Agri water management

1. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)
College Of Agriculture, Raipur
2019-20
SUBMITTED TO , SUBMITTED BY,
Dr. Sunil Kumar Verma Nikunj Shrivas
Asst. Prof. PMBB Dept. of PMBB
IGKV, Raipur M.Sc.(Ag.) 1st year 2nd sem.
20192447
MBB-591

3. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE WASTE WATER TREATMENT
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE WASTE WATER
SOURCE OF AGRI. WASTE WATER
NON-PONIT SOURCE POLLUTION
PONT SOURCE POLLUTION
THERE TREATMENTS
WATER BASED WATER TREATMENT
CONCLUTION
REFERENCE

4. Agricultural wastewater treatment is a farm management
agenda for controlling pollution from surface runoff that may
be contaminated by chemicals in fertiliser, pesticides, animal
slurry, crop residues or irrigation water.
Agriculture, which accounts for 70 percent of water
withdrawals worldwide, plays a major role in water pollution.
Farms discharge large quantities of agrochemicals, organic
matter, drug residues, sediments and saline drainage into
water bodies, that's why agriculture wastewater treatment is
necessary.

5. •Agricultural wastewater is primarily the excess
water that runs off the field at the low end of furrows,
border strips, basins, and flooded areas during
surface irrigation. This wastewater is also referred to
as irrigation tail water. A certain amount of tail water
runoff is necessary to ensure adequate penetration
of water along the length of the furrow or border strip
being irrigated and to achieve a modicum of
irrigation efficiency.

6. SOURCES OF AGRICULTURE WASTE
WATER
NON-PIONT SOURCE POLLUTION
i. Sediment runoff
ii. Nutrient runoff
iii. pesticide
POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
i. Animal waste
ii. Silage waste
iii. Milking parlour waste
iv. Vegetable washing water

7.  Nonpoint source pollution from farms is caused
by surface runoff from fields during rain storms.
Agricultural runoff is a major source of pollution, in some
cases the only source, in many watersheds.
 Agricultural activities that cause NPS pollution most
generally occur in the absence of a conservation plan.
Impacts can be generated from activities such as poorly
located or managed animal feeding operations and
manure, overgrazing, ploughing too often or at the wrong
time and improper application of fertilizer.

8. • Soil washed off fields is
the largest source of
agricultural pollution .
Excess sediment causes
high levels of turbidity in
water bodies, which can
inhibit growth of aquatic
plants, clog fish gills and
smother animal larvae.
i. Sediment runoff

9. TREATMET
Farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce
runoff flows and retain soil on their fields.
Common techniques include:
Contour ploughing
Crop mulching
Crop rotation
Planting perennial crops
Installing riparian buffers

10. Contour Ploughing :- Contour bunding or contour
farming or Contour ploughing is the farming practice
of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its
elevation contour lines . These contour lines create a water
break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during
times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil
erosion.
Crop mulch :- A mulch is a layer of material applied to the
surface of soil . Reasons for applying mulch include
conservation of soil moisture, improving fertility and health of
the soil, reducing weed growth and enhancing the visual
appeal of the area.

11. Crop rotation :- Crop rotation is the practice of growing a
series of different types of crops in the same area across a
sequenced of growing seasons. It reduces reliance on one
set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the probability
of developing resistant pest and weeds.
Planting perennial crops :- Perennial crops are crops that
– unlike annual crops – don't need to be replanted each
year. After harvest, they automatically grow back. By
eliminating replanting, perennial cropping can reduce topsoil
losses due to erosion, increase biological carbon sequestration
due to reduced soil-disturbing tillage, and greatly reduce
waterway pollution through agricultural runoff due to less
nitrogen input.

12. Installing riparian buffers :-
A riparian buffer or stream buffer is
a vegetated area (a "buffer strip")
near a stream, usually forested, which
helps shade and partially protect the
stream from the impact of adjacent
land uses. It plays a key role in
increasing water quality in associated
streams, rivers, and lakes, thus
providing environmental benefits.
With the decline of many aquatic
ecosystems due to agriculture,
riparian buffers have become
a very common conservation practice
aimed at increasing water quality and
reducing pollution.

