Central and South American civilizations such as the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas developed advanced cultures prior to European contact, with achievements in mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, and urban planning. However, their political systems differed from European monarchies, and their ideas of leadership and warfare clashed with Spanish conquistadors like Cortés and Pizarro, leading to conflicts and the decline of these civilizations as Spain built its empire in the Americas in the early 16th century. Concurrently, factors in 14th-15th century Europe like improved navigation technologies and the desire for trade routes and resources motivated initial exploration across the Atlantic.
This document provides an overview of several ancient Latin texts that discuss topics related to entrepreneurship such as agriculture, trade, land management, merchants, and business enterprises. It summarizes passages from works by Marcus Porcius Cato, M. Terentius Varro, G. Julius Caesar, P. Vergilius Maro, Titus Livius, Pliny the Younger, and Martial that touch on economic activities, risks and profits in business, Roman merchants traveling abroad, social views of traders, and managing estates and balancing entrepreneurship with risk and ethics.
This document provides an overview of world history from approximately 8000 BCE to 1400 CE, covering major developments in early civilizations and classical societies across Afro-Eurasia. It discusses the rise of river valley civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. The document also examines the political, social, economic and technological changes associated with the urban revolution, as well as independent invention versus the diffusion of ideas. Key classical civilizations like Greece, Rome, India, and China are then analyzed in more detail. Common factors associated with the decline of bronze age empires and classical civilizations are also outlined.
This document summarizes complex social developments between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It notes that cities served as centers of trade, religion, and government for states and empires. Examples include Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Teotihuacan. It then focuses on Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great and was a major center of Hellenistic civilization and capital of Egypt for almost 1000 years. The document also discusses social hierarchies in empires, methods of maintaining food production and elite loyalty, and the continued shaping of gender roles and family by patriarchy in imperial societies.
Modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to Europe and Asia around 135,000 years ago, eventually replacing Neanderthals in Europe. The development of agriculture began around 12,000 years ago in the Middle East, as people began cultivating plants and domesticating animals. This Neolithic Revolution then spread to other parts of Eurasia and independently developed in at least three areas of the Americas. While agriculture provided benefits like increased population and new technologies, it also resulted in greater social inequality and environmental degradation compared to foraging societies.
Between 1200 BCE and 500 CE, world population grew significantly due to advances in agriculture and iron technology. This population growth fueled the establishment of extensive networks of exchange across Afroeurasia and the Americas, including trade routes, writing systems, and the spread of major religions. Empires arose that maintained networks for communication, trade, and cultural diffusion over vast areas. By 500 CE, population increases had led to deforestation, more complex societies, greater collective learning, and more people living in large urban centers connected through expanding networks.
1. Ancient civilizations in Central and South America such as the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca developed advanced farming techniques, polytheistic religions, and architectural achievements like pyramids and calendars.
2. The Aztec and Inca empires dominated large regions through military power and established governance systems, but disease and superior weapons helped the Spanish conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquer these civilizations in the 16th century.
3. Key cultural aspects included Maya calendars and mathematics, Aztec floating gardens and education systems, and Inca infrastructure like roads and medical knowledge.
The document discusses the collapse of the Great Empires in the Americas during the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 15th and 16th centuries. It provides details on Hernando Cortes' conquest of the Aztec Empire between 1519-1521 and Francisco Pizarro's defeat of the Inca Empire between 1532-1535. It also examines the key factors in the Spanish victories, including diseases that killed many native peoples, the conquistadors' use of horses, guns, and alliances with rival tribes.
The Aztec Empire was established in 1325 in Mexico, growing to a population of 5-6 million people ruled from their capital of Tenochtitlan, a large island city connected to the mainland by causeways. They conquered neighboring peoples and extracted tribute, developing an advanced urban civilization with extensive agriculture, trade networks, and an economy that supported large populations and significant public works projects. However, they engaged in frequent human sacrifice of war captives to appease the gods. In contrast, the Inca Empire spanned a vast Andean region, assimilating conquered peoples through relocation, education in the Quechua language, and obligations to the state instead of tribute, with an emphasis on centralized bureaucratic control rather than war
This document provides an overview of several ancient Latin texts that discuss topics related to entrepreneurship such as agriculture, trade, land management, merchants, and business enterprises. It summarizes passages from works by Marcus Porcius Cato, M. Terentius Varro, G. Julius Caesar, P. Vergilius Maro, Titus Livius, Pliny the Younger, and Martial that touch on economic activities, risks and profits in business, Roman merchants traveling abroad, social views of traders, and managing estates and balancing entrepreneurship with risk and ethics.
