1. Genetic resources of Curcuma: Characterization and utilization
Anand Agricultural University
Major Guide : Dr. H.L. Dhaduk
Minor Guide : Dr. Sushil Kumar
Speaker : Sampath. L
Date & time : 17/02/2021
1
4. 4
The genus Curcuma belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, considered to
have originated in the Indo-Malayan Region (Rajalaxmi et al., 2013)
India harbours rich diversity of Curcuma, especially species and cultivar
diversity (Sushma et al., 2014)
Turmeric is called as “Golden Spice”
Turmeric is basically dried rhizome knows as
country cousin of ginger
5. 5
Major spice all
over the world
Anti-cancerous
properties
Indian Saffron
Religious
importance
6. 6
Area, Production and Productivity
Sr. No. Particular
Area
(‘000 hectares)
Production
(‘000 tones)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
1. India 251.39 926.11 3684
2. Gujarat 4.57 18.18 3978
(3rd advance estimates of area and production, 2019-20)
• India constitutes 82% of production area followed by China (8%), Myanmar (4%),
Nigeria (3%) and Bangladesh (3%)
• The main turmeric producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Gujarat and Kerala
7. • Turmeric powder used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material, in
religious applications as well as a household remedy in folk medicine
• Curcuma is a rare genus having diverse uses in fields such as religion, medicine,
aromatherapy, cosmetics, dye, floriculture and of course the food industry
• Curcuminoids, extracts of turmeric in various solvents and essential oil derived from
different Curcuma species are the molecules responsible for the biological activity
of turmeric
• As curcumin is now gaining importance all over the world as a potential source of
new drugs to combat a variety of ailments, the exact taxonomic characterization is
very significant from the bio-prospecting angle
7
Uses
8. ● India is the major producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
● Turmeric is exported as turmeric dry, turmeric powder, turmeric oil and turmeric
oleoresin besides curry powder.
● The important regional trade varieties of turmeric from India are ‘Rajapuri’,
‘Duggirala’, ‘Cuddappah’, ‘Berhampur’, ‘Erode’, ‘Nizamabad’, ‘Koraput’, ‘Kasturi’,
‘Chaya’, ‘Kodur’, ‘Salem’, Waigon, Alleppey, Karur,Tekurpeta and others
(Govindarajan, 1980).
● During 2002 –2003, the United Arab Emirates topped the list of turmeric import from
India (4724 Mt) followed by the USA (3914 Mt), Japan (2614 Mt), UK (2006 Mt),
Malaysia (1993 Mt), Sri Lanka (1907 Mt), Netherlands (1742 Mt) and South Africa
(1254 Mt).
8
Processing and export
10. • There are about 100 species in the genus Curcuma, 41 are known to occur in India of which at least 10 are
endemic to the Indian subcontinent
• About 40 Curcuma species, 50 cultivars and 20 improved varieties of C. longa and one improved variety of
C. amada are available in India
• The ecology of the species varies so much that their habitat ranges from sea level (sandy coastal habitat) to
high altitude such as above 2000 m in the Western Ghats and Himalayas in India
10
Curcuma longa Curcuma amada Curcuma zedoaria
Species diversity
11. Kingdom : Plantae
(Unranked) : Angiosperms
(Unranked) : Monocots
(Unranked) : Commelinids
Order : Zingiberales
Family : Zingiberaceae
Genus : Curcuma
Species : C. longa
• Curcuma belongs to the tribe Hedychieae. Though there are at present about 100 species in
the genus, it is believed that there may be only about 80 true species
• A comprehensive global taxonomic revision of the genus is yet to be attempted
• The work of Valeton (1918) is considered to be a comparatively comprehensive attempt to
study the taxonomy of the genus on a global level
11
Taxonomy
12. Valeton’s classification
1. Genus - Curcuma
a.Subgenera-Eucurcuma
(presence or absence of tubers and stolons)
i. tuberosa
ii. nontuberosa
iii. stolonifera
b. Subgenera-Paracurcuma (anther spur
lacking)
i. C. aurantiaca
ii. C. ecalcarata
12
Fig.1 Nature of Rhizomes in curcuma
13. C. montana
C. mutabilis
C. nilamburensis
C. neilgherrensis
C. oligantha
C. petiolata
C. pseśudomontana
