8. Incas
• Central govt=same language, same buildings
• Road system
• No written language=quipu
• Stone structures w/out mortar that survived
earthquakes
• Pizarro killed ruler and ruled until murdered by
his own men.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Important FYI
• Accept leadership from only a few; chief rules by
respect and consent of the people
• Idea of community did not extend to outsiders
who threatened their natural resources
• Trade not just economic transaction but a form of
gift giving, represented friendship and alliance,
mutual obligation and trust.
• Identify closely to where they lived in terms of
history…emphasized place not time.
14. Warfare
Essential b/c served to revitalize the
community by replacing dead or missing
w/captives who could be adopted or
tortured to ease the grief of the victims.
-warfare did not involve genocide
-women, children and elderly spared
15. • How would indigenous people’s ideas about
leadership create conflict with European
conquistadors?
• What was the purpose of warfare in
indigenous cultures?
• What was the purpose of warfare for
European conquistadors?
16. • Crusades
• China=printing press,
gunpowder
• Venice and Genoa=principal
trading centers
• Ottoman Empire hindered
trade routes to the east.
• Reformation=Catholic vs.
Protestant
The Set Up…Motives
17. • Problems facing Europeans
– Population increasing
– Food shortages
The Set Up…Needs
18. The Rebirth of Europe
Economy Culture Politics
Nations competed
for Asian trade.
Ancient Greek, Roman,
and Muslim art and
learning were
rediscovered.
Reformation:
revolt against the
Roman Catholic
Church
Improved
seafaring technology
aided exploration
and trade.
Philosophy of
humanism: use of
reason and
experimentation
in learning
Government by nobles
and the Church
declined.
Spain and Portugal
competed to
explore trade
routes.
Michelangelo,
Leonardo da Vinci
Shakespeare
The rise of nations
Why 1492?
19. Why 1492?
• Portugal and Spain were able to initiate exploration
b/c
– Centralized government
– Access to large pools of capital (ie:$$$$)
– New commercial practices
– Renaissance
– Expansionist values
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
– Papal Line of Demarcation
20.
21. From New World
• Iguana, flying squirrel, catfish,
rattlesnake, armadillos, opossums,
sloths, anacondas, toucans,
parrots, turkeys, guinea pigs,
• Potatoes (sweet and white), maize,
beans (snap, kidney, lima, etc.),
peanuts, squash, peppers,
tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples,
papayas, avocados, cacao, chicle
– These plants could grow
almost anywhere and helped
fuel population explosion
– Today, these crops make up
1/3 of world’s food crops
• syphillis
From Old World
• Rice, wheat, barley,
oats, wine grapes,
melons, coffee,
olives, bananas,
daisies, dandelions
• Horses, cattle,
pigs, sheep, goats,
chickens (?)
• Typhus, smallpox,
flu, measles
Effects of Columbus’ Voyage
22. Building the Spanish Empire
Motives
• “God, gold, and glory”
Spanish Explorers
• Juan Ponce de León: Florida, 1513.
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Isthmus of Panama in
1513.
• Hernán Cortés, Aztec empire, present-day Mexico,
by 1521.
• Francisco Pizarro, Incan empire, present-day
Peru,1532
.
23. Building the Spanish Empire
• Used religion as a form of colonial
control.
• Encomiendas
• Both societies (Spanish and Native
American) blended, coexisted and
interacted
• Exploration continued into present-day
Texas and up past the Mississippi
River.
• Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
24. Challenges to the Spanish
• Never found gold and
silver
• Climate, limited food
supply
• Never developed market
economy in New World.
• Emphasis on
conversion and control
• Did not trade like the
French and English
25. The French in North America
• 1523 to 1524: Giovanni da
Verrazzano
• 1543–1542:Jacques Cartier
• 1608: Samuel de Champlain
• 1673-Robert Cavalier
LaSalle
• Why explore?
• New France
26. English Colonization
Over time, England was the most
successful at colonizing North
America.
• English explorers searched for the
Northwest Passage
• Sea Captains
• Two early English colonies:
1. Roanoke
2. Jamestown
• Indentured servants are people who
worked under contract for a set
period of time in exchange for
passage to the new colony.
• 1620
– Separatists
– Mayflower Compact
Editor's Notes
In his letters to the Hapsburg Emperor Charles V, King of Spain, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés trumpeted his exploits, and described the people and wonders of the new land he had conquered. This map, published with Cortés’s letters, provided Europeans with the first image of the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan.
Although in ruins at the time of the map’s publication, the island city, with the Aztec sacred ceremonial district at its heart, appears serene and orderly under the double eagle and crown of the Hapsburg imperial flag. The smaller map to the left represents the Gulf of Mexico.
Artist rendering of Tenochtitlan
“Floating islands”
Crusades led to contact with Muslim technology, science, libraries
Preserved works of Ptolemy (est. earth’s size)
Silk, precious gems, spices
Geographic expansion (top dogs????)
China=printing press, gunpowder
Adventures now published
Venice and Genoa=lots of $$ and practice with new economy by supplying Crusade armies THEREFORE became principal trading centers
Ottoman Empire hindered trade routes to the east.
Reformation=Catholic vs. Protestant
Problems facing Europeans
Population increasing after effects of Black Plague is gone and feudalism is waning
Constantly suffered food shortages for livestock in winter SO early autumn=slaughter
Need spices (cinnamon, cloves, pepper) as preservatives
Used religion as a form of colonial control. Missionaries converted the N Am if successful then mission would become secular settlement.
Encomiendas: Landowners controlled Indian villages (ie: care for village (villagers) and support priests. In return they required tribute in the form of goods and labor
Both societies (Spanish and Native American) blended, coexisted and interacted
Exploration continued into present-day Texas and up past the Mississippi River.
Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
1523 to 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano: search for the Northwest Passage.
Jacques Cartier made three voyages (1543–1542) to the region of present-day Canada. The French claimed the territory and named it New France.
1608: Samuel de Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America: Quebec
1673-Robert Cavalier LaSalle established New Orleans
Now France has control of Canada and major inland waterway.
The French explored the continent in search of trading opportunities.
Native Americans trapped fur-producing animals and traded them to the French. North American furs sold well in Europe in the 1600s.
By the late 1600s, the territory of New France was a long narrow colony that followed waterways necessary for transporting furs and other goods.
Over time, England was the most successful at colonizing North America.
English explorers, including John Cabot, searched for the Northwest Passage, a trade route that would go past or through the continent.
England hired sea captains to attack Spanish ships and raid Spanish port cities in the Americas. As a result, Spain suffered financial trouble.
Two early English colonies:
1. Roanoke: Two attempts by the English to establish this island colony near present-day North Carolina failed.
2. Jamestown: Investors obtained a charter, or certificate of permission, from England to form the Virginia Company, which sent colonists to Virginia in 1607. Starvation, disease, and a lack of leadership plagued the colony, and it nearly failed. Tobacco, which was quickly becoming popular in Europe, soon formed the basis of the colony’s economy.
Indentured servants are people who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the new colony.
What are the positive and negative effects of colonization of Americas? Think about 1. effects for European countries ( +=new commercial practices, new products, columbian exchange; negative=race for empire leads to conflict among countries, increase of gold buillon leads to inflation. 2. Effects for native populations (+=new technology, negative=disease, mercantilist system)
