History of the Philippines

HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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History of the Philippines
1

1987 Philippine Constitution
• Article II
• Section 13
• The State recognizes the vital role of
the youth in nation-building and shall
promote and protect their physical,
moral, spiritual, intellectual, and
social well-being. It shall inculcate in
the youth patriotism and nationalism,
and encourage their involvement in
public and civic affairs.
• Section 17
• The State shall give priority to
education, science and technology,
arts, culture and sports to foster
patriotism and nationalism, accelerate
social progress, and promote total
human liberation and development.
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2

Activity
• Topic
• Course Objectives – History of the Philippines
• Situation
• As a Student
• Instruction
• Discussion
• Essay (5 Points)
• 1 Paragraph
• Minimum of 5 sentences
• Question
• Why do we study history?
• What is the importance of studying history of the Philippines?
• How knowing history of the Philippines affect me in the
present?
• Maxim
• Cicero: “To be ignorant of the past is to be forever a child.”
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3

History
• Prehistory
• Before recorded events
• History
• Historia (Greek) Inquiry
• Study of past events
• Chronological record of events
• Formal written account
• Herodotus
• Father of History
• Chronicler
• Story teller of past events in society
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4

History
• Sources of Historical Data
• Relics and Remains
• Fossils, Artifacts, Bones, Buildings et al
• Orally Transmitted Materials
• Myths, Folklore, Legends, Songs, Tula, et
al
• Artistic Production
• Portraits, Carvings, Engravings, Sketches,
Woven Tapestries
• Written Sources
• Letters, Diaries, Contracts, Bulletins,
Newspapers, Journals, Testaments,
Books, Periodicals, et al
• Electronic Data
• Radio, Television, Computer
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5

History of the Name of the Philippines
• Philippines
• Part of Mu (Lemuria)
• Lost Pacific Continent
• Ofir/ Ophir (Bible)
• Maharlika (India)
• Ma’i/ Ma’yi (China)
• Sung Dynasty (982 A.D.)
• Chin San (China)
• Liu Sung (China)
• Archipelago de San Lazaro (Spain)
• Archipelago de Magallanes (Spain)
• Archipelago de Legaspi (Spain)
• Maniolas (Spain)
• Cesaria Caroli (Spain)
• Islas Felipinas (Spain)
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6

Prehistoric Philippines
• Homo Erectus
• Homo Sapiens
• Callao Man/ Java
Man
• Belonged to
Southern Mongoloid
• Cagayan Valley
• 750, 000 years ago
• Filipe Landa Jocano
(Core Population
Theory)
• Tabon Man
• Palawan
• 22, 000 years ago
• Discovered by Dr.
Robert Fox in 1962
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7

Earliest Settlers
• Negritos
• 1st group of Settlers/ Inhabitants
• 1st True Filipinos
• 25,000 B.C. by land-bridges (Before Ice
melted)
• Negro (Spanish) Black
• Other names
• Aeta, Ati, Ita, Agta, Remontados, Katutubo,
Baluga, Pugot
• Origin
• Mainland Asia (The Philippines itself)
• Therefore Occupants and not Immigrants
• Theory of Dr. Lawrence Reid (2006)
• Lifestyle
• Nomadic
• Hunting and gathering
• Description
• Short, black skinned, dark kinky hair, round
black eyes, broad-nose and wears Bahag
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Earliest Settlers
• Indonesians
• 2nd group of settlers
• Arrived 3,000 B.C. by Boat
• Origin
• Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Siberia,
Arctic, parts of the Americas and
the Pacific Islands
• Lifestyle
• Farming, Hunting, Fishing
• Cooked food though bamboo tubes
• Used bow and arrow, knife, spears,
shield and gun (Sumpit)
• Description
• Belonged to the Mongoloid race
• Tall, slender, fair complexion and
sharp thin faces
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Earliest Settlers
• Austronesians/ Malays
• 3rd group of settlers
• Arrived 200 B.C. – 13th Century by
Boat
• Origin
• West Asia
• Lifestyle
• Hunting, land-cultivation, irrigation
and domestication of animals
• Use Alphabet, Wore ornaments
and tatoos
• Used bows and arrow, spear,
dagger, bolo, gun, shield, armor
and cannon (Lantaka)
• Description
• Brown race, medium in height,
straight black hair, dark-brown eyes
and flat nose
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10

Early History
• Early History of Filipino Culture
• Bahay Kubo
• Tree Tops
• Cordillera
• Boats
• Badjao
• Bahag and Kangan
• Earliest male garments
• Baro, Camisa, Saya and Patadyong
• Earliest female garments
• Gold and Precious Stones
• Ornaments of early nobles
• Pintados
• Symbolize position in society
• Equality
• Enjoyed by men and women who can own, inherit and sell properties
and can even succeed to leadership
• Circumcision
• Cultural right and obligation in society
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Early History
• Early History of Filipino
Relationship
• Sanduguan
• Alliances
• Bagontao
• Single man
• Dalaga
• Maiden
• Early History of Filipino
Burial
• Laraw
• Burial of dead chieftain
• Maglahe
• Burial of dead man
• Morotal
• Burial of dead woman
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12