This document provides an overview of world history from approximately 8000 BCE to 1400 CE, covering major developments in early civilizations and classical societies across Afro-Eurasia. It discusses the rise of river valley civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. The document also examines the political, social, economic and technological changes associated with the urban revolution, as well as independent invention versus the diffusion of ideas. Key classical civilizations like Greece, Rome, India, and China are then analyzed in more detail. Common factors associated with the decline of bronze age empires and classical civilizations are also outlined.
This document summarizes complex social developments between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It notes that cities served as centers of trade, religion, and government for states and empires. Examples include Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Teotihuacan. It then focuses on Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great and was a major center of Hellenistic civilization and capital of Egypt for almost 1000 years. The document also discusses social hierarchies in empires, methods of maintaining food production and elite loyalty, and the continued shaping of gender roles and family by patriarchy in imperial societies.
Modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to Europe and Asia around 135,000 years ago, eventually replacing Neanderthals in Europe. The development of agriculture began around 12,000 years ago in the Middle East, as people began cultivating plants and domesticating animals. This Neolithic Revolution then spread to other parts of Eurasia and independently developed in at least three areas of the Americas. While agriculture provided benefits like increased population and new technologies, it also resulted in greater social inequality and environmental degradation compared to foraging societies.
Between 1200 BCE and 500 CE, world population grew significantly due to advances in agriculture and iron technology. This population growth fueled the establishment of extensive networks of exchange across Afroeurasia and the Americas, including trade routes, writing systems, and the spread of major religions. Empires arose that maintained networks for communication, trade, and cultural diffusion over vast areas. By 500 CE, population increases had led to deforestation, more complex societies, greater collective learning, and more people living in large urban centers connected through expanding networks.
1. Ancient civilizations in Central and South America such as the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca developed advanced farming techniques, polytheistic religions, and architectural achievements like pyramids and calendars.
2. The Aztec and Inca empires dominated large regions through military power and established governance systems, but disease and superior weapons helped the Spanish conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquer these civilizations in the 16th century.
3. Key cultural aspects included Maya calendars and mathematics, Aztec floating gardens and education systems, and Inca infrastructure like roads and medical knowledge.
The document discusses the collapse of the Great Empires in the Americas during the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 15th and 16th centuries. It provides details on Hernando Cortes' conquest of the Aztec Empire between 1519-1521 and Francisco Pizarro's defeat of the Inca Empire between 1532-1535. It also examines the key factors in the Spanish victories, including diseases that killed many native peoples, the conquistadors' use of horses, guns, and alliances with rival tribes.
The Aztec Empire was established in 1325 in Mexico, growing to a population of 5-6 million people ruled from their capital of Tenochtitlan, a large island city connected to the mainland by causeways. They conquered neighboring peoples and extracted tribute, developing an advanced urban civilization with extensive agriculture, trade networks, and an economy that supported large populations and significant public works projects. However, they engaged in frequent human sacrifice of war captives to appease the gods. In contrast, the Inca Empire spanned a vast Andean region, assimilating conquered peoples through relocation, education in the Quechua language, and obligations to the state instead of tribute, with an emphasis on centralized bureaucratic control rather than war
Latin American Indian Empires during the pre-Columbian eraPhyllisMarieTeanco
Three major indigenous empires existed in Latin America - the Aztec located in central Mexico with their capital of Tenochtitlan, the Maya located in the Yucatan Peninsula known for their architecture and accurate calendar, and the Inca of the Andes mountains in Peru with capital Cuzco. All three empires achieved major accomplishments but declined with the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century, with diseases devastating indigenous populations and the Spanish conquering their lands seeking gold, religion, and glory.
The Aztec civilization originated in Mexico. They built the large city of Tenochtitlan on swampy land in the mountains. The Aztecs believed they were the center of the world according to their gods. They had a complex polytheistic religion and practiced human sacrifice to appease the gods. The Aztec empire expanded through both trade and conquest of neighboring cities and territories. They collected tributes including cocoa beans, which they used to make a popular chocolate drink.