C. purpurea
C. raktakanda
C. rubrobracteat
C. ranadei
C. recinata
C. ruhecens
C. Strobilifera
C.cesia
C. aeruginosa
C. amada
C. amarissima
C. angustifolia
C. aromatica
C. coriacea
C. decipien
C. ecalcarata
C. ferrugenia
C. cordifolia
C. haritha
C. indom
C. kudagensis
C. kamat
C. longa L. 13
Curcuma species in India
Curcuma aromatica
c.angustifolia
14. Armur Ethammukkala Ranga
Alleppey Gorakpur Rajapuri
Avanigadda Guntur Renuka
Amruthapani GL Puram Rasmi
Amalapuram Jabedi Rajendra Sonia
Balaga Kasturi Roma
Bilaspur Bullapura Kanti Shimla Sobha
BSR-1 Katpadi Local Sugandham
BSR-2 Krishna Suguna
C-A-72 Udayagiri Kothapetta Suvarna
C-A-12 Lekadong Sudarshana
CLL-324 Lokhande Suranjana
CLL-328 Mundage Suroma
Chinnanadan Mydukkur Thekkurpetta
Chayapaspu Megha turmeric T Sundar
Co-1 Nandyal Talachira
Deshi Pattani Yelachira
Duggirala Panamalur Varna
Dundrigam Dughi Pcrumnadan Prabha Vombinitta Vonimitta
14
Cultivar/varietal diversity of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in India
16. • Morphological characterization of Curcuma spp.
• Cytology of Curcuma spp.
• Anatomy
• Chemical profiling of Curcuma spp.
• Molecular characterization
16
List of characterization of curcuma species
17. • 31 Curcuma spp. from India using numerical taxonomy tools ,these species could be
clustered into nine groups in the dendrogram studied by Velayudhan et al., (1999)
• By and large, the sessile tuberizing species were distinct from the species without sessile
tubers
• Distribution, habitat, flowering time, floral characters, quantitative characters of the floral
parts, qualitative and quantitative features of above and below-ground characters of the 31
Curcuma spp. are choosen for characterization
17
Morphological characterization of Curcuma spp.
18. Character 1 (above-ground vegetative)
Plant type Erect semi-erect
Leaf habit Erect, semi-erect, prostrate
Sheath colour Purple-green, light or dark purple, purple-brown, purple-
green
Leafmargin Highly wavy,medium wavy, low wavy
Leaf vein Close,distant
Presenceof hair on the dorsal sideof the leaf Hairy,glabrous
Presenceof hair on the ventral sideof the leaf Hairy,glabrous
Leaf mid-rib colour Green, purple-green,light purple-brown
Leaf mid-ribfading Absent, present
Inflorescence position Central, lateral and both
Coma Absent,present
Calyx colour White, yellow, purple
Corolla colour White, orange, red, purple,pale yellow, purplespot, blue
Staminode colour White, red, pale yellow, orange,yellow
Anther spur Absent, present
Nature of stigma Exertedorappressed
Fertile bracts colour Red, purple, green, white
18
Table.1 Curcuma species database
19. Character 2(below-groundrhizome)
Shapeofrootstock Oblong, cylindrical
Colour of root stock Reddish yellow,yellow, blue-black ,blue-cream
Natureof rhizome Sessile tubers present, no sessile tubers, stoloniferous
Presenceof stipitate tubers Absent, present
Presenceof stolon Absent, present
Shape of stipitate tubers Fusiform, long fusiform
Aroma of rhizome Mango aroma, camphoraceous aroma, turmeric aroma, no aroma
Taste Bitter, sweet, inert, turmeric taste
19
countiuned
20. 20
1. Plant: Pseudo stem habit 9. Colour on dorsal side 17. Rhizome shape
2. Plant height (cm) 10. Colour on ventral side 18. Rhizome length (primary)
3. Number of shoots 11. Leaf venation pattern 19. Number of mother rhizomes
4. Number of leaves on main shoot 12. Leaf margin 20. Rhizome internode pattern
5. Leaf disposition 13. Pseudostem anthocyanin pigmentation 21.Status of tertiary rhizome
6. Petiole length 14. Coma bract colour 22.Rhizome inner core colour
7. Lamina length 15. Bract tip colour 23. Duration (days)
8. Lamina width 16. Rhizome habit 24. Dry recovery (%)
Table.2 DUS Characterization of curcuma
21. Species Chromosome number
C. amada 2n = 42
C. angustifolia 2n = 42, 2n = 64
C. aromatica 2n = 42, 2n = 63, 2n = 86
C. decipiens 2n = 42, 2n = 32
C. longa 2n = 62, 2n = 63, 2n = 64
C. neilgherrensis 2n = 42
C. petiolata 2n = 64
C. zedoaria 2n = 63, 2n = 64
C. caesia, C. haritha 2n = 42
C. malabarica 2n = 63
C. raktakanta 2n = 63
C. aeruginosa 2n = 63
21
Cytological characterization of Curcuma spp.