Early History
• Early History of Filipino Language
• Baybayin
• Earliest writing
• Syllabary (Every letter is pronounced as a
syllable
• 17 Letters (3 Vowels and 14 Consonants)
• Horizontal from Left to Right
• Early History of Filipino Literature
• Oral Literature
• Sabi (Maxims), Bugtong (Riddles),
Talindaw (Boat Song), Tagumpay (Victory
Song), Uyaye and Hele (Cradle Songs),
Ihiman (Wedding Song), Kumintang (War
Song), Kundiman (Love Song)
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Barangay System
• Barangay
• Balangay (Boat)
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Lakan/ Rajah
• Paramount Datu of a large Bayan
(Town composed of 4 – 10 Barangay)
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Halili
• Viceroy of the Lakan/ Rajah
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Datu
• Head of the Barangay
• Once Maginoo
• Inheritance of Position
• Eldest Son, Eldest Daughter, Eldest Brother, If
none, Election based on Wisdom, Bravery,
Wealth, Experience and Noble Deeds
• Chief Executive (Executes and Implements
Written or Unwritten Laws)
• Legislator
• Evidences in Panay: Maragtas Code (Datu
Sumakwel) 1250 A.D. and Code of Kalantiaw
(Datu Kalantiaw) 1433 A.D.
• Judge
• Trial by Jury or by Ordeal (Pain)
• Anito protects the Innocent
• Supreme Miltary Commander
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Babaylan/ Baylana/ Katalona
• Priest
• Doctor
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Maginoo/ Panginoon/ Poon
• Council of Elders
• Noble/ Owns property
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Maharlika
• Warrior Class
• Supports the Datu
with Wealth and Men
during War
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Timawa
• Freeman/ Peasants
• Former slaves who paid off debts
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Umalohokan
• Town crier
• Informer of the new laws of the land
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Aliping Namamahay
• Have houses of their own
• Ayuey
• Worked 3-days weekly
• Tumarampuk
• Temporarily worked for a day
specially when there are
celebrations
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Barangay System
• Hierarchy
• Aliping sa gigilid
• Tumataban
• Live in the house of their deptor
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Pre-spanish Foreign Influences
• Hindu (India)
• 900 A.D. – 1200 A.D.
• Came to the Philippines through Malaysia
• Orang Dampuans
• Immigrants from Champa, a Hindu Kindom in
Indochina
• Vassals of Sri Vijaya Empire
• Promoted commerce to the Buranuns of Sulu
• Settled in Taguima (Basilan)
• Ancestors of contemporary Yankan tribe of Basilan
and Sulu
• Orang Bandjar
• Immigrants from Bandjarmasin, Borneo
• Another Vassals of Sri Vijaya Empire
• Engaged in rich Pearl Trade in Sulu
• Bought a beautiful princess as bride of Rajah of Sulu
• State marriage started deeper relationship of Sulu
and Borneo (Resulted in contemporary back door of
the Philippines)
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• Hindu (India)
• Contribution:
• Sanskrit (Alphabet)
• Literature
• From Mahabharata (Sanskrit,
Great Story) and Ramayana
(Sanskrit, Story of Rama)
• Ifugaos = Hudhud and Alim
• Ilocandia = Lam-ang
• Bicolandia = Ibalon
• Darangan
• Stories
• Monkey and Turtle
• Race between the Deer and Snail
• Hawk and Hen
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• Hindu (India)
• Contribution:
• gods
• Indra (Equivalent to Zeus)
• Tara
• Vishnu
• Brahma
• Shiva
• Superstitious beliefs
• Singing while cooking
• Wood biting upon bad dream
• Eating twin bananas
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• Hindu (India)
• Contribution:
• Word Influences
• Bhatarra – Bathala
• Ama – Ama
• Atawa – Asawa
• Vamsa – Bansa
• Mahardlika - Maharlika
• Dress
• Putong/ Puttees (Turban)
• Sarong/ Sari (Lower garment)
• Industry
• Boat building
• Cloth weaving
• Metal works
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• Hindu (India)
• Contribution:
• Arts
• Gold Necklace
• Bolo handles
• Flowers
• Sampaguita
• Champaka
• Fruits
• Mango
• Nangka
• Vegetables
• Ampalaya
• Patola
• Malunggay
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• Chinese
• 982 A.D. (10th Century)
• Started when traders from Ma-yi
(Mindoro, Batangas, Manila and
Pampanga) arrived in Canton
China
• Admiral Zheng He/ Cheng Ho
• Had expedition from 1405 to 1433
in Philippines, Borneo, Malay
Peninsula, Singapore, Indochina,
India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
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• Chinese
• Contribution:
• Industry
• Gun Powder
• Metallurgy
• Blacksmithing, Goldsmithing,
Lead, Silver and Tin
• Gong
• Jewelry
• Porcelain
• Kite
• Lanterns
• Fire crackers
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• Chinese
• Contribution:
• Words
• Susi
• Toyo
• Lumpia
• Mami
• Bihon
• Tsaa
• Food
• Pig Roasting (Lechon)
• Brewing of Tea
• Vegetables
• Bataw
• Petsay
• Upo
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• Chinese
• Contribution:
• Dress
• Kangan (Sleeve Jacket)
• Loose Trousers
• Slippers
• Wooden Shoes (Bakya)
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• Chinese
• Contribution:
• Traditions
• Arrange Marriage
• Zodiac Sign
• Feng sui
• Price Haggling (Tawaran)
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• Chinese
• Contribution:
• New Year
• General cleaning
• 12 fruits
• Pancit for long life
• Sticky rice for intact family
• Wearing polka dots
• Jump 12 times
• Loads of money on New Year
• Noise barrage
• Turning on the light
• Open windows
• Brooms to be kept
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• Arab
• 4th Century
• Karim-ul Mukhdum (1380)
• Judge and Scholar from Mecca
• Converted the Rajah of Malacca to Sultan
• Built first mosque in Simunul, Sulu
• Rajah Baguinda (1390)
• Prince of Sumatra
• Introduced the Islam firearms to the
Philippines
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• Arab
• Sayid Abu Bakr
• Ustads of Islam religion and law in Johore,
Malaysia
• Married Princess Paramisuli, daughter of Rajah
Baguinda
• Founded Sultanate of Sulu
• Died in 1480 after 30 years of sultanate
• Present Sultans of Sulu can trace their ancestry
from him
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• Arab
• Sharif Muhhamad Kabungsuwan
• Youngest prince in Johore Malaysia
• Invaded Malabang, Cotabato with his
Islamized Samal warriors
• Forcedly Converted Filipino Pagans to
Islam
• Islam resistors fled to the mountains
and became the contemporary Bilaans,
Manobos, Subanuns et al
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• Arab
• Siat Saen
• Tried to introduce Islam outside
Mindanao but failed
• Contribution
• Singkil (Bamboo Dance)
• Tausug Kris (Sword)
• Calico (Carpet)
• Okir (Artistic curvilinear floral design)
• Sarimanok (Chicken in Maranao)
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European Expedition to Philippines
• 15th to 16th Century
• Renaissance of European
expeditions
• Crusading Countries
• Spain, Portugal and Venice
• Purpose:
• Gold, Silver, Sugar, Milk, Silk and
Spices are abundant and cheaper in
the East
• Pope will forgive all sins of all
crusaders
• Desire to know more about the
Orient
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• Arab
• Dominated eastward trade to
Asia
• Shipped goods to Europe
• Venice
• Sole distributors of goods
from Arabs until 1453 upon
the fall of Constantinople
• Spain and Portugal
• Were forced to look for
alternative route to Asia
(Westward route)
• Made possible by cartography,
astronomy, compass and
caravels (Sailing ships)
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• Portugal
• Expert in seamanship and
boatbuilding with the
establishment of
Navigational School by
Prince Henry to encourage
voyagers to find a way
around Africa going to
India
• Bartholomew Diaz
• Discovered Cape of Good
Hope around southernmost
tip of Africa in 1488
• Vasco de Gama
• Discovered India winning
wealth and spices in 1498
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• Spain
• Founded Empire on conquest
and colonization rather than
trade
• Christopher Columbus
• Discovered westward route
to India and bumped upon
the New World (The
discovery of America) in
1492
• Juan Ponce de Leon
• Explored Puerto Rico and
discovered Florida in search
for the “Fountain of Youth”
in 1508
• Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
• Discovered the Great South
Sea (Pacific Ocean)
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• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Settled the conflict between Spain
and Portugal in 1494
• Imaginary line drawn on 370 leagues
west of the Azores and Cape Verde
Island
• Portugal
• East: Africa, Asia, Eastern South America
• Spain
• West: America and unknown Islands
• Can only venture to Asia using westward
route
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• Christopher Columbus
• Mistakenly attached America to Asia calling
the natives “Indian” implying the place as
“India”
• Still honored by US as the one discovered
America naming the capital district Columbia
(D.C.)
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Corrected the Map of Columbus and America
was named after him
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• Ferdinand Magallanes/ Magellan
• Born on 1480 in Portugal
• Portuguese explorer who offered his
services to King Charles I of Spain after
the Portuguese monarch denied him of
leading an expedition using the westward
route in August 10, 1519
• Rui de Faleiro
• Cosmographer who helped Magallanes in
familiarizing gateway from Atlantic to
South Pacific in order to convince King
Charles I to fund the expedition
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• King Charles I
• 12 Years Old
• Approved the expedition and gave Magallanes 5 ships,
ration and fund
• Fleet led by Magallanes
• Trinidad
• Victoria
• Concepcion
• San Antonio
• Santiago
• Antonio Pigafetta
• Venetian chronicler
• Fr. Pedro de Valderama
• Fleet Captain
• Magallanes
• Began his voyage on September 20, 1519
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• Difficulties in Magallanes Expedition:
• Mutiny was staged while anchored in Port
San Julian as Quesada of Conception,
Mendoza of Victoria and Cartagena of San
Antonio were all was punished by Magallanes
tearing their bodies
• San Antonio sailed back to Spain while
passing the southernmost tip of South
America
• Food, water and medicine scarce in 3-month
journey in Pacific Ocean (Named by
Magallanes as Spanish of Pacified) and they
had to eat sawdust, rats, wormy biscuits,
leather and drink spoiled water
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• Guam
• Reached by Magallanes on March 16,
1521
• Natives gave them food and water
• Named by Magallanes as Island of
Sails because of beautiful sailboats
they found on the island
• Renamed by Magallanes as Islas de
Landrones (Spanish) Island of Thieves
because Trinidad's small boats were
stolen by the natives
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• Reached Homonhon Island in the
Philippines on March 18, 1521 with
150 crew left
• Reached Limasawa Island and
entered into Sanduguan (blood
compact which was first happened
with a foreigner) with Rajah Kolambu
who accompanied him to Cebu
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• Fr. Pedro de Valderrama
• Celebrated Easter Sunday, the first
mass in Philippines and took place
in Limasawa Island on March 31,
1521
• Baptized Rajah Humabon of Cebu
• Magellan Cross
• Was planted on top of the hill
overlooking the sea and named
the islands Archipelago of Saint
Lazarus
• Signifies propagation of the
Roman Catholic faith in Cebu
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• Rajah Humabon
• King of Cebu
• Friendly to Magallanes and
Spaniards
• Given the name Carlos (In honor
of King Charles I) and his wife
Juana upon baptism
• Was given by Magallanes statues
of the Holy Family
• Only the Holy Child (Sto. Niño)
remains in the Basilica de Sto. Niño
in Cebu
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Battle in Mactan
• Rajah Sula
• One of the two chieftains of Mactan
(the other is Datu Lapu-Lapu)
• Went to Cebu and asked for
Magallanes to aid his fight against
Datu Lapu-lapu
• Took this opportunity to show Datu
Lapu-lapu, who earlier rejected
Spain's sovereignty, Spain’s prowess in
battle
• Sailed for Mactan with 1000 Cebuano
warriors and 60 Spaniards clad in
shining armor on April 27, 1521
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Battle in Mactan
• Magallanes
• Told Humabon not to join the war because he
was confident that he could easily win the
battle with the Spanish superior weapons and
skills
• Was easily killed and his men badly wounded
causing Spaniards retreat back to their ships
in desperation to escape the gallant defense
of Datu Lapu-lapu making it the first
successful resistance against colonizers
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Battle in Mactan
• Spanish Survivors
• Fled back to Cebu to seek refuge
• Cebuanos
• Began to show enmity to Spaniards for
robbing the natives and raping their
Cebuanas
• Attempted to finish them off by some
Spanish survivors escaped
• Ship Conception
• Was abandoned and destroyed due to
many casualties
• Ships Trinidad and Victoria
• Successfully escaped Philippines and
reached Moluccas filling their ships with
spices where they took separate routes
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Battle in Mactan
• Ship Trinidad
• Was captured by the Portuguese
• Ship Victoria
• Sailed through Cape of Good Hope
(Southernmost tip of Africa) and across the
Atlantic Ocean
• Returned to Spain with 18 men out of 270
crew led by Juan Sebastian del Cano (1st
person to circumnavigate the world) on
September 8, 1522 (2 years 11 months 16
days)
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Philippine Heroes
• Datu Lapu-Lapu
• First Philippine Hero
• Chief of Mactan
• First successful Filipino armed
resistance against Spanish aggression
• Fought and his men killed Magellan in
a battle in Mactan, on April 27, 1521
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Spanish Expedition to Philippines
• Significance of Magallanes
Expedition
• Proved the world is round
• All Oceans are
interconnected
• Westward route to Orient
broke the Venetian
monopoly of Asian trade
• Pacific Ocean is larger than
Atlantic Ocean
• Philippines is beautiful and
rich in land, sea and mineral
resources and tropical as
fresh food, spices and fresh
water is abundant year round
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• King Charles I
• Sent Loaisa on 1525 to establish colony in Moluccas but failed
• Sent Sebastian Cabot on 1526 to Philippines but discovered Brazil
• Sent Saavedra on 1527 but held prisoner by Portuguese
• Sent Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (Spanish of Mexico) on 1542 but
captured by the Portuguese
• Las Islas Filipinas
• Name given by Bernardo de la Torre (who also named Mindanao
Islands as Saranggani) to the Philippines and was accepted by Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos on 1546, in honor of King Felipe of Asturias, the
greatest King of Spain
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• Treaty of Zaragoza
• Settled the renewed conflict of Spain and
Portugal where both countries believed
that Moluccas lie on their sides of
demarcation set by the Treaty of Tordesillas
• Signed by both countries in 1529 and Spain
sold their claims of Moluccas to Portugal
transferring the demarcation line to 298
leagues east of Moluccas
• Portugal got Moluccas land going westward
• Spain got Moluccas east waters going
eastward
• Portugal
• Never knew that Moluccas and neighboring
islands including the Philippines were
originally theirs in the treaty of Tordesillas
• Thus bought their own territory because of
the absence of exact geographical
knowledge of the Orient lands
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Spanish Era in the Philippines
• King Philip II
• Ordered the Viceroy of Mexico to instruct
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to survey the spice
trade in the Pacific and discover a return route
to Mexico and establish a settlement in the
Pacific
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
• Fr. Andres de Urdaneta
• Chief navigator, left from Natividad Mexico on
1564 and reached Cebu on February 13, 1565
• Rajah Tupaz of Cebu
• Hostile to the Spaniards
• Samar
• Sanduguan with Rajah Bankaw
• Bohol
• Sanduguan with Rajah Sikatuna and Rajah
Sigala
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• Sailed back to Cebu and defeated
the Cebuanos
• Entered peace treaty with Rajah
Tupaz where the natives will be
paying tribute to the Spanish King
Phillip II while the Spanish
government will provide
protection of Cebu
• Named Cebu San Miguel which
later on changed to City of the
Most Holy Name of Jesus after the
discovery of the image of the Sto.
Nino of Cebu
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• Transferred his Spanish settlement from Cebu to
Panay when they were harassed by the
Portuguese who also blockaded their food
supply
• Sent minute expeditions in exploring
neighboring islands in Visayas
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• Legazpi to Manila
• Sent expedition to Manila headed by Martin
de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo where they
defeated Rajah Sulayman and Rajah
Lakandula of Manila in 1570 in which Goiti
reported to Legazpi in Panay
• Had bigger expedition to Manila where Rajahs
welcomed them this time without a fight and
Legazpi gained the title Adelantado
• Made Manila the capital city of the
Philippines under King Phillip II who named
Manila as Distinguished and Ever Loyal City
and used the lion of Asturias as royal insignia
of the city
• Appointed by King Philip II as the first
Governor General of the Philippines
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• Reasons of Successful Colonization
• Filipinos are friendly thus no need for
so much arm struggles
• Blood compacts of Natives and
Spaniards
• Envy on superiority of Spaniards in
terms of physic, materials brought and
culture
• Island leaders are not united and are
even enemies making it impossible to
put up an organized resistance
• Weapons and tactics in war are
primitive
• Church relational charisma
• Development brought by Spain
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• Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines
• Brings the 3G’s – God, Gold and Glory
• National Colonial Government
• Governor-General
• Head of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
• Vested with centralized concentrated power and national
in scope that it was commonly abused
• Implements Leyes de India (Spanish) Laws of the Indies
• Laws and Royal Decrees from Spain
• Appoints and Dismisses Public Officials (Except chosen by
King)
• Total of 115 started from Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565)
ended with Diego de los Rios (1898)
• Rule from 1565 to 1898 (333 Years)
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• Provincial Government
• Ayuntamiento (City)
• Headed by Cabildo (City Council)
• Alcalde
• Regidores
• Aguacil Mayor
• Escribando
• Cebu as first city
• Manila as capital city
• Villa Fernandina (Vigan)
• Nueva Segovia (Cagayan)
• Nueva Caceres (Naga)
• Arevalo (Iloilo)
• Alcadias
• Provinces which accepted Spanish rule headed by Alcalde Mayor/
Alcalde En Ordinario
• Corregimientos/ Corregidor (Spanish) To Correct
• Unpacified region and in conflict with Spain headed Corregidores
(Military Governor)
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• Municipal Government
• Pueblo (Town/ Municipality)
• Headed by Gobernadorcillo/ Capitan
• Barrio/ Barangay
• Formerly known as balangay
• Headed by Cabeza de barangay
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• Judicial Branch
• Royal Audencia and Audencia Real
• Highest Court during Spanish colonial period
• Check the abuses of Colonial Government
• Audits expenditures of the Colonial Government
• Render Justice to the Filipinos
• Advisory body of the Governor General
• Sends annual report to Spain
• Residentia
• Investigates conduct of Governor General and all
the Government Officials
• Visitador General (Visita)
• Special envoy of the King to the colonies to
investigate conditions and reports his findings
directly to the King
• Has the power to punish Officials
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• Social Stratification
• Peninsulares
• Spaniards born in Spain
• Insulares
• Spaniards born in Philippines
• Mestizo de Español
• Spaniard Father, Indio Mother
• Principalia
• Ruling elite native class
• Mestizo de Sangley
• Chinese Father, Indio Mother
• Tornatras
• Mixed Race
• Indio
• Filipinos Natives
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• Polo y Servicio Personal
• Forced labor 40 days for Indio male aged 16-
60
• Significant reason for the Indolence of the
Filipinos
• Galleon Trade
• Philippines and Mexico trade in 1565-1815
• Religious Orders
• Augustinian, Franciscan, Jesuit, Dominican,
Recollect, Benedictines, Oblates of Mary
Immaculate, Marist and Diocesan
• Social Transformation
• Black Suit replaced Bahag and Kangan
• Slippers replaced walking barefoot
• Bricked Houses replaced Bahay-kubo
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• Spanish Influences
• Spanish Surnames (1849)
• Adopted on the order of Governor General Claveria to avoid confusion
among the natives
• Basis of exact tax collection
• Demographic control
• Cruz, del Rosario, dela Cruz, Fernandez, Flores, Garcia, Gonzales, Morales, Ortiz,
Perez, Reyes, Rodriguez, Sanchez, Santos, Valdez, Villamor, Villanueva, et al
• Spanish Language
• alamín, asár, astá, bale, balón, banda, baráto, barkada, basta, bida, bomba, caballo
(kabayo) calesa, chika, Diyos, eskwela, espejo (salamin), gwapo, hurado, impakto, jabon
(sabon), kalye, karne, kasilyas, kerida, kontrabida, kubeta, kumustá (cómo está),
kuwarta, kwento , la mesa (mesa), labakara (trapo), lavavo (lababo), lola, lupà, luto,
madre, maldito, maldita, mamón, maskí, matá, padre, palengke, pamilya, pare, parì,
pera, pirmi, piso, puta, puwerta, regla, sapatos, siguro, silbí, siyempre, sugál, sugaról,
suplado, sustansiya, ventana (bintana), et al
• Counting
• uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, et al.
• Foods
• Mechado, Leche Flan, Isaw,
• Entertainments
• Cock Fighting, Karera, Gambling, Zarzuela, Baraha and Siesta
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Philippine Heroes
• Muslim Opposition to Spanish
Misrule
• Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat
• Dipatuan (Malay) Master
• Kudarat (Arab) Power
• Sultan of Maguindanao
• Direct descendant of Shariff
Kabungsuwan
• Successfully opposed the Conquistador
Esteban (Spaniard) who attempted to
conquer his land
• Hindered the Christianization of the
island of Mindanao
• Defeated by General Corcuera on March
13, 1637 with burning Mosques
• Gave speech to Datus of Lanao
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73