The document summarizes the origins and cultures of indigenous peoples in the Americas, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. It describes how Native Americans migrated to the Americas over a land bridge connecting Asia to Alaska around 13,000 years ago. It provides details about the complex societies and achievements of these civilizations, such as their advanced agricultural practices, construction of major cities and temples, and calendars. It also outlines their religious practices and how European diseases and conquest by the Spanish led to the collapse of the Aztec and Inca Empires in the 16th century.
The Inca Empire was one of the largest empires in the world located in western South America. It extended over 2600 miles but lacked writing, instead using knotted strings called quipus to record information. The Empire had a complex administrative system with the capital of Cuzco at its center and was divided into four quarters with further subdivisions. The Inca implemented a labor tax system and built extensive road networks to control their large territory before being conquered by the Spanish led by Pizarro in the 1530s due to disease and civil war weakening the Empire.
The document summarizes three important pre-Columbian civilizations - the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. It describes the locations and time periods of each empire, how their cities were organized, details about their social hierarchies and governments, and some of their key contributions like pyramids, calendars, and domesticated crops.
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish control following Columbus' discovery. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico with just 500 men, defeating them at their capital Tenochtitlan after a smallpox epidemic weakened them. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the vast Inca Empire in Peru, capturing its emperor Atahualpa and looting its gold before destroying the empire. Both conquests had immense impacts, destroying native civilizations and establishing Spanish rule.
The Americas before Columbus had complex cultures and civilizations with no metal technology or large domesticated animals, though they had complex trade networks. The Aztec Empire conquered surrounding peoples and captured warriors to sacrifice. In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico with a small force but allied with native groups like the Nahuas, conquering the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan by 1521, aided by smallpox epidemics. This period saw the Columbian Exchange where crops, animals and diseases were transferred between the Old and New Worlds, changing societies on both sides.
The document describes several advanced pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America including the Maya, Inca, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendrical and mathematical systems. They built monumental architecture and engineering works without the use of wheels. The Spanish conquest introduced new technologies, animals, crops, diseases, and led to a mixing of indigenous and European heritages in Latin America.
The document describes several advanced pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America including the Maya, Inca, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendrical and mathematical systems. They built monumental architecture and engineering works without the use of wheels. The Spanish conquest of these empires in the 15th-16th centuries resulted in a major exchange of plants, animals, technologies, diseases, and immune systems between the Old and New Worlds.
The document describes several advanced civilizations in Latin America including the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, advanced agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendars and mathematical systems. They built grand architecture without the use of wheels and developed writing systems including hieroglyphs and knotted string records. The arrival of Europeans led to an exchange of goods, technologies, diseases, and populations that transformed the region.
1. The document outlines several major themes in world history from the Neolithic Revolution to around 600 CE, including the development of agriculture, trade networks, technologies, demographics, social and gender structures, and states and empires.
2. Key developments include the rise of sedentary civilizations along major river valleys beginning around 8000 BCE, and the fall of major empires by 600 CE. Agriculture, trade, and new technologies led to more complex societies.
3. Social hierarchies emerged with elites controlling surpluses, and gender roles became more divided as agriculture and states expanded. Major religions also spread during this period.
The document provides information about pre-Columbian civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America, including the Olmec, Zapotec, Toltec, Chavín, Nazca, Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. It discusses the origins, locations, achievements, and influences of these civilizations. It also describes how the arrival of European explorers like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century led to the collapse of the Aztec and Inca empires through violence, disease, and the imposition of new social and political systems.
Big Era Five lasted from 300 CE to 1500 CE, a period of increased connections and cultural exchange across different regions of Afroeurasia and the Americas. Population growth, migrations, expanding trade networks, and large empires all contributed to the spread of ideas, technologies, religions, and goods. By 1500 CE, much of Afroeurasia and parts of the Americas were linked through these patterns of interregional interaction and unity, setting the stage for the global connections that intensified in Big Era Six with the voyages of discovery.
The document provides details about three ancient civilizations:
1) The Maya developed an advanced civilization in Mesoamerica from 250-900 CE, building great cities and achieving scientific and artistic accomplishments, before declining for unclear reasons.
2) The Aztec empire was founded in 1325 in central Mexico and was conquered by the Spanish in 1521, having developed a powerful empire through alliances and tribute.
3) The Inca empire expanded across western South America under a strong central government before being conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1537 after a civil war weakened the nation.
