4. • All living organisms need food for various purposes
• The mode of acquiring food material is
different from organism to organism
NUTRITION
Growth
Repair
Reproduce
Maintain body
temperature
Maintain vital
body functions
To avoid
diseases
To make
energy
-by Noor Teacher 4
5. Mode of Nutrition
• Autotrophic organism makes their own food
using sunlight energy, nutrients (mineral
salts), water and air.
• They produce complex compounds like
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids from
simple substances.
• These complex compounds are used by
heterotrophs for energy
-by Noor Teacher 5
7. • Autotrophs are called ‘The
Universal Food Providers’.
• Von Helmont studied that plants
obtain nutrition from various other
sources than soil.
• The process by which plant make
their own food is called
PHOTOSYNTHESIS -by Noor Teacher 7
8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Green pigment ‘Chloroplast’ build up complex
organic molecules from simple
inorganic ones using sunlight.
• Its simple equation is given by
C.B Van Neil in 1931.
-by Noor Teacher 8
9. • Van Neil first worked on purple sulphur bacteria and
found light plays specific role in photosynthesis
• Instead of H20 they used H2S and sulphur is evolved
instead of O2
• Later, Robert Hill showed that
O2 is released from water during
this reaction. -by Noor Teacher 9
10. • Plants first synthesize carbohydrates (simple
sugars) and from them, more complex ones
like starch and cellulose.
• Plants can also synthesize protein, fats etc.
but animals can not
synthesize
carbohydrates
so depend on plant
-by Noor Teacher 10
11. Testing Presence of Starch in Leaves
• Take soft thin leaf exposed to sunlight
• Boil leaf in water and take methylated spirit in
test tube
• Transfer boiled leaf into test tube of methylated spirit
• Boil this tube in water bath
• Chlorophyll dissolves in spirit, leaf becomes pale
• Take the leaf into Petridish and add few drops of
Iodine solution
-by Noor Teacher 11
13. Materials Required by Plant to Carry
Photosynthesis
1. Water – Von Helmont
(Increase in plant mass)
2. Air – Joseph Priestly in 1770
revealed role of air on growth of
green plants
-by Noor Teacher 13
14. • In 18th century Lavoisier and Priestly studies on
properties of gasses.
• Oxygen was discovered by Priestly in 1774,
later Lavoisier named it ‘oxygen’
-by Noor Teacher 14
15. • By this experiment he
know that plants take CO2
• Plants exchange gasses
with the help of stomata
and lenticel
-by Noor Teacher 15
16. By these experiments they came to conclusion that the
air we breathe is produced by plants and the air plants
breathe is produced by us.
• Experiment to prove that CO2 is necessary for
plants
• We need De-starch plan (kept in dark for 3 days)
-by Noor Teacher 16
17. • Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) absorbs CO2 of the
half leaf in the bottle.
• Now test the leaf for starch (food of
plant)using Iodine solution.
• Iodine turns the leaf bluish-black if starch is
present.
-by Noor Teacher 17
18. How do plants produce Oxygen using
CO2 and H2O ?
-by Noor Teacher 18
19. • Jan Ingenhousz, Dutch Scientist observed that
water plants produce bubbles only in
presence of light.
Conclusion:
• Light is important to produce oxygen
• Later Ingenhousz also proposed that only
GREEN parts of plants can carry out
photosynthesis (making own food using sunlight,
CO2 and H2O)
-by Noor Teacher 19
21. • Pelletier and Caventou in 1817 obtained an
extract of green colour substance and named
it as Chlorophyll (meaning Green leaf)
-by Noor Teacher 21
22. • They also found that
plants contain other
colour pigments such
as Carotenoids
and
phycobilins
which helps in
photosynthesis, by
passing on the energy
of sunlight to
chlorophyll
-by Noor Teacher 22
23. • In 1883 Julius Von Sachs, observed that
chlorophyll is not spread throughout the plant
cell but is present only in some organelles
(parts) of cell.
• Such organelles were
named as ‘Chloroplast’
-by Noor Teacher 23
28. Mechanism of Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reaction (photochemicalphase)
Steps:
1. Light fallsonchlorophyll(present in grana of chloroplast)
2. Photolysis: Water molecule is split using
energy
H2O H+ + OH-
(Discovered by Robert Hill, hence called Hill’s reaction).
3. H+ and OH- are highly reactive and produce
H2O and O2
-by Noor Teacher 28
29. H+ and OH- produce H2O and O2
Water is used by plants but O2 is evolved.
H+ ion is used is forming NADPH from NADP
(Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Phosphate)
ADP + iP (inorganic phosphate) from ATP.
Hence ATP and NADPH are formed at the end
of Light Reaction called ASSIMILATORY
POWER.
-by Noor Teacher 29
30. Light Independent Reaction
(Biosynthetic phase)
• It does not require light. This may occur in
presence of light also but does not use light.
• Hydrogen of NAPDH is used to combine with
CO2 using ATP energy to produce glucose,
using intermediate compounds and enzymes.
• RUBP (Ribulose 1-5bisphosphate) accepts CO2.