Philippine Heroes
• Ilocanos Opposition to Spanish Misrule
• Diego Silang y Andaya
• December 16, 1730 – May 28, 1763
• Led the revolt of the Ilocanos in opposition to
the abuses of the Spanish officials with
unconsummated help of British Forces during
British Occupation of Manila and Cavite in
1762
• Revolt started in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
• Killed by his friend Miguel Vicos, a Spanish
mestizo
• María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang
• March 19, 1731 – September 20, 1763
• Carried the fight of the late husband
• Filipino revolutionary leader best known as
the first female leader of a Filipino movement
for independence from Spain
• Died by hanging
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Philippine Heroes
• Capt. Andres Novales
• Insulares who almost succeeded in
taking power from Colonial
Government.
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Philippine Heroes
• Francisco Balagtas y dela Cruz Baltazar
• Known as Baltazar
• Prince of Tagalog poets (Balagtasan)
• Education: Philosophy and Theology in
Colegio de San Jose
• Poetry: Learned from Jose dela Cruz “Huseng
Sisiw”
• Wrote Florante at Laura
• Masterpiece of local versification, upholding
moral and social values
• Foundation of the Philippine literature
• Written in Tagalog
• Written in jail upon the marriage of Asuncion
to Capule
• Maxim
• “O, pag-ibig na makapangyarihan, hahamakin
ang lahat masunod ka lamang.”
• Died: February 20, 1862 aged 73
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76