Table.3 Chromosome number of some economically important species
Raghavan et al.(1961)
Fig.2 Somatic metaphase plates and idiograms of
Curcuma longa (2n = 63) Curcuma amada (2n =
42)
22. • The rhizome anatomical characters of four Curcuma spp., namely C. longa, C.
aromatica, C. amada and C. zedoaria studied by (Sherlija et al. 1998)
• C. longa had the maximum number and size of curcumin cells. The endodermoid
layer formed a continuous ring along with the pericycle in C. longa whereas it
was more or less circular in C. amada
• In C. aromatica and C. zedoaria the endodermoid layer was discontinuous and
wavy in nature 22
Anatomical characterization of Curcuma spp.
24. ● characterized five Curcuma spp., namely C. longa, C. zedoaria, C. caesia, C. amada and C.
aromatica, based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling of rhizome DNA
by ( Sreeja .2002)
● A novel attempt to identify the genuine Curcuma species traded as drugs in China and Japan
based on sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and trnK genes coupled with amplification
refractory mutation system (ARMS) analysis was done by (Sasaki et al. 2002).
● Comparative isozyme polymorphism of the cultivated and natural populations of C.
alismatifolia
● RAPD markers for identifying C. longa and C. zedoaria in the marketed turmeric powder are
reported
24
Molecular characterization of Curcuma spp
26. Aromatherapy and the perfume industry
● Essential oil of turmeric in blends with other spice/herb oils is found to be effective
in alleviating ‘Pitta’ and ‘Kapha’, ‘doshas’ in the Indian system of medicine
(Marwah and Shetty, 2000)
● The essential oil of the dry leaf of C. longa is indicated as a potential oil for
application in the perfumery, cosmetic and soap industry (Ramachandraiah et al.,
1998)
26
27. Turmeric uses: Foods and food industry
● Turmeric powder is used in mustard paste and curry
powder to impart colour, aroma and taste
● whole dry or fresh turmeric, ground or turmeric powder
with other spices is used for making vegetable and meat
preparations and soups (Sasikumar, 2001)
● corollary action of turmeric and curcuminoids is to
prevent the oxidation and resultant rancidity of oils and
fats during storage and heating through inhibition of the
formation of harmful free radicals (Revarkar and Sen,
1975)
● Vanilla ice cream, for example, is coloured with a
combination of curcumin (200 ppm) and inorbixin (12
ppm)
27
30. Case study 1. Genetic resources, diversity, characterization and
utilization of agronomical traits in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
Materials and methods
● Sixty-five germplasm of turmeric (C. longa L.) were collected from various
wild/cultivated sources and places of India like Assam (34), Uttar Pradesh (29) and
one each from Arunachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
● The genotypes were grown in a completely randomized block design, replicated
thrice at the experimental research farm of the CSIR—Central Institute of Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow India, in two consecutive years (2012–2013 and
2013–2014) under normal fertility condition with plot size of single row of 3 m each
planted at 50 cm apart
● Plants were harvested 10 months after planting
● The climate was semiarid to subtropical in nature
Lucknow Gupta et al., 2015
30
31. ● Days to sprout = DS;
● Petiole length = PL (cm);
● Fresh weight of rhizome = FWR
(g/plant);
● Dry weight of rhizome = DWR
(g/plant);
● Days to leaves emergence = DLE;
● Leaves length = LL (cm);
● Number of leaves = NL
● Length of stipulated tuber = LST
(cm);
● Leaves width = LW (cm);
● Plant height = PH (cm);
● Rhizome length = RL (cm);
● Thickness of rhizome = TR (cm);
● Thickness of stipulated tuber = TST
(cm).