The Maya developed an advanced civilization in Mesoamerica from around 250-900 CE. They built great cities during the Classic Age linked by trade, with each city functioning as an independent city-state. Maya culture was influenced by their social structure, religion, and achievements in science and art. The decline of the Maya civilization began in the 900s for reasons that are still unclear.
The document provides information about the Inca civilization that ruled over parts of western South America prior to the Spanish conquest. It discusses:
- The geography of the Inca Empire, which stretched across the Andes mountains from modern-day Colombia to Chile and included the countries of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Argentina.
- Aspects of Inca society such as the social hierarchy headed by the Sapa Inca emperor, the importance of agriculture using crops like potatoes and quinoa, and the Quechua language.
- Inca cultural and religious practices such as their polytheistic beliefs centered around gods like the sun god Inti, and their use of knotted strings called quipus to
This document provides an overview of the settlement of the Americas prior to European contact. It discusses the migrations of early peoples across the Bering Land Bridge beginning around 8000 BCE. It describes the rise of advanced civilizations like the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. It then covers the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the devastating impacts of disease and violence on indigenous populations following contact with Europeans. It also summarizes the major effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of new crops, animals, and diseases worldwide.
The document describes the origins of the Inca civilization, noting that Manco Capac was established as the founder of the city of Cuzco by the Inca people after being created as the first Incan by the sun god Inti and sent on a journey with his unnamed sister to find the sacred place of Cuzco, with Manco being given a golden staff by the sun god for their mission. The city of Cuzco went on to serve as the capital and administrative center of the Inca Empire which came to dominate the Andean region of western South America under Inca rule.
Early civilizations first appeared in locations favorable for agriculture along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow. Governments and states emerged as rulers consolidated power over larger populations using writing, religion, and control of resources. Writing allowed laws and records to be codified, spreading shared cultural practices. Major early civilizations discussed include Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, Indus Valley, China, Persia, Greece, and Rome, each making significant cultural and technological contributions to modern society. A state is defined as a community exercising power over a territory with key elements including people, land, government, and sovereignty.
The document provides information about Latin American history, including:
- Key figures in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by Spain, such as Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa.
- Details about the Aztec and Inca civilizations prior to European contact, their major accomplishments, and factors that led to their decline with the arrival of the Spanish.
- Effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of diseases that killed most indigenous people in the Americas as well as the spread of crops and livestock between the Old World and New World.
- Influence of African slavery in developing Latin America and the triangular slave trade between Africa,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Latin American Indian Empires during the pre-Columbian eraPhyllisMarieTeanco
Three major indigenous empires existed in Latin America - the Aztec located in central Mexico with their capital of Tenochtitlan, the Maya located in the Yucatan Peninsula known for their architecture and accurate calendar, and the Inca of the Andes mountains in Peru with capital Cuzco. All three empires achieved major accomplishments but declined with the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century, with diseases devastating indigenous populations and the Spanish conquering their lands seeking gold, religion, and glory.
The Aztec civilization originated in Mexico. They built the large city of Tenochtitlan on swampy land in the mountains. The Aztecs believed they were the center of the world according to their gods. They had a complex polytheistic religion and practiced human sacrifice to appease the gods. The Aztec empire expanded through both trade and conquest of neighboring cities and territories. They collected tributes including cocoa beans, which they used to make a popular chocolate drink.
The document summarizes the origins and cultures of indigenous peoples in the Americas, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. It describes how Native Americans migrated to the Americas over a land bridge connecting Asia to Alaska around 13,000 years ago. It provides details about the complex societies and achievements of these civilizations, such as their advanced agricultural practices, construction of major cities and temples, and calendars. It also outlines their religious practices and how European diseases and conquest by the Spanish led to the collapse of the Aztec and Inca Empires in the 16th century.
The Inca Empire was one of the largest empires in the world located in western South America. It extended over 2600 miles but lacked writing, instead using knotted strings called quipus to record information. The Empire had a complex administrative system with the capital of Cuzco at its center and was divided into four quarters with further subdivisions. The Inca implemented a labor tax system and built extensive road networks to control their large territory before being conquered by the Spanish led by Pizarro in the 1530s due to disease and civil war weakening the Empire.
The document summarizes three important pre-Columbian civilizations - the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. It describes the locations and time periods of each empire, how their cities were organized, details about their social hierarchies and governments, and some of their key contributions like pyramids, calendars, and domesticated crops.