Philippine Heroes
• Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria De la Torre
• Gov. Gen of the Philippines in 1869-1871
• Liberal Gov. Gen. of the Philippines who
fought for justice, human rights, equality,
freedom and independence
• Listened to the pains of the Filipinos and
worked for reforms in the Philippines in favor
of the Filipinos
• Gave free pass and scholarship for the
Filipinos to study in Spain
• Was replaced immediately by the influence of
the Friars
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Philippine Heroes
• Execution of GomBurZa
• Fr. Mariano Gomez (73 years old)
• Birth: August 2, 1799
• Tornatras (Chinese, Spaniard blooded Filipino)
• Parish Priest of Bacoor Cavite
• Took law and taught agriculture
• Fought equality of Spanish and Filipino Priest
• Fr. Jacinto Zamora (37 years old)
• Birth: August 14, 1835
• Insulares
• Priest in Marikina, Pasig and Batangas
• Fr. Jose Burgos (34 years old)
• February 9, 1837
• Insulares
• Education: Seven Degrees
• Director of Manila Cathedral
• Pointed out to be mastermind of reformation in Cavite and
secularization of parishes
• Was executed by the Order of Governor General Rafael de
Izquierdo because of Capt. Andres Novales Cavite Mutiny of 200
Filipinos on the night of January 20, 1872
• Died: Sunrise of February 17, 1872 by Garrote
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Philippine Heroes
• Propaganda Movement
• Agitators in Barcelona
• Marcelo H. del Pilar
• Diariong Tagalog
• Graciano Lopez Jaena
• La Solidaridad
• Jose Protacio Rizal
• La Liga Filipina
• Juan Luna y Novicio
• Painter - Spolarium
• General Antonio Luna
• La Independencia
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Propaganda Movement
•Propaganda Movement
• Aims
• Assimilation of the Philippines as a
regular province of Spain
• Restoration of Filipino
representation to Spanish Cortes
• Secularization of Parishes
• Equality between Spaniards and
Filipinos
• Human Rights especially Freedom
of Speech and Freedom of Press
• Economic Development
• Reforms in the Government
• Reforms in Education
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80