Agro-morphological observations were recorded on five plants per replications for
thirteen economic traits, namely
31
32. Table. 4 Distribution of sixty five turmeric (C. longa L.) genotypes into different clusters
S. No. Clusters No. of
genotypes
Genotypes/accessions include in clusters
1 Cluster I 37 2, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
2 Cluster II 9 1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 46, 50, 58, 59
3 Cluster III 9 7, 8, 10, 18, 47, 48, 49, 64, 65
4 Cluster IV 4 28, 29, 35, 57
5 Cluster V 3 61, 62, 63
6 Cluster VI 2 45, 51
7 Cluster VII 1 12
Total 65
32
33. Table. 5 Intra- (bold) and inter cluster distances of 65 genotypes of Curcuma longa L.
Clusters Ist IInd IIIrd IVth Vth VIth VIIth Average (-D2)
Ist 430.90
(20.75)
432.88
(20.80)
477.88
(2126)
479.3
0(21.89)
431.87
(20.78)
732.93
(27.07)
719.90(26.83) 529.33
IInd 332.99
(1824)
434.20
(20.84)
480.90
(21.93)
482.09
(21.96)
564.06
(23.75)
511.08(22.61) 462.54
IIIrd 282.69
(16.81)
520.61
(22.82)
449.09
(21.19)
699.42
(26.44)
454.49(21.32) 474.05
Vth 325.72
(18.05)
516.66
(22.73)
508.24
(22.54)
489.55(22.13) 474.42
VIth 278.05
(16.67)
959.96
(30.98)
707.74(26.60) 546.49
VIIth 228.92
(15.13)
1020.64(32.01) 673.45
0.00(0.00) 557.62
33
34. Table. 6 Cluster mean value of genotypes
Clusters
mean
Days
to
sprout
(DS)
Petiole
length
cm
(PL)
Dry
weight of
rhizom
e
(DWR
)
Fresh
weight of
rhizom
e
(FWR)
Days to
leaves
emer-
gence
(DLE)
Leaves
length
(U.)
Number
of leaves
(NL)
Length of
stipu-
lated
tuber
(LST)
Leaves
width
(LW)
Plant
height
(PH)
Rhizome
length
(RL)
Thickness
of
rhizome
(TR)
Thickness
of stipu-
lated
tuber
(TST)
Cluster 1 22.48 15.17 103.12 398.37 28.66 43.13 13.56 4.89 13.34 39.68 8.19 12.37 4.7
Cluster 2 22 13.88 95.89 386.04 28.44 58.17 14.41 5.37 14.64 48.77 8.61 12.1 4.34
Cluster 3 14.37 13.87 90.56 337.44 22.45 49.11 13.74 5.45 15.07 51.67 8.14 11.83 4.16
Cluster 4 16.75 16.54 105.5 401.17 22.25 42.02 12.75 5.175 12.29 38.26 8.41 13.74 4.43
Cluster 5 14.45 16.44 86.67 308.22 23.44 56.55 15.67 5.26 16.17 69.61 8.1 13.06 3.55
Cluster 6 31.67 16.83 118.67 461.84 37.84 47.42 14.17 5.2 12.55 4425 827 10.84 4.22
Cluster 7 28 12.58 85 361.67 35.67 52.33 14 3.67 15.1 44.5 10.2 13 4.77
34
35. Case study 2. Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in turmeric
(Curcuma longa L.)
Objective:
To study the genetic variability, heritability with genetic advance, correlation, direct and
indirect effects of characters on rhizome yield
Materials:
Genotypes like Rajendra Sonia, PTS-12, ACC-361, ACC-360, PTS-43, BSR-1 PTS-62 and
local variety were used
Methodology:
8 genotypes were taken and plotted randomized block design with three replications. The
finger rhizomes were planted on ridges adopting a spacing of 45 × 20 cm
- Rajyalakshmi et al., (2013)
Andhra Pradesh
35
36. Table. 7 Estimation of variability and genetic parameters for yield and its components in turmeric
Character Mean Range Genotypic
variance
Phenotypic
variance
Heritability
broad sense
Genetic
advance as %
of mean
Plant height (m) 0.95 0.73-1.00 0.007 0.009 0.8073 16.79
No. of tillers plant' 2.34 1.63-2.62 0.123 0.134 0.9126 29.43
No. of leaves plant' 9.21 6.97-9.75 0.809 0.924 0.8765 18.84
Rhizome yield (t ha'') 18.93 8.49-23.96 26.524 31.469 0.8429 51.45
Results and discussion:
36
37. Findings:
For turmeric - plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant
and rhizome yield indicating that yield and its components were highly heritable with moderate
to high level of genetic advance.
