. Click on the Open command
3. Microsoft PowerPoint displays the dialog box.
4. Select the filename (mypresl.ppt)
5. Click on the ‗open' button to open.
Assignment: Prepare a multimedia presentation using power point on
the topic allotted to you.

Page 56 of 66
EXERCISE 16
Objective: Organization of campaign.
CAMPAIGN: A Campaign is an
intense educational activity for
motivating and mobilizing a
community to action, to solve a
problem or satisfy a need
urgently felt by it.
 Campaign may be for a single day on a theme like ‗water for life‘ for
a few weeks as in ‗rat control‘ or ‗family planning‘ for few months as
in ‗Vanmohotsava‘ (tree planting) and for few years as in ‗Grow
More Food‘ campaign
 A campaign may be held by involving small number of people in a
few villages, like soil test campaign.
 Involving entire community or entire nation over the whole country
like Campaign around a theme may be organized, Yoga Diwas.
 Only once, or may be repeated year after year, till the goal is
satisfactorily reached.
Objectives:
 To create mass awareness about an important problem or felt need
of the community and encourage them to solve it.
 To induce emotional participation of the community at the local
level and create a favorable psychological climate for adoption of
new practices.
 Eg. Pulse polio, Sanitation

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Technique: Planning and preparation
 Identify an important problem or needs of the community with the
local leaders.
 List out specialists, local leaders and other persons who could be
involved in solving it.
 Decide with the local leaders about the time of holding the
campaign and its duration.
 Arrange necessary inputs, services and transport.
 Prepare a written programme of the campaign.
 Give wide publicity and put up posters at strategic points
throughout the area.
 Use mass media to warm up the community. Make use of personal
appeal.
Implementation
 Carry out the campaign as per programme.
 Hold group meeting with the people and discuss about the origin
and nature of the problem. Suggest practical and effective solution.
 Arrange method demonstration and training programme for the
participants.
 Maintain supply of critical inputs and services.
 Keep close watch on the campaign and take corrective steps, if
necessary.
 Arrange mass media coverage.
 Conclude the campaign in time
Follow-up
 Contact participants and find out their reactions.
 Assess the extent of adoption of the practice.
 Publicize successful campaigns.

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 Analyze deficiencies and failures.
 Give due recognition to the local leaders
Advantages
 Especially suited to stimulate mass scale adoption of an improved
practice in the shortest time possible.
 Facilitates exploitation of group psychology for introducing new
practices.
 Successful campaign create conductive atmosphere for popularizing
other methods.
 Builds up community confidence
Limitations
 Applicable only for topics of community interest.
 Success depends on cooperation of the community and their
leaders.
 Requires adequate preparation, concentrated efforts and
propaganda techniques, and uninterrupted supply of critical
inputs.
 Less suitable for practices involving complicated techniques.

Page 59 of 66
EXERCISE 17
Objective: Organization of exhibition.
An exhibition is a systematic
display of models, specimens,
charts, photographs, posters,
pictures, information etc. in a
sequence around a theme to
create awareness and interest
in the community.
This method is suitable for reaching all types of people.
Exhibitions may be held at the village, block, district, state, national and
international levels. Exhibitions are used for wide range of topics, such
as planning a model village, demonstrating improved practices, different
feeding methods, showing high –producing animals, new technologies
and the best product of village industries.
Objective
 To provide visual literacy.
 To acquaint people with better standards.
 To create interest in a wide range of people.
 To motivate people to adopt better practices.
Technique: Planning and preparation
 Form a steering committee with specialist, local leaders and
administrators.
 Decide on the theme and organizations to be involved.
 Prepare a budget estimate and procure funds.

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 Decide on the venue, time and duration.
 Prepare a written programme and communicate to all concerned
in time.
 Get the site ready within the scheduled date.
 Reserve a stall for display of exhibits to be brought by the
farmers.
 Arrange a pandal for holding meeting, training and
entertainment programme.
 Display posters at important places and publicize about the
exhibition through mass media.
 Decorate the stalls simply and tastefully. Make adequate
arrangement for lighting.
 Display the exhibits at eye-level.
 If possible, arrange action and live exhibits.
 Train up interpreters and allot specific duties.
Implementation
 Organize formal opening of the exhibition by a local leader or a
prominent persons.
 Arrange smooth flow of visitors.
 Let the interpreters briefly explain the exhibits to the visitors so
that the intended message is clearly communicated.
 Organize a panel of experts to be present nearby, so that the
visitors who would like to know more or discuss some problems
could get the desired information.
 Conduct meetings, training programs etc. as per schedule during
the day time and use the stage for entertainment during nights.
 Judge the stalls on the basis of their quality of display, ability to
draw visitors and effectiveness in communicating message.

