Some of the constrains in crop production in Saline soil & its Management. Salinization cause major factor which decline the soil fertility and leads to reduction of productivity of cultivable lands. But there measures which can be taken to prevent it or rather reduce it to minimum. Scientist are working on various techniques to prevent the Salinization problem in soil such as production of salt resistant crops, etc. Leaching is one of the easiest method to counter this issue.

1. Constrains in Crop
Production in saline soil & its
Management.
Submitted to-
Dr. Rajeswari Das
Asst. Professor
Mr. Kshirod Ch. Sahoo
Asst. Professor

2. S.I. No. Contents
01. Introduction
02. What is Saline Soil?
03. Formation
04. Impact of salinity in Soil
05. Problems of Saline Soil
06. Management of Saline Soil
07. Irrigation Management
08. Fertilizer Management
09. Soil/Cultural Management
10. Use of salt tolerant crops
11. Alleviation of abiotic stress in plants by Rhizospheric bacteria
12. Conclusion
13. Reference Links
Table Of Contents

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Salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop
plants because most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity caused by high
concentrations of salts in the soil.
For all important crops, average yields are only a fraction – somewhere between
20% and 50% of record yields; these losses are mostly due to drought and high soil
salinity.
The problem of soil salinization is a scourge for agricultural productivity
worldwide. Crops grown on saline soils suffer on an account of high osmotic stress,
nutritional disorders and toxicities, poor soil physical conditions and reduced crop
productivity.
INTRODUCTION

4. WHAT IS SALINE SOIL SOIL
Soils having a conductivity of the saturation extract greater than 4 dS m-1
Exchangeable sodium percentage less than 15.
The pH is usually less than 8.5.
Formerly these soils were called white alkali soils because of surface crust of white salts.

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Formation
The process by which the saline soil formed is called Salinization. Saline soils occur
mostly in arid or semi arid regions.
In arid regions saline soils occur not only because there is less rainfall available to
leach and transport the salts but also because of high evaporation rates, which tend
further to concentrate the salts in soils and in surface waters

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7. Impact of salinity on plants
 The impacts of salinity include—low agricultural productivity, low economic returns and
soil erosions.
 Salinity effects are the results of complex interactions among morphological,
physiological, and biochemical processes including seed germination, plant growth, and
water and nutrient uptake .
 Salinity affects almost all aspects of plant development including: germination,
vegetative growth and reproductive development. Soil salinity imposes ion toxicity,
osmotic stress, nutrient (N, Ca, K, P, Fe, Zn) deficiency and oxidative stress on plants,
and thus limits water uptake from soil.

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9. Problems of Saline Soils
Soils are usually barren but potentially productive
Wilting coefficient of Saline Soil is very high
Amount of available soil moisture is low

10. Absorption of water and nutrients
Due to salt accumulation there is potential difference created
which makes it difficult for plant roots to absorb the water or moisture
and also due to high salt conc. plant roots have to spend more energy
to absorb water and at the same time various nutrient elements become
unavailable to the plants
 Salt Toxicity
When the conc of salt increases to a high level, it produces toxic
effect directly to the plants such as root injury, inhibition of seed
germination, etc.

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Management of saline soils
 The reclamation of saline soils involves basically the removal of salts
from the saline soil through the processes of leaching with water and drainage.
Provision of lateral and main drainage channels of 60 cm deep and 45 cm wide
and leaching of salts could reclaim the soils. Sub-surface drainage is an
effective tool for lowering the water table, removal of excess salts and
prevention of secondary salinization.

12. Irrigation management
 Proportional mixing of good quality (if available) water with
saline water and then using for irrigation reduces the effect of salinity.
 Alternate furrow irrigation favours growth of plant than flooding.
 Drip, sprinkler and pitcher irrigation have been found to be more efficient than
the conventional flood irrigation method since relatively lesser amount of
water is used under these improved methods

13. Fertilizer management
 Addition of extra dose of nitrogen to the tune of 20-25% of
recommended level will compensate the low availability of N in these
soils.
 Addition of organic manures like, FYM, compost, etc helps in
reducing the ill effect of salinity due to release of organic acids produced
during decomposition.
 Green manuring (Sunhemp, Dhaincha) and
or green leaf manuring also counteracts the effects of salinity.

14. Soil / cultural management
 Planting the seed in the centre of the raised bed / ridge may affect
the germination as it is the spot of greatest salt accumulation.
 A better salinity control can be achieved by using sloping beds with seeds planted
on the sloping side just above the water line.
Alternate furrow irrigation is advantageous as the salts can be displaced beyond the single seed
row.
 Application of straw mulch had been found to curtail the evaporation
from soil surface resulting in the reduced salt concentration in the root
zone profile within 30 days.

15. Use of salt tolerant crops and transgenics
 Using the salt-tolerant crops is one of the most important strategies to solve the problem
of salinity. Tolerance will be required for the “de-watering” species, but also for the
annual crops to follow, as salt will be left in the soil when the water table is lowered.
Salt tolerance in crops will also allow the more effective use of poor quality irrigation
water.

16. Alleviation of abiotic stress in plants by Rhizospheric bacteria
• Besides developing mechanisms for stress tolerance, microorganisms can also
impart some degree of tolerance to plants towards abiotic stresses like
drought, chilling injury, salinity, metal toxicity and high temperature.
• In the last decade, bacteria belonging to different genera including
Rhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Azospirillum, etc. have
been reported to provide tolerance to host plants under different abiotic stress
environments.

17. Conclusion
• Salinisation cause major factor which decline the soil fertility and
leads to reduction of productivity of cultivable lands.
• But there measures which can be taken to prevent it or rather reduce
it to minimum.
• Scientist are working on various techniques to prevent the
Salinisation problem in soil such as production of salt resistant
crops, etc.
• Leaching is one of the easiest method to counter this issue.

18. Reference Links
 https://youtu.be/htQL_keYvXM
 https://youtu.be/kQcax3Rv4oA
 https://youtu.be/G6erX_Zj7FM
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336437/

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