Plant height Tillers plant -1 Leaves
plant-1
Plant height p (0 .47) 0.44 -0.08
G (0 .06) 0.83 -0.04
Tillers plant p 0.36 (0.57) -0.07
G 0.06 (0.94) -0.03
Leaves plant p 0.42 0.42 (-0.09)
G 0.06 0.75 (-0.04)
Table. 8 Direct and indirect effects obtained through path coefficient analysis in turmeric
Residual effect 0.10565 (Values in parentheses are direct effects)
37
38. Case study 3. Synthesis and characterization of bioactive
Curcumin derived from selected turmeric plants in India
Materials and methods
● Solvent extraction (solvent used 95% Ethyl alcohol and Acetone )
● Samples: Four varieties such as CL-101, CL-219, BSR-01, BSR-02
were obtained from Coimbatore, Salem, Erode and Madhurai in
Tamilnadu respectively
● The standard curcumin powder was ordered from HPLC India. All
reagents were of analytical grade and used as received
Muhamed et al., 2014
Chennai
38
39. Synthesis of curcumin - Processing care:
● One kilogram of fresh turmeric rhizomes from each plot
(comprising 30% mother rhizomes and 70% primary and
secondary rhizomes) were boiled in pure water for 45-60 minutes
till the rhizomes became soft and emitted a typical turmeric
odour
● After boiling, the rhizomes were dried under sun light to attain
8% moisture content
● The recovery of dry turmeric rhizomes then cleaned, crushed and
powdered
39
40. Synthesis of curcumin - Plant extraction:
● In the present work, curcumin was quantitatively extracted in
soxhlet apparatus from turmeric by using 95% ethanol as a
solvent
● The dried turmeric powder below 300 mesh (IS- 2446, 1963)
were taken in a soxlet apparatus at the rate of 5 g was refluxed
with 250 ml of 95% ethanol for 2 hours and 30 minutes
● The extract was cooled and filtered quantitatively into a 100 ml
volumetric flask; the residue was then transferred to the filter,
washed thoroughly and volume was made up to 100 ml with
Ethyl alcohol
40
41. Characterization:
where
d = average crystallite size of the phase under investigation
B = Scherrer constant (0.89)
λ = wavelength of X-ray beam used
β = the full-width half maximim (FWHM) of diffraction and θ is the Bragg's angle
41
42. 42
Fig.5 a UV-vis spectrum of CL-101 curcumin Fig.5 c UV-vis spectrum of BSR-01 curcumin
Fig.5 b UV-vis spectrum of CL-219 curcumin
f
Fig.5 d UV-vis spectrum of BSR-02 curcumin
43. Curcumin Experimental value Theorical value
C H N C H N
C21H20O6 69.43 5.20 - 68.47 5.47 -
Turmeric variety (Curcumin) Average size, K=0.9λ/βcosϕ
CL-101 57 nm
CL-219 70 nm
BSR-01 40 nm
BSR-02 63 nm
Table 10. Average crystallite size of Curcumin varieties
Table 9. Elemental analysis data of Curcumin
0.00025 X absorbance of sample X 100 X 100
Curcumin (%) =
Absorbance of standard X Weight of sample X 5
43
44. 44
Fig.6 a XRD pattern of CL-101 curcumin
Fig.6 b XRD pattern of CL-219 curcumin
Fig 6 c XRD pattern of BSR -01 curcumin
Fig.6 d XRD patter of BSR-02 curcumin
45. Case study4 . Assessment of genetic diversity in indigenous
turmeric (Curcuma longa) germplasm from India using
molecular markers
Materials and methods
● Leaf samples of twenty nine genotypes of C. longa were used in the present study
● These genotypes are grown and maintained at Distant Banthra Research Centre of
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
● Closely related taxon Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm. was considered as the out-group
for comparison with C. longa genotypes
● Total genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh leaf tissues following CTAB
method
Sushma et al., 2015
Lucknow 45
46. Materials and methods:
● It's quality and quantity was checked by gel electrophoresis on 0.8 % agarose gel,
stained with ethidium bromide, and compared with a set of known DNA
concentration standards (100 bp ladder), and by UV spectroscopy using a Nanodrop
ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies Inc. USA)
46
47. 47
Fig.7 Representative gel images showing pcr profiles of curcuma longa genotypes using (a)