Katipunan
• Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan
(KKK)
• Secret libertarian movement
• Founded by Andres Bonifacio on July
7, 1892 in Tondo Manila
• Initiation by blood compact and
signing of their names with their own
blood
• Political goal was separation of the
Philippines from Spain
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81

Katipunan
Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan (KKK)
• Governing bodies
• Kataastaasang Sanggunian
• Supreme Council
• Sanguniang Bayan
• Provincial Council
• Sangguniang Balangay
• Municipal Council
• Sangguniang Hukuman
• Judicial Council
• Secret Chamber
• Handles cases forwarded from Sangguniang
Hukuman
• Composed of Bonifacio, Jacinto and Valenzuela
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Philippine Revolution Flags
• The Katipunan (1892 - 1897)
• The First KKK
• Andres Bonifacio requested his
wife, Gregoria de Jesus, and with
the help of Benita Rodriguez to
create a flag for the society.
Gregoria de Jesus created a
simple red flag bearing the
society's acronym, KKK, in white
and arranged horizontally at the
center of a rectangular piece of
red cloth locally called
“Kundiman"
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• Early Katipunan Flag
• In some areas, only one while
letter K was positioned on a
rectangular piece of red cloth
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• The Second Katipunan Flag (1892)
• Some members of the Katipunan used
other variations. A red flag with the three
white letter Ks arranged in an equilateral
triangle, a shape prominent in Philippine
revolutionary imagery, at the center of
the rectangular field.
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• Andres Bonifacio's Flag (1892)
• Andres Bonifacio “the father of
Katipunan”, had a personal flag which
represents a white sun with an indefinite
number of rays on a field of red. Below
the sun are three white Ks arranged
horizontally. This flag was first shown on
August 23, 1896 during the Cry of Pugad
Lawin
• The flag was used later during the Battle
of San Juan del Monte on August 30,1896,
the first major battle of the Philippine
Revolution. This was also used by the war
camp of Bonifacio, the "Great Plebeian"
("Dakilang Anak Pawis").
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• Katipunan 1st Degree Flag
(1892)
• A red flag with one white
letter K at the center of the
field, crossed by a native
sword ("tabak") pointing
downwards and a small skull
above the letter K. This was
accepted to rally the
Katipuneros belonging to the
lowest rank or grade
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• Katipunan 2nd Degree Flag
(1892)
• A red flag similar to the 1st degree
design, but with two K's and no
skull symbol. This was supposed to
rally the middle ranks of the
Katipuneros
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• Katipunan 3rd Degree Flag
(1892)
• A red flag, again, with three K's
and sword sign, for the highest
ranks of the society
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89

• War Camp of Katipuneros of
Malibay, Pasay (1896)
• This battle flag had the Masonic
triangle on the left, with the
“Malibay” Katipuneros description
over a red field
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• The Revolutionary Government (1897 -
1899)/ Personal/ Battalion Flags
• Pio del Pilar's Rising Sun Flag (1896)
• A red flag with a white triangle on the left
side, became famous through General Pio del
Pilar of San Pedro de Makati (the hero of
Makati and one of the most trusted generals
of Emilio Aguinaldo), who used it up to the
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
• The rising sun in the middle had eight rays
representing the first eight united provinces.
• The flag was called Bandila ng Matagumpay
(The Flag of the Victorious) and was first used
on July 11,1895. The flag was also one of the
first to illustrate an eight-rayed sun
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• The Revolutionary Government
(1897 - 1899)/ Personal/
Battalion Flags
• General Mariano Llanera's battle
Skull Flag (1896)
• General Mariano Llanera who
fought in the provinces of Bulacan,
Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija
used a dull-looking black flag, with
the single white letter K and the
skull and crossbones symbol. The
black color of the flag was inspired
by the hood worn during the secret
initiation rites of the first degree
Katipuneros
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92

(1897 - 1899)/ Personal/
Battalion Flags
• Bicol Katipuneros Flag
• The flag was used in many battles
including the Battle of Agdangan
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93

(1897 - 1899)/ Personal/
Battalion Flags
• Negrense Revolutionists
Katipunan Flag
• Their standard was inverted, with
the red field in the upper part to
indicate wartime and solidarity
with other revolutionaries and a
sun that resembling a medal
• The colors are similar to those of
the current flag of the Philippines
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94

(1897 - 1899)/ Personal/
Battalion Flags
• The Magdiwang Faction of the
Katipunan (August 30, 1896)
• Flag consisting of a red flag with
the character at the center of the
flag is a K in an ancient Filipino
alphabet or Baybayin script in
white placed at the center of a
sun with eight pointed rays, again
representing the Katipunan and
the eight revolutionary provinces
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96
(1897 - 1899)/ Personal/ Battalion
Flags
• The Magdalo Faction of the Katipunan
• It features a white sun with a red
Baybayin letter “Ka”

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(1897 - 1899)/ Personal/ Battalion
Flags
• Gregorio del Pilar's Tricolor Flag
(1897)
• A flag almost alike to the present
National Flag was used by General
Gregorio del Pilar, "boy hero of the
Battle of Tirad Pass” and “The Young
General of the Katipunan”

• The First Republic (1899 -1901)
• Sun of Liberty Flag (March 17,
1897)
• The First Official Flag of the
Revolutionary Government of
General Emilio Aguinaldo.
• The First Filipino National Flag
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98

• The First Republic (1899 -1901)
• The Sun and the Stars
• The Philippine national flag was
designed by Emilio Aguinaldo
during his exile in Hong Kong. The
flag was sewn at 535 Morrison
Hill, Hong Kong by Mrs. Marcela
Mariño Agoncillo - wife of the first
Filipino diplomat, Felipe Agoncillo,
because of her sewing skills with
the help of her daughter Lorenza
and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de
Natividad, niece of Dr. Jose P. Rizal
and wife of General Salvador
Natividad
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• The Official Flag of the Republic
of the Philippines
• President Manuel L. Quezon
issued Executive Order No. 23
which restricted the official
description and specifications of
the Philippine Flag
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The Official Flag of the Republic of the Philippines
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101

Philippine Heroes
• Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng
mga anak ng bayan (KKK)
• Andres Bonifacio
• Known as the Supremo
• Educated himself by reading the works of Jose Rizal
and French revolutionists
• Katipunan Code Name: Maypag-asa
• Readings: Alexander Dumas' Count of Monte Cristo
and Three Musketers, Victor Hugo's Les Miserables,
Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jew, The Ruins of
Palmyra: Meditations on the Revolution of the
Empire, Holy Bible, Religion Within the Reach of All,
Lives of the Presidents of the United States, Jose
Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, History
of the French Revolution, Law (international law,
civil code, penal code) and Medical books
• Boosted to Espiridiona Bonifacio, his sister, that he
had finished another course after closing a book
• Works: Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love of
Fatherland), Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Mga Tagalog
(What the Filipinos Should Know) and Tapunan ng
Lingap (Care a Little)
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Philippine Heroes
Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan
(KKK)
• Macario Sakay and Aurelio Tolentino
• Organizers of the Play Bernardo Carpio
• Friends of Andres Bonifacio who helped him
organized the Katipunan
• Emilio Jacinto
• Supported Bonifacio and regarded as the
brains of the Katipunan by his intellectual
prowess
• Works
• Kartilya ng Katipunan
• The primer of the Katipunan which
embodied the teachings of the
organization
• Kalayaan
• Katipunan newspaper
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103