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish control following Columbus' discovery. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico with just 500 men, defeating them at their capital Tenochtitlan after a smallpox epidemic weakened them. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the vast Inca Empire in Peru, capturing its emperor Atahualpa and looting its gold before destroying the empire. Both conquests had immense impacts, destroying native civilizations and establishing Spanish rule.
The Americas before Columbus had complex cultures and civilizations with no metal technology or large domesticated animals, though they had complex trade networks. The Aztec Empire conquered surrounding peoples and captured warriors to sacrifice. In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico with a small force but allied with native groups like the Nahuas, conquering the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan by 1521, aided by smallpox epidemics. This period saw the Columbian Exchange where crops, animals and diseases were transferred between the Old and New Worlds, changing societies on both sides.
The document describes several advanced pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America including the Maya, Inca, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendrical and mathematical systems. They built monumental architecture and engineering works without the use of wheels. The Spanish conquest introduced new technologies, animals, crops, diseases, and led to a mixing of indigenous and European heritages in Latin America.
The document describes several advanced pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America including the Maya, Inca, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendrical and mathematical systems. They built monumental architecture and engineering works without the use of wheels. The Spanish conquest of these empires in the 15th-16th centuries resulted in a major exchange of plants, animals, technologies, diseases, and immune systems between the Old and New Worlds.
The document describes several advanced civilizations in Latin America including the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, advanced agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendars and mathematical systems. They built grand architecture without the use of wheels and developed writing systems including hieroglyphs and knotted string records. The arrival of Europeans led to an exchange of goods, technologies, diseases, and populations that transformed the region.
1. The document outlines several major themes in world history from the Neolithic Revolution to around 600 CE, including the development of agriculture, trade networks, technologies, demographics, social and gender structures, and states and empires.
2. Key developments include the rise of sedentary civilizations along major river valleys beginning around 8000 BCE, and the fall of major empires by 600 CE. Agriculture, trade, and new technologies led to more complex societies.
3. Social hierarchies emerged with elites controlling surpluses, and gender roles became more divided as agriculture and states expanded. Major religions also spread during this period.
The document provides information about pre-Columbian civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America, including the Olmec, Zapotec, Toltec, Chavín, Nazca, Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. It discusses the origins, locations, achievements, and influences of these civilizations. It also describes how the arrival of European explorers like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century led to the collapse of the Aztec and Inca empires through violence, disease, and the imposition of new social and political systems.
Big Era Five lasted from 300 CE to 1500 CE, a period of increased connections and cultural exchange across different regions of Afroeurasia and the Americas. Population growth, migrations, expanding trade networks, and large empires all contributed to the spread of ideas, technologies, religions, and goods. By 1500 CE, much of Afroeurasia and parts of the Americas were linked through these patterns of interregional interaction and unity, setting the stage for the global connections that intensified in Big Era Six with the voyages of discovery.
The document provides details about three ancient civilizations:
1) The Maya developed an advanced civilization in Mesoamerica from 250-900 CE, building great cities and achieving scientific and artistic accomplishments, before declining for unclear reasons.
2) The Aztec empire was founded in 1325 in central Mexico and was conquered by the Spanish in 1521, having developed a powerful empire through alliances and tribute.
3) The Inca empire expanded across western South America under a strong central government before being conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1537 after a civil war weakened the nation.
The Maya developed an advanced civilization in Mesoamerica from around 250-900 CE. They built great cities during the Classic Age linked by trade, with each city functioning as an independent city-state. Maya culture was influenced by their social structure, religion, and achievements in science and art. The decline of the Maya civilization began in the 900s for reasons that are still unclear.
The document provides information about the Inca civilization that ruled over parts of western South America prior to the Spanish conquest. It discusses:
- The geography of the Inca Empire, which stretched across the Andes mountains from modern-day Colombia to Chile and included the countries of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Argentina.
- Aspects of Inca society such as the social hierarchy headed by the Sapa Inca emperor, the importance of agriculture using crops like potatoes and quinoa, and the Quechua language.
- Inca cultural and religious practices such as their polytheistic beliefs centered around gods like the sun god Inti, and their use of knotted strings called quipus to
This document provides an overview of the settlement of the Americas prior to European contact. It discusses the migrations of early peoples across the Bering Land Bridge beginning around 8000 BCE. It describes the rise of advanced civilizations like the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. It then covers the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the devastating impacts of disease and violence on indigenous populations following contact with Europeans. It also summarizes the major effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of new crops, animals, and diseases worldwide.