DAMD primer 14C2 (b)ISSR primer UBC 835 .Lanes indicated by marker contain low range
molecular as the size marker
48. Table. 11 Mentel correlation between the genetic distance obtained from DAMD, ISSR
and cumulative data analysis among Curcuma longa genotypes
Marker pairs Correlation coefficient (p) value
ISSR vs DAMD 0.93084 0.0020
ISSR vs cumulative 0.98297 0.0020
DAMD vs cumulative 0.98212 0.0020
48
49. Table. 12 comparison of DAMD, ISSR and cumulative data analysis in indigenous Curcuma longa genotypes
Markers DAMD ISSR Cumulative
No. of accessions 29 29 29
Total no of assays/primer 15 13 28
Total no. of bands amplified 275 221 478
Polymorphic bands (p) 217 175 392
Polymorphism (%) 84.4 79.2 82.0
Band size range (bp) 160-3000 200-2500 160-3000
Generic distance range 0.06-0.61 0.00-0.60 0.03-0.59
Average PIC 0.29 0.28 0.29
Average diversity index (DIav) 0.35 0.36 0.01
Multiplex ratio (MR) 17.1 17.0 17.1
Effective multiplex ratio (EMR) 14.5 13.5 14.0
49
50. Case study 5. Curcuma raktakanda Induces Apoptosis and
Suppresses Migration in Cancer Cells: Role of Reactive
Oxygen Species
Objective: The overall goal of this study was to examine the
anti-cancer potential of the extract from C. raktakanda that
has demonstrated larvicidal activities
Mishra et al., 2019
Kerala
50
51. ● Curcuma raktakanda, a poorly studied species, is most commonly distributed
in the Kerala state of India
● They examined the efficacy of different fractions (acetone, hexane, and ethyl
acetate) of C. raktakanda against glioma, cervical, and breast cancer cell
lines
● Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, glioblastoma or grade IV glioma) is the
most aggressive, invasive, and most common tumor of the central nervous
system
Methodology:
51
52. Fig. 8 (A) C-6 glioma cells were exposed to different concentrations (µg/mL) of CR extracts
52
53. Fig. 9 (B) Cisplatin and imatinib were used as positive controls
53
54. Fig. 10 (C) CR extracts concentration dependent reduction in the number of colonies
54
56. Fig. 12 Acetone extract induces cell cycle arrest and lowers mitochondrial membrane
potential in glioma cells (A) Relation between concentrations (µg/mL) of acetone
extract and population (B) C6 cells treated with acetone extract for 24 h and then
stained with JC-1 (10 µg/mL). 56
57. Fig. 13 Relation between acetone extract concentrations and percentage of wound size and healed area
57
58. Conclusion
The desirable genotypes may be selected among the genotypes of the cluster for
improving more than one economic character to obtain genotypes which may lead to
develop high yielding varieties
For turmeric - plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant and
rhizome yield indicating that yield and its components were highly heritable with
moderate to high level of genetic advance
All varieties are statistically significant from each other in respect of curcumin
extraction by using 95% ethanol solvent. Among the four turmeric varieties CL-
101 collected from Erode (92%) is statistically superior over all
Indigenous germplasm could be further utilized in various genetic improvement
programmes including conventional as well as marker assisted breeding towards
development of new and desirable turmeric genotypes
The rhizome extract from C. raktakanda exhibit anti-carcinogenic activities
58
59. Future Aspects
There is need to purify seed material of elite varieties
Continuous efforts are required to evolve or identify turmeric
varieties tolerant or resistant to rhizome rot and rhizome fly
The profile of curcuminoids in the different curcuma species and
within the varieties of c. longa is yet to be studied in detail
There should be a urgent need to pay due attention to qulitative and
quantitative differentation of curcuminoids
Flucidation of the biosynthetic patway of curcuminoids and
identification and identification of the key enzymes involved will
pave the way for more biotechnological manipulations.
59