Philippine Heroes
• José Protasio Mercado Rizal y
Alonso Realonda
• Philippine National Hero
• Published
• Noli Me Tangere
• Berlin, Germany in 1887
• El Filibusterismo
• Ghent, Belgium in 1891
• Novels stirred the Patriotism of
the Filipinos
• Was arrested and later persecuted
by Firing Squad in Bagumbayan,
Manila on December 30, 1896
• Execution signaled bloody
revolution against Spain
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104

The Philippine Revolution
• Teodoro Patiño
• Worker in Diario de Manila
• Told his sister in nunnery about the
Katipunan and later to Fr. Mariano Gil
led to discovery of the secret society
• Many Katipuneros were arrested,
tortured and killed because of him
• Andres Bonifacio
• Called all the leaders of the Council of
Katipunan to gather in Pugadlawin
Balintawak
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105

The Philippine Revolution
• The Cry of Balintawak
• Sigaw sa Pugadlawin
• August 23, 1896
• Bonifacio and Katipuneros gathered in
Pugadlawin and tore their Cedula which
symbolized their colonial oppression and
declared the beginning of the Philippine
Revolution
• Governor General Ramon Blanco
• Declared Martial Law on eight
provinces on August 30, 1896
• Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga,
Manila, Laguna, Cavite and Batangas
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106

Philippine Heroes
• Melchora Aquino de Ramos
• Known as Tandang Sora
• Mother of Katipunan under Andres
Bonifacio
• Grand Woman of Revolution
• Mother of Balintawak
• Aided ailing Katipuneros during the
revolution
• Provided Food and Shelter for other
Katipuneros
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107

Tejeros Convention
• Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
• Was called to settle the two councils of
Katipunan that were in conflict
• Magdalo faction under Baldomero Aguinaldo
• Magdiwang faction under Mariano Alvarez
• Tejeros Convention
• Chaired by Andres Bonifacio to settle the
dispute but ended up with an Election to
establish a Philippine Revolutionary
Government
• Result of Election
• Emilio Aguinaldo (President)
• Mariano Trías (Vice-President)
• Artemio Ricarte (Captain-General)
• Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of War)
• Andrés Bonifacio (Director of the Interior)
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108

Tejeros Convention
• Daniel Tirona
• Director of War of the Magdalo Faction
• First seen loudly welcoming the Supremo in the arrival
parade in Cavite which displeased the Magdalo Faction
• Made some gossips regarding the Supremo making the
Supremo point a gun on him in San Francisco de Malabon
• Insulted Andres Bonifacio in Tejeros Convention making
remarks that Director of the Interior should be given to a
Lawyer suggesting Atty. Jose del Rosario instead to an
uneducated person like Andres Bonifacio which naturally
insulted the Supremo and pointed his gun to Tirona for
the second time but held by Artemio Ricarte enabling
Tirona flee the assembly
• Cowardly asked for amnesty from the Spaniards in Tanza
in the downfall of Cavite
• Became a corrupt Military Governor in Cagayan during
Filipino-American War
• Cowardly kneeled and surrendered to the Americans in
the downfall of Cagayan while being cursed by the
residents
• Instead of shooting General Tirona (which is too premature
for a coward General), the American who is just Captain in
rank, made a slave out of Tirona, making him clean his
shoes and office and prepare his meal
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Tejeros Convention
• General Emilio Aguinaldo
• Ordered the arrest and death of Bonifacio because the latter
came up with the Naic Military Agreement (New Katipunan)
which organized Independent Government which is separate
from Acta de Tejeros
• Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
• Was captured in Limbon, Indang, Cavite along with his wife
Gregoria de Jesus, his brother Procopio and led to the death of
his brother Ciriaco
• Tried in Naic Military Tribunal led by General Mariano Noriel and
mockly defended by Atty. Placido Martinez
• Started on April 29, 1897, was transferred to the house of Teodorico Reyes
in Maragondon Cavite on May 4, 1897 but actualized on May 5, 1897 and
ended on May 6, 1897 with the verdict of Death
• Verdict of death was initially withheld by Aguinaldo suggesting exile only
but eventually restored to Death
• Mariano Noriel then asked Emilio Aguinaldo to investigate the alleged rape
of Gregoria de Jesus but Emilio Aguinaldo never did
• Mariano Noriel was also tried and executed during American Occupation by
the Americans in Bilibid Maynila
• Was executed on May 10, 1897 in Mt. Buntis, and was buried in
Mt. Nagpatong, Maragondon Cavite (On the way to Mt. Tala, the
supposed place of execution) executed by Major Lazaro
Macapagal and was buried by Katipuneros Guillermo Masangkay
and Jose Zulueta
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Tejeros Convention
• Gregoria de Jesus
• Nickname: Oriang/ Oryang
• Katipunan Code Name: Lakambini meaning First Lady
• Second wife of the widower Andres Bonifacio whose first wife
was a leper
• Sought the help of Gobernadorcillo and married Andres Bonifacio
on March 1893 in Binondo Church
• Had been attempted rape by Col. Agapito “Yntong” Bonzon
(Leader of the Arresting Squad of Emilio Aguinaldo) in Limbon
Indang Cavite during the arrest but Andres Bonifacio pleaded
with Tomas Mascardo who mercifully intervened
• Was forced again by Col. Agapito “Yntong” Bonzon into an empty
house in Indang on the way to Naic Cavite but this was averted
when the other officers objected
• What happened next was not mentioned or was intentionally deleted
from the records of Revolutionary Government of Emilio Aguinaldo
• Transcript of Bonifacio’s Trial remains she was raped
• Gregoria de Jesus never mentioned the event for the rest of her life
• Col. Agapito “Yntong” Bonzon was never been punished for his
crime whether it was rape or attempted rape
• Upon being widowed by Andres Bonifacio, Gregoria de Jesus
married Julio Nakpil, a Musician turned into Revolution General
and gifted her with eight children
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Spaniards – American War in the Philippines
• U.S.S. Maine
• Mysteriously sunk in the waters of
Havana Cuba in February 18, 1898
• Sinking became Immediate cause of
Spaniards – American War
• Admiral George Dewey
• Took over the Philippines with his
naval flagship U.S.S. Olympia
• Battle of Manila Bay
• Cost 8 casualties for US
• 500 casualties for Spain
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Philippine Heroes
• General Emilio Aguinaldo
• Inducted in Katipunan in 1892
• Katipunan Code Name: Magdalo
• Led the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan
• Agreed to be exiled in Hong Kong on
December 27, 1897 in exchange for Mexican
$ 400,000 from Spanish Government along
with 25 leader of Philippine Revolution
against Spain
• Fought successfully against the Spanish
government with the help of the American
• Resisted the American occupation in 1899
• Took allegiance in Malacanang to Philippine
provisional government under American
occupation
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113

Philippine Presidents
• General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo
• 1st Philippine President
• 1st President of the 1st Republic
• Party: Magdalo
• Term of Office: March 22, 1897 – April 1, 1901
• Nickname: Miong
• Born: March 22, 1869
• Birthplace: Kawit, Cavite
• Religious affiliation: Catholic
• School Attended: Colegio de San Juan de Letran
• Occupation(s): Soldier, Manager, Teacher
• Died: February 6, 1964
• Death: Died of coronary thrombosis
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114