The document describes the origins of the Inca civilization, noting that Manco Capac was established as the founder of the city of Cuzco by the Inca people after being created as the first Incan by the sun god Inti and sent on a journey with his unnamed sister to find the sacred place of Cuzco, with Manco being given a golden staff by the sun god for their mission. The city of Cuzco went on to serve as the capital and administrative center of the Inca Empire which came to dominate the Andean region of western South America under Inca rule.
Early civilizations first appeared in locations favorable for agriculture along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow. Governments and states emerged as rulers consolidated power over larger populations using writing, religion, and control of resources. Writing allowed laws and records to be codified, spreading shared cultural practices. Major early civilizations discussed include Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, Indus Valley, China, Persia, Greece, and Rome, each making significant cultural and technological contributions to modern society. A state is defined as a community exercising power over a territory with key elements including people, land, government, and sovereignty.
The document provides information about Latin American history, including:
- Key figures in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by Spain, such as Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa.
- Details about the Aztec and Inca civilizations prior to European contact, their major accomplishments, and factors that led to their decline with the arrival of the Spanish.
- Effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of diseases that killed most indigenous people in the Americas as well as the spread of crops and livestock between the Old World and New World.
- Influence of African slavery in developing Latin America and the triangular slave trade between Africa,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
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8. Incas
• Central govt=same language, same buildings
• Road system
• No written language=quipu
• Stone structures w/out mortar that survived
earthquakes
• Pizarro killed ruler and ruled until murdered by
his own men.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Important FYI
• Accept leadership from only a few; chief rules by
respect and consent of the people
• Idea of community did not extend to outsiders
who threatened their natural resources
• Trade not just economic transaction but a form of
gift giving, represented friendship and alliance,
mutual obligation and trust.
• Identify closely to where they lived in terms of
history…emphasized place not time.
14. Warfare
Essential b/c served to revitalize the
community by replacing dead or missing
w/captives who could be adopted or
tortured to ease the grief of the victims.
-warfare did not involve genocide
-women, children and elderly spared
15. • How would indigenous people’s ideas about
leadership create conflict with European
conquistadors?
• What was the purpose of warfare in
indigenous cultures?
• What was the purpose of warfare for
European conquistadors?
16. • Crusades
• China=printing press,
gunpowder
• Venice and Genoa=principal
trading centers
• Ottoman Empire hindered
trade routes to the east.
• Reformation=Catholic vs.
Protestant
The Set Up…Motives
17. • Problems facing Europeans
– Population increasing
– Food shortages
The Set Up…Needs
18. The Rebirth of Europe
Economy Culture Politics
Nations competed
for Asian trade.
Ancient Greek, Roman,
and Muslim art and
learning were
rediscovered.
Reformation:
revolt against the
Roman Catholic
Church
Improved
seafaring technology
aided exploration
and trade.
Philosophy of
humanism: use of
reason and
experimentation
in learning
Government by nobles
and the Church
declined.
Spain and Portugal
competed to
explore trade
routes.
Michelangelo,
Leonardo da Vinci
Shakespeare
The rise of nations
Why 1492?
19. Why 1492?
• Portugal and Spain were able to initiate exploration
b/c
– Centralized government
– Access to large pools of capital (ie:$$$$)
– New commercial practices
– Renaissance
– Expansionist values
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
– Papal Line of Demarcation
20.
21. From New World
• Iguana, flying squirrel, catfish,
rattlesnake, armadillos, opossums,
sloths, anacondas, toucans,
parrots, turkeys, guinea pigs,
• Potatoes (sweet and white), maize,
beans (snap, kidney, lima, etc.),
peanuts, squash, peppers,
tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples,
papayas, avocados, cacao, chicle
– These plants could grow
almost anywhere and helped
fuel population explosion
– Today, these crops make up
1/3 of world’s food crops
• syphillis
From Old World
• Rice, wheat, barley,
oats, wine grapes,
melons, coffee,
olives, bananas,
daisies, dandelions
• Horses, cattle,
pigs, sheep, goats,
chickens (?)
• Typhus, smallpox,
flu, measles
Effects of Columbus’ Voyage
22. Building the Spanish Empire
Motives
• “God, gold, and glory”
Spanish Explorers
• Juan Ponce de León: Florida, 1513.