13. •Nitrogen and phosphorus
are key pollutants found in
runoff, and they are applied
to farmland in several ways,
such as in the form of
commercial fertilizer,
animal manure. These
chemicals may also enter
runoff from crop
residues, irrigation
water, wildlife, and
atmospheric deposition.
ii. Nutrient runoff

14. • Mapping and documenting fields, crop types, soil types ,water
bodies
• Developing realistic crop yield projections
• Conducting soil tests and nutrient analyses of manures
and/or sludges applied
• Identifying other significant nutrient sources (e.g., irrigation
water)
• Evaluating significant field features such as highly erodible
soils, subsurface drains, and shallow aquifers
• Applying fertilizers, manures, and/or sludges based on
realistic yield goals and using precision agriculture technique
TREATMENT
Farmers can develop and implement nutrient management
plans to mitigate impacts on water quality by:

15. iii. Pesticide
 Pesticides are substances that are meant to control
pests, including weeds. The term pesticide includes all
of the following: herbicide, insecticides (which may
include insect growth regulators, termiticides, etc.)
nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide,
bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent,
antimicrobial, and fungicide. The most common of these
are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of
all pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve
as plant protection products (also known as crop
protection products), which in general, protect plants
from weeds, fungi, or insects.

16. Pesticides are widely used by farmers to control plant
Pests and enhance production, but chemical pesticides can
also cause water quality problems.
Pesticides may appear in surface water due to:
 direct application (e.g. aerial spraying or broadcasting over
water bodies)
 runoff during rain storms
 aerial drift (from adjacent fields).
Some pesticides may leach into groundwater causing human
health problems from contaminated wells.

17. • Farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
techniques (which can include biological pest control) to
maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical
pesticides, and protect water quality.
• Using of Insect & pest resistant crop varieties
•There are few safe ways of disposing of pesticide surpluses
other than through containment in well managed landfills . In
some parts of the world, spraying on land is a permitted
method of disposal.
•Promote the use of mechanical and biological alternatives to
pesticides.
TREATMENT

18. • Reduction in use of pesticides (by up to 50% in some
countries).
•Bans on certain active ingredients.
•Revised pesticide registration criteria.
•Training and licensing of individuals that apply pesticides.
•Reduction of dose and improved scheduling of pesticide
application to more effectively meet crop needs and to reduce
preventative spraying.
•Testing and approval of spraying apparatus.
•Limitations on aerial spraying.

19. 2. Point Source Pollution
• Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such
as factory farms, can be a major source of point
source wastewater.
"The term "point source" means any discernible, confined
and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe,
ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container,
rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel
or other floating craft, form which pollutants are or may be
discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm
water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."

20. i. Animal Waste

21. •While solid manure heaps outdoors can give rise to polluting
wastewaters from runoff, this type of waste is usually relatively
easy to treat by containment and/or covering of the heap.
•Animal slurries require special handling and are usually
treated by containment in lagoons before disposal by spray or
trickle application to grassland. Constructed wetlands are
sometimes used to facilitate treatment of animal wastes, as
are anaerobic lagoons. Excessive application or application to
sodden land or insufficient land area can result in direct runoff
to watercourses, with the potential for causing severe pollution.
Application of slurries to land overlying aquifers can result in
direct contamination or, more commonly, elevation of nitrogen
levels as nitrite or nitrate.
TREATMENT

22. • The disposal of any wastewater containing animal waste
upstream of a drinking water intake can pose serious health
problems to those drinking the water because of the highly
resistant spores present in many animals that are capable of
causing disabling disease in humans. This risk exists even for
very low-level seepage via shallow surface drains or from
rainfall run-off.
• Some animal slurries are treated by mixing with straws and
composted at high temperature to produce a bacteriologically
sterile and friable manure for soil improvement.
• Animal wastes from cattle can be produced as solid or
semisolid manure or as a liquid slurry. The production of
slurry is especially common in housed dairy cattle.