• Glucose starch
-by Noor Teacher 30
31. • They have range of strategies of food intake and use.
• Some break food materials outside body, then absorb it
Ex: Cascuta, Lice, Leaches, Tapeworms (Parasites)
• Some take whole material and break it down inside their
bodies.
Ex: Human beings and animals
-by Noor Teacher 31
32. (Since mode of nutrition varies then digestive
system is also different in varies organisms)
NUTRITION IN AMOEBA AND PARAMECIUM
-by Noor Teacher 32
33. Amoeba
• Food is in taken by entire surface using pseudopodia which
fuse over food particle forming food vacuole.
• Inside vacuole complex
substance are broken
into simpler once and
effuse into the
cytoplasm.
• Remaining Undigested
material is thrown out
of cell
-by Noor Teacher 33
34. PARAMOECIUM:
• It has define shape
and specific spot
to intake food
• Food is moved to
the spot using cilia
and food is
ingested in
cytostome.
-by Noor Teacher 34
35. Parasitic Nutrition
• Dodder (cascuta) is leaf
less, twining, parasitic
plant.
• Has no chlorophyll and
absorb food through
haustoria (root like
structure, penetrate in
the tissue of host plant).
• The slender, string pink or
brown.
-by Noor Teacher 35
36. • Leaves are reduced to scales.
• Flowers are nodule like clusters, Yellow or White bell
like petals
• Seed germinate forming anchoring root them stem.
• Water is taken from host’s xylem and food from phloem.
-by Noor Teacher 36
37. Nutrition In Human Beings
• Has complex digestive
system.
• Alimentary canal is long
tube from mouth to anus
having different parts or
organs for different
functions.
• Steps in digestion :
(Studying the Digestive Enzymes
Chart)
-by Noor Teacher 37
41. Flow Chart of human digestive system
-by Noor Teacher 41
42. Health Aspects of the Alimentary Canal
• It functions remarkably well but sometimes it
rebels, and we feel sick or have indigestion.
• Vomiting is body's method of ridding it self of
emanated or harmful substances from
stomach.
• Peristaltic movements of stomach &
Oesophagus reserve their normal direction &
food is expelled.
-by Noor Teacher 42
43. Causes of vomiting
• Over eating of fatty food.
• Eating indigestible or poisonous food etc.
• Green vomit is called “Bilious” or “Liverish”
(bitter taste) and is often due to over eating
• Liver is unable to cope with the excessive fat &
we get feel of Nausea. (Vomiting Sensation)
-by Noor Teacher 43
44. How To Avoid Digestion Problems
1) Have simple well balanced meals.
2) Eating food in a leisurely manner.
3) Thoroughly masticating the food.
4) Avoiding taking violet exercise soon after
eating food.
5) Drink plenty of water after eating food.
6) Having regular bowel movements.
-by Noor Teacher 44
45. • Serious from of Indigestion is caused by stomach &
duodenal Ulcers. This occurs in people who are
hurried or worried.
ULCER :
• Damage of protective
layer of stomach by acidic
digestive juices secreted
by stomach cells.
• Helicobacter pylori
bacterium lives in
stomach HCL and is cause
of 70-90% ulcers.
-by Noor Teacher 45
46. Diseases Due To Malnutrition
Balance Diet: Contain proper amount of
Carbohydrate, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Salts
and Fats.
• 70%of world population suffer from food
related diseases.
• Eating food that does not have one or more
then one nutrients in required amount is
known as Malnutrition
-by Noor Teacher 46
47. Reasons of Malnutrition
• Poor health.
• Willful starvation.
• Lack of awareness of
nutritional habitats.
• Socio economic factors.
-by Noor Teacher 47
49. Kwashiorkor
• Due to protein deficiency
• Swollen body parts due to
accumulation of water in
intercellular spaces of
cells.
Symptoms:
• Poor muscle developed,
swollen legs, fluffy -face,
Diarrhea, difficulty in
eating, dry skin.
-by Noor Teacher 49
50. Marasmus
• Marasmus due to deficiency of protein &
occurs when there is immediate second
pregnancy or repeated child births.
Symptoms:
• Lean and week, less
developed muscles,
dry- skin, diarrhea etc.
-by Noor Teacher 50
51. Obesity
• Obesity due to over
eating & excess of
calories intake.
• It is big hazard.
• Obesity children have
grater risk of diabetes,
Cardio vascular, renal,
gall bladder problems.
• Junk food & other food
habits leads to obesity.
-by Noor Teacher 51
52. Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
• Vitamins are organic substance & Micro
Nutrients.
• Vitamins are not synthesized in our body.
• We get Vitamins from:
1. Food we eat
2. Bacteria present in intestine that
synthesizes and supply vitamin to body.
-by Noor Teacher 52
53. Vitamins
SOLUBLE
(Water Soluble)
• B – Complex
• Vitamin – C
INSOLUBLE
(Fat Soluble)
• Vitamin – A
• Vitamin – D
• Vitamin – E
• Vitamin – K
-by Noor Teacher 53