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Isthmus of Panama in
1513.
• Hernán Cortés, Aztec empire, present-day Mexico,
by 1521.
• Francisco Pizarro, Incan empire, present-day
Peru,1532
.
23. Building the Spanish Empire
• Used religion as a form of colonial
control.
• Encomiendas
• Both societies (Spanish and Native
American) blended, coexisted and
interacted
• Exploration continued into present-day
Texas and up past the Mississippi
River.
• Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
24. Challenges to the Spanish
• Never found gold and
silver
• Climate, limited food
supply
• Never developed market
economy in New World.
• Emphasis on
conversion and control
• Did not trade like the
French and English
25. The French in North America
• 1523 to 1524: Giovanni da
Verrazzano
• 1543–1542:Jacques Cartier
• 1608: Samuel de Champlain
• 1673-Robert Cavalier
LaSalle
• Why explore?
• New France
26. English Colonization
Over time, England was the most
successful at colonizing North
America.
• English explorers searched for the
Northwest Passage
• Sea Captains
• Two early English colonies:
1. Roanoke
2. Jamestown
• Indentured servants are people who
worked under contract for a set
period of time in exchange for
passage to the new colony.
• 1620
– Separatists
– Mayflower Compact
Editor's Notes
In his letters to the Hapsburg Emperor Charles V, King of Spain, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés trumpeted his exploits, and described the people and wonders of the new land he had conquered. This map, published with Cortés’s letters, provided Europeans with the first image of the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan.
Although in ruins at the time of the map’s publication, the island city, with the Aztec sacred ceremonial district at its heart, appears serene and orderly under the double eagle and crown of the Hapsburg imperial flag. The smaller map to the left represents the Gulf of Mexico.
Artist rendering of Tenochtitlan
“Floating islands”
Crusades led to contact with Muslim technology, science, libraries
Preserved works of Ptolemy (est. earth’s size)
Silk, precious gems, spices
Geographic expansion (top dogs????)
China=printing press, gunpowder
Adventures now published
Venice and Genoa=lots of $$ and practice with new economy by supplying Crusade armies THEREFORE became principal trading centers
Ottoman Empire hindered trade routes to the east.
Reformation=Catholic vs. Protestant
Problems facing Europeans
Population increasing after effects of Black Plague is gone and feudalism is waning
Constantly suffered food shortages for livestock in winter SO early autumn=slaughter
Need spices (cinnamon, cloves, pepper) as preservatives
Used religion as a form of colonial control. Missionaries converted the N Am if successful then mission would become secular settlement.
Encomiendas: Landowners controlled Indian villages (ie: care for village (villagers) and support priests. In return they required tribute in the form of goods and labor
Both societies (Spanish and Native American) blended, coexisted and interacted
Exploration continued into present-day Texas and up past the Mississippi River.
Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
1523 to 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano: search for the Northwest Passage.
Jacques Cartier made three voyages (1543–1542) to the region of present-day Canada. The French claimed the territory and named it New France.
1608: Samuel de Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America: Quebec
1673-Robert Cavalier LaSalle established New Orleans
Now France has control of Canada and major inland waterway.
The French explored the continent in search of trading opportunities.
Native Americans trapped fur-producing animals and traded them to the French. North American furs sold well in Europe in the 1600s.
By the late 1600s, the territory of New France was a long narrow colony that followed waterways necessary for transporting furs and other goods.
Over time, England was the most successful at colonizing North America.
English explorers, including John Cabot, searched for the Northwest Passage, a trade route that would go past or through the continent.
England hired sea captains to attack Spanish ships and raid Spanish port cities in the Americas. As a result, Spain suffered financial trouble.
Two early English colonies:
1. Roanoke: Two attempts by the English to establish this island colony near present-day North Carolina failed.
2. Jamestown: Investors obtained a charter, or certificate of permission, from England to form the Virginia Company, which sent colonists to Virginia in 1607. Starvation, disease, and a lack of leadership plagued the colony, and it nearly failed. Tobacco, which was quickly becoming popular in Europe, soon formed the basis of the colony’s economy.
Indentured servants are people who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the new colony.
What are the positive and negative effects of colonization of Americas? Think about 1. effects for European countries ( +=new commercial practices, new products, columbian exchange; negative=race for empire leads to conflict among countries, increase of gold buillon leads to inflation. 2. Effects for native populations (+=new technology, negative=disease, mercantilist system)