This document discusses variations that can occur in maxillary molars. It notes that variations may include anomalous cusps, increased number of roots, unusual root canal configurations, and fusion of roots. Specific examples provided include a case with 7 cusps, 5 roots and 6 canals, and cases where maxillary first molars had 3 cusps giving them a heart shape. Other variations mentioned include paramolars, two-rooted first molars, enamel pearls on roots, protostylids (accessory cusps), hypercementosis (excess cementum), and variations in root numbers and canal numbers. Maxillary third molars are noted to typically have a heart shape with a large lingual c
2. - Dental anomalies are caused by complex multifactorial interactions between
1- Genetic
3-Polymorphisms
4-Systemic diseases
5-Dietary habits
6-Masticatory function
7- Environmental factors
3. Upper permanent first molar variation
❖ Variations may be either in the form of anomalous cusps or increased number of roots,
or both.
● Wide of variations in the number of roots for maxillary first molars include
one, four and five roots.
● Unusual morphology of root canal systems within individual roots. Cases with five
and six root canals or with a C-shaped canal configuration.
4. -A 35-year-old male patient whose crown had an abnormally large size with 7 cusps, 5
roots, and 6 canals were confirmed with the help of a cone-beam computed tomography
(CBCT).
● Fusion of two buccal roots is one of the most common aberrations of
maxillary molars and two canals.
5. ● Three cusps on the occlusal
surface instead of four or five cusps
usually seen. These three cusp
maxillary first molars had a heart
shaped outline. The palatal cusp
nearly lies in the center of the
mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusp
thereby giving it a heart shape.
● Paramolar is a small, rudimentary and supernumerary molar. It is most
commonly situated buccally or palatally to one of the maxillary molars.
● Two-rooted maxillary first molar with two canals has rarely been reported.
6. Upper permanent second molar variation
• Enamel pearls are one of a number of different enamel
structures that can be found on the roots of permanent teeth.
They have a distinct predilection for the furcation areas of molar,
particularly the maxillary third and second molars.
7. ● A protostylid is a supernumerary cusp located on the mesial half of the buccal
surface on the upper and lower molars. its prevalence varies with race.
The first description was provided by Dahlberg (1950) who reported it as
an accessory or supernumerary cusp on the maxillary molars of an
Eskimo skull. De Jonge-Cohen termed then as “Mesiobuccal edge
prominences”.
8. Hypercementosis
● An increase in cementum deposition on a root surface
resulting in an abnormal root shape, frequently a bulbous tip
at the root apex which present on the maxillary roots.
9. -The number of roots in U8 ranges from
one to 5, and the number of encased
root canals have been reported from
one to six. However, the single, double
and three-rooted variants.
Upper permanent third molar variation
10. -The occlusal surface of a typical maxillary third molar is heart shaped. The
lingual cusp is large and there is little or no distolingual cusp. ... However, the
third molar may show four distinct cusps with an oblique ridge, similar to that of
the rhomboidal type of second molar
- The length of maxillary third molar teeth ranges from 14 to 22 mm with an
average of 17-19 mm.