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 Keep the exhibits and the premises clean. Replace exhibits as
and when necessary.
 Conclude the exhibition as per the schedule.
Follow-up
 Meet some visitors personally and maintain a visitor‘s book for
feedback information.
 Talk to local leaders and assess success of the exhibition.
 Ensure availability of critical inputs and facilities emphasized
during the exhibition
 Look for changes in practice in the community in the future.
Advantages
 Eminently suited to teach illiterates
 Promotes public relations and goodwill towards extension
 It can be fit into festive occasions and serve recreational
purposes
 Can be used to stimulate competitive spirit
 Can create market for certain products.
Limitations
 Requires lots of fund and preparation
 Cannot be held frequently

Page 62 of 66
EXERCISE 18
Objective: Organization of Kisan Mela.
Kisan mela is an
organized educational
activity for involving and
educating farmers by
bringing together the
farmers, scientists,
extension workers, input
agencies, developmental
departments and non-
governmental agencies on agriculture or allied aspects at a
Research Station
In other words it is an important educational activity, where the
farmers can see, interact and gain firsthand knowledge about the latest
technologies and developments in agriculture and allied aspects. It
integrates several educational activities specifically directed to the
farmers of a region, state or country.
Objectives
1. To provide an opportunity for the farmers to practically witness the
new production technologies demonstrated on the Agricultural
Research Station and also to inform them about the on-going
research in different aspects.
2. To enable the farmers to discuss with the University Scientists
about the problems relating to agriculture and allied aspects
directly.

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3. To provide an opportunity for the farmers to directly come in
contact with input manufacturers, dealer in agricultural machinery
and implements to help the farmers know about the latest
agricultural inputs, machinery, equipment etc. available in the
market.
4. To help scientists to get feedback on recommended technologies as
well as to sensitize them about the farmer‘s current problems on
agriculture and allied aspects.
5. To develop a habit among farmers to visit Research Stations
frequently to learn about latest technologies.
6. To convince the participants about the applicability of the practice
in their own situation
7. To motivate them to adopt the practice by showing its performance
and profitability under field conditions.
8. To remove doubts, superstitions and unfavorable attitude about the
new practices
9. To reinforce previous learning about the practice
Chairman:
a) Appointing Mela Officer i/c of all activities.
b) Venue for Mela – decide well in advance to grow trial plots, to erect
structures etc. on the spot
As far as possible better decide a permanent spot for each Station.
 Constitution of Sub-Committees:
 Reception Committee
 Publicity Committee
 Guided visit committee
 Competition committee
 Program committee

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 Exhibition committee
 Conference committee
 Control room committee
 Health care committee
 Security and service committee
 Providing finances to various sub-committees
 Inviting dignitaries, if any
 Mailing list.
 Accommodation and transport committee
Limitations:
1. Cannot be held frequently
2. Does not facilitate in depth learning

Page 65 of 66
EXERCISE 19
Objective: Organization of Farmers Rally
It is a purposeful activity undertaken at an appropriate time
for creating awareness and interest among the community in a
concerted manner on a particular problem. For arranging the
farmers rally following points should be considered.
Objectives
 To create awareness about a problem and offer a solution.
 To provide accurate information through experts to the
participants.
 To motivate people for the adoption of improved practices.
 To provide opportunity for interaction among people in social
gathering.
Technique
Planning and preparation
 Decide on the topic, venue and target audience.
 Select a limited number of experts.
 Decide with the local leader on the date and time and communicate
the same to all the concerned well in advance.
 Prepare a agenda of the programme.

Page 66 of 66
 Give wide publicity and put up posters at important points
throughout the area.
 Use mass media to warm up the community
Implementation
 Start the rally on the scheduled time and cut down the formalities
to a minimum.
 Allow the experts to deliver the talk and after that keep the question
answer session for clarification of doubts of the participants.
 Make the use of audio-visual aids.
 Arrange the mass media coverage.
 Conclude the rally in time.
Follow-up
 Contact the participants and find out their reactions.
 Assess the extent of adoption of the practice.
 Publicize the rally.
 Give due recognition to the local leaders
Advantages
 It appeals to the practical type of individuals
 It create interest among the participants
 It motivate the people to adopt improved practice
Limitations
 It is costly
 Requires good deal of preparation and propaganda techniques
 Applicable for topics of community interest
 Cannot be held frequently

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