Philippine Heroes
• Apolinario Maranan Mabini
• Brain of the Philippine Revolution
• Sublime Paralytic/ Polio
• School attended: UST Law School
• Occupation: Latin Professor in San
Juan de Letran
• Adviser to President General Emilio
Aguinaldo
• Proposed the first constitution of the
Philippine Republic
• Upon being dismissed by congress and
was asked to resign by the President,
exposed Emilio Aguinaldo's murder of
Supremo Andres Bonifacio and General
Antonio Luna
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115

Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain
• June 12, 1898
• Waving of the Philippine Flag as
symbolic display of Independence
from Spain held in the balcony of
the mansion of President Emilio
Aguinaldo in Kawit Cavite
• Philippine Flag
• Unfurled for the first time
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116

• Marcha Nacional Filipina
• Composed by Maestro Julian Felipe
• Became the now known Philippine
National Anthem
• General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo
• Called for a meeting in Bacoor Cavite
on August 1, 1898
• Signed the Act of Proclamation of
Independence drafted by Apolinario
Mabini and was ratified in the Malolos
Congress
• August 1, 1898 was the actual date of
Philippine Independence and not June 12,
1898 which just a mere symbolic waving
of the Philippine Flag as to show
Independence
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• Treaty in Paris
• December 10, 1898
• USA paid US$ 20,000,000 to the Spanish
government for the Philippine Islands
• Not even one Filipino Delegate in the Most
Serious Decision regarding Philippines
• Mock Battle in Manila Bay
• Gave a dignified retreat of Spain from
Philippines
• Few Casualties on both America and Spain
designed by the top Generals of both camps
as an Actual Ending to the Spanish –
American War
• Formal Ending happed already in Treaty of
Paris
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118

Philippine – American War
• The Malolos Republic
• First Philippine Republic
signed in Barasoin Parish,
Malolos, Bulacan
• Never took effect because
of the Philippine –
American War
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• Pvt. William Grayson
• Took the first shoot that begin the
• Col. Felix Anastacio
• Battalion: San Mateo
• Was shot dead in the skirmish
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Philippine Heroes
• General Antonio Luna
• General under President General
Emilio Aguinaldo
• The Greatest General of the Revolution
• Younger brother of Juan Luna y Novicio
the famous painter and Agitator in
Barcelona
• Published La Independencia
• In conflict with General Thomas
Mascardo
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121

American Military Government in the Philippines
• Achievements of the American
Military Government
• The pacification of the war-ravaged
country
• Laying down of the foundation of
American Rule
• Establishment of Civil Courts and
Supreme Court as Cayetano Arellano
as the 1st Supreme Justice
• Local Government were stablished in
provinces and towns
• Opening of Public Schools with
American Soldiers as first teachers
• Holding the first municipal election in
Baliwag, Bulacan on May 7, 1899
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122

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123
• Schurman Commission
• First Philippine Commission
Recommended the following:
• Establishment of a territorial form of
government with a legislature of two
houses
• Lower house to be elective
• Upper house to be half elective and half
appointive
• Withdrawal of military rule in pacified
areas.
• Organization of an autonomous local
government
• Opening of free elementary schools
• Appointment of Filipinos of high ability
and good character to important
government offices

• Taft Commission (1900)
• Second Philippine Commission
• Sent by US President William
McKinley in preparation for the
establishment of the Civil Government
to replace the Military Government
• Magna Carta of the Philippines
• Embodied basic democratic principles
underlying the American Policy
• William Howard Taft (1901)
• First Civilian US Governor General of the
Philippines, replacing Military Governor
General Arthur MacArthur
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• Frank Murphy
• Assigned by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt
• Stressed Democracy
• Promotion of human welfare and happiness
• Humanized penal code
• Helped the Filipinos in their campaign for
independence
• Filipinos are given greater participation in the
government
• The local government was completely
controlled by Filipinos
• Municipal and provincial executives were
elected by qualified voters
• Emancipation of women (Equal with men)
• Introduced free trade with America
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125

Philippine Heroes
• General Gregorio del Pilar
• Nickname: Goyong
• Commander of Last Army of President
General Emilio Aguinaldo
• Enabled Emilio Aguinaldo’s escape the
Americans
• The Battle of Tirad Pass
• Grand battle between America and
Philippines led by General Gregorio
del Pilar on December 2, 1899
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126

Philippine Commonwealth Era
• Commonwealth Era
• Philippine Government during World
War II
• Period of exile of president Manuel L.
Quezon to America
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127

• Manuel Luis Molina Quezon
• 2nd Philippine President
• 1st President of the Philippine
Commonwealth
• Party: Nacionalista
• Term of office: August 29, 1916 – November
15, 1935
• Born: August 19, 1878
• Birthplace: Baler, Aurora
• School Attended: Colegio de San Juan de
Letran, University of Santo Tomas
• Occupation: Clerk, Surveyor, Lawyer (Fiscal),
Councilor, Governor, Soldier
• Died: August 1, 1944
• Death: Died of Tuberculosis
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128

• President Manuel L. Quezon
• Father of Social Justice
• Established National Defense
• Minimum Wage Law
• Eight-hour labor
• Free elementary and secondary
education
• Initiated Women Suffrage
• Promoted Tagalog as National
Language
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129

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
• General Masaharu Homma
• Commander-in Chief of the Japanese Imperial
Forces
• December 8, 1941 (World War II)
• Japanese invaded Philippines 10 Hours after attack
on Pearl Harbor (US Naval Base in Hawaii)
• Controlled major junctions of Philippines for 3 years
and Five months
• Was executed by Firing squad in Manila
• Declared Martial Law on January 3, 1942
• Freedom of Speech and Press were suppressed
• Death March
• April 10, 1942 (Fall of Bataan)
• 86,000 Filipinos and Americans
• From Mariveles Bataan to San Fernando Pampanga
• 63 Miles/ 101.3 Km
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130

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
• HukBaLaHap
• Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon
• Guerilla against the Japanese Forces led by Luis
Taruc and other farmers from Pampanga
• General Arthur MacArthur
• Retreated to Bataan and Corregidor and escaped
on March 11, 1942 for Australia but said “I shall
return.”
• Bataan and Corregidor are the Last Tactical
Defense Portals of the Philippines against any
Naval Invaders
• Gave rise to the phrase “Huwag isuko ang
Bataan”
• Returned to the Philippines on October 20, 1944
and landed on Palo, Leyte
• Well supplied with men, vessels, arms and
information
• Resisted every tactics of General Yamashita
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131

• Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel
• 3rd Philippine President
• 1st President of the 2nd Republic (Puppet
Government of Japan)
• Party: KALIBAPI
• Term of office: October 14, 1943 – August
17, 1945
• Birthplace: Tanauan City, Batangas
• School attended: University of the
Philippines College of Law, University of
Santo Tomas and Yale University (USA)
• Occupation: Messenger, Clerk, Lawyer
• Died: November 6, 1959
• Death: Died of massive heart attack and
stroke
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132

• Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel
• President Manuel Quezon
• Instructed him to stay in Manila during
World War II to soften the Japanese blow
• Declared Martial Law on September 21,
1944 upon pressures from Japan against US
• Defended Filipino interest
• Imprisoned in Japan during the return of
the American Forces headed by General
Douglas Macarthur
• Returned to the Philippines to face charges
of treason
• Cases were dropped when President Roxas
issued an amnesty proclamation
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133