23.  Fresh or wilted grass or other green crops can be made into a semi-
fermented product called silage which can be stored and used as winter
forage for cattle and sheep. The production of silage often involves the
use of an acid conditioner such as sulfuric acid or formic acid. The
process of silage making frequently produces a yellow-brown strongly
smelling liquid which is very rich in simple sugars, alcohol, short-chain
organic acids and silage conditioner. This liquor is one of the most
polluting organic substances known. The volume of silage liquor produced
is generally in proportion to the moisture content of the ensiled material.
ii. Silage liquor
 Silage is a type of fodder made from green foliage crops which
have been preserved by acidification, achieved through
fermentation .

24.  Silage liquor is best treated through prevention by wilting
crops well before silage making.
Any silage liquor that is produced can be used as part of the
food for cattels.
The most effective treatment is by containment in a slurry
lagoon and by subsequent spreading on land following
substantial dilution with slurry. Containment of silage liquor on
its own can cause structural problems in concrete pits
because of the acidic nature of silage liquor.
Treatment

25. • Although milk is an important food product, its
presence in wastewaters is highly polluting because
of its organic strength, which can lead to very
rapid de-oxygenation of receiving waters. Milking
parlour wastes also contain large volumes of wash-
down water, some animal waste together with
cleaning and disinfection chemicals.
iii. Milking parlour (dairy
farming) wastes

26.  Milking parlour wastes are often treated in Admixture with
human sewage in a local sewage treatment plant. This ensures
that disinfectants and cleaning agents are sufficiently diluted
and amenable to treatment.
Running milking wastewaters into a farm slurry lagoon is a
possible option although this tends to consume lagoon
capacity very quickly. Land spreading is also a treatment
option.
Treatment

27.  Washing of vegetables produces large volumes of water
contaminated by soil and vegetable pieces. Low levels of
pesticides used to treat the vegetables may also be present
together with moderate levels of disinfectants such as chlorine.
iv. Vegetable washing water
In the plant production sector, wastewater is produced
primarily where products are cleaned and processed. As an
example, today it is common to wash potatoes before bagging.
Vegetables or fruit, such as apples, are also often washed
before being packaged for sale. This results in wastewater,
which requires treatment. Water is also essential for fruit
harvesting and processing.

28. Most vegetable washing waters are extensively recycled with
the solids removed by settlement and filtration. The recovered
soil can be returned to the land.
TREATMENT
 As an example, up to five cubic metres of water are
required to process one ton of potatoes. To reduce costs,
water in many agricultural processing plants is increasingly
re-circulated in a loop. Impurities are expelled, and the water
is reprocessed for reuse.

29. Water based water treatment
Floating Aquatic Macrophytes :-
 Several varieties of macrophytes show considerable
promise for the treatment of wastewater and have
been employed for this purpose in a number of tropical and
sub-tropical countries .Numerous studies demonstrate the
value of floating and emergent aquatic macrophytes to
perform wastewater treatment .
 Water hyacinth and duckweed, water lettuce (pistia
stratiotes) and salvinia (salvinia spp.) have shown
high performance potential as well (Brix and Schierup, 1989).

30.  It is well known that agriculture is the single largest user of freshwater
resources, using a global average of 70% of all surface water supplies.
Except for water lost through evapotranspiration, agricultural water is
recycled back to surface water and/or groundwater. However, agriculture is
both cause and victim of water pollution. It is a cause through its discharge
of pollutants and sediment to surface and/or groundwater, through net loss
of soil by poor agricultural practices, and through salinization and
waterlogging of irrigated land. It is a victim through use of wastewater and
polluted surface and groundwater which contaminate crops and transmit
disease to consumers and farm workers. Agriculture exists within a
symbiosis of land and water and, as
FAO (1990) makes quite clear, "... appropriate steps must be taken to ensure
that agricultural activities do not adversely affect water quality so that
subsequent uses of water for different purposes are not impaired."
CONCLUTION

31. REFERENCE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment
Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage
paper 47
by M.B. Pescod
• EPA. "National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source
Pollution from Agriculture.“
• http://agwaterstewards.org/practices/reuse_of_agricultural_wastewater
•https://watertreatmentservices.co.uk/wastewater-treatment
• Water, Science & Technology, 33 (10): 59-70.
Mitsch, W. J. Energy conservation through interface ecosystems

32. ANY QUESTIONS?