• Sergio Suico Osmeña
• 4th Philippine President
• 2nd President of the 2nd Republic
• Term of office: August 1, 1944 – May 28,
1946
• Born: September 9, 1878
• Birthplace: Cebu City
• School attended: University of San Carlos,
Colegio de San Juan de Letran, University of
Santo Tomas
• Occupation: Courier, Journalist, Lawyer
• Died: October 19, 1961
• Death: Died of liver failure and breast cancer
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134

• Manuel Acuña Roxas
• 1st President of the 3rd Republic (Decolonized
– True Republic)
• Party: Liberal
• Term of office: May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948
• Born: January 1, 1892
• Birthplace: Capiz
• School attended: Saint Joseph’s Academy
(Hong Kong), Manila High School (Araullo High
School), University of Manila, University of
the Philippines College of law
• Occupation: Lawyer
• Died: April 15, 1948
• Death: Died of myocardial infarction
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135

• Elpidio Rivera Quirino
• 2nd President of the 3rd Republic
• Party: Liberal
• Term of office: April 17, 1948 –
December 30, 1953
• Born: November 16, 1890
• Birthplace: Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Philippines College of Law
• Occupation: Lawyer
• Died: February 29, 1956
• Death: Died of heart attack
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136

• Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay
• 3rd President of the 3rd Republic
• Term of office: December 30, 1953 – March
17, 1957
• Nickname: Mambo
• Born: August 31, 1907
• Birthplace: Iba, Zambales
Philippines, Jose Rizal University
• Occupation: Engineer, Chauffer, Mechanic,
Soldier
• Died: March 17, 1957
• Death: Died of plane crash
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137

• Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay
• Influenced the Congress to pass the
Agricultural Tenancy Act and Retail
Trade Nationalization Act
• Secured revisions in the Bell Trade
Act
• Revise the US Military Bases
agreement to bring it more in line
with Philippine interests
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138

• Carlos Polestico Garcia
• 4th President of the 3rd Republic
• Term of office: March 17, 1957 – December 30,
1961
• Born: November 4, 1896
• Birthplace: Talibon, Bohol
• School attended: Silliman University, Philippine
College of Criminology
• Occupation: Lawyer, Teacher, Poet, Public
official, Guerilla leader
• Died: June 14, 1971
• Death: Died from a fatal heart attack
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139

• Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
• 5th President of the 3rd Republic
• Party: Liberal
• Term of office: December 30, 1961 –
December 30, 1965
• Birthplace: Lubao, Pampanga
Philippines, University of Santo Tomas, and
Philippine Law School
• Occupation: Lawyer, Professor, Accountant
• Died: April 21, 1997
• Death: Died of heart failure, pneumonia and
renal complications
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140

• Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
• Influenced the Congress to pass the
Agricultural Land Reform Code
• Moved the Independence Day from
July 4 to June 12, the date when
General Aguinaldo proclaimed
Philippine Independence in Cavite
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141

• Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos
• 1st president of the 4th Republic
• Party: Nacionalista/ KBL
• Term of office: December 30, 1965 – February
25, 1986
• Nickname: Makoy
• Birthplace: Sarrat, Ilocos Norte
• School attended: University of the Philippines
College of Law
• Occupation: Lawyer, Soldier
• Died: September 28, 1989
• Death: Died of heart, kidney and lung ailments
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142

Martial Law
• Terms of President Marcos:
• 1st Term – December 30, 1965
• 2nd Term – December 30, 1969
• Extended 2nd Term by Martial Law
• Martial Law
• Article VII, Section 10, Paragraph 2 of the
1935 Commonwealth Constitution
• Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21,
1972
• State under direct dictatorial control of the
President and Commander-in-chief of AFP
• Was lifted on January 17, 1981 by
Proclamation No. 2045 for the coming of Pope
John Paul II
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143

Martial Law
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144
• Senator Benigno S. Aquino
• Assassinated in Manila International
Airport (Now Ninoy Aquino
International Airport) on August 21,
1983
• 1986 Snap Election
• Mandate of Marcos as he resigned by
pressure of US President Ronald
Reagan
• Both Marcos and Cory Aquino declared
themselves winners

Martial Law
• Jaime Cardinal Sin
• Called by Juan Ponce Enrile and Fidel
Ramos in fear of supposed arrest orders
from Marcos who defected to the Camp
of Cory Aquino
• Called support from people through
Radio Veritas for Cory Aquino
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145

EDSA Revolution I
• People Power I
• Thousands of People marched to Efifanio delos
Santos Avenue in support to Cory Aquino
• Corazon Cojuanco Aquino
• Proclaimed and installed to presidency by Chief
Justice Claudio M. Teehankee on February 25,
1986
• Former President Ferdinand Marcos
• Ended up in exile to Hawaii and died
• Interred inside a refrigerated crypt in Ilocos Norte
and eventually buried in Libingan ng mga Bayani
but with no State Funeral
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146

• Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco-
Aquino
• 1st President of the 5th Republic
• Party: PDP-LABAN / UNIDO
• Term of office: February 25, 1986 – June 30,
1992
• Nickname: Cory
• Born: January 25, 1933
• Birthplace: Panique, Tarlac
• School attended: College of Saint Mount
Vincent
• Died: August 1, 2009
• Death: Died of colorectal cancer
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147

• Fidel Valdez Ramos
• 2nd President of the 5th Republic
• Party: Lakas
• Term of office: June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
• Nickname: Eddie
• Birthplace: Lingayen, Pangasinan
• School attended: MAPUA Institute of
Technology, US Military Academy, Ateneo De
Manila University, Silliman University,
National Defense College of the Philippines,
University of Illinois in Urbana
• Occupation: Soldier, Civil Engineer
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148

• Fidel Valdez Ramos
• Integrated the national economy in the
global scheme
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149

• Jose Marcelo Ejercito
• 3rd President of the 5th Republic
• Party: LAMP
• Term of office: June 30, 1998 – January 20,
2001
• Nickname: Erap
• Born: April 19, 1937
• Birthplace: Tondo, Manila
• School attended: Ateneo De Manila
University, MAPUA Institute of Technology
• Occupation: Actor, Businessman, Politician
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150

• Jose Marcelo Ejercito
• Erap
• Death Penalty
• Balikatan
• Impeachment
• Plunder
• Perjury
• Ousted from power as a peaceful
Peoples Power II revolution arose and
called for his resignation
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151

• Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
• 4th President of the 5th Republic
• Party: Lakas/ Kampi
• Term of office: January 20, 2001 –
June 30, 2010
• Born: April 5, 1947
• Birthplace: San Juan, Rizal
• School attended: Georgetown
University (USA), Assumption College,
Ateneo De Manila University and
University of the Philippines
• Occupation: Economist, Professor
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152

• Oakwood Mutiny
• July 27, 2003
• Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now
Ascott Makati)
• Bagong Katipunero (Magdalo)
• Capt. Gerardo Gambala
• Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV
• Manila Peninsula Rebellion
• November 29, 2007
• Manila Peninsula Hotel
• Teofisto Guingona, Jr
• Antonio Trillanes IV
• Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim
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153

• Estrada Pardon
• October 25, 2007
• Executive Clemency
• Martial Law in Maguindanao
• Proclamation 1959
• December 5, 2009
• Maguindanao
• Hello Garci Controversy
• June 2005
• Congresswoman
• May 2010
• Arrested
• November 18, 2011
• Acquitted and Released
• July 19, 2016
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154

• Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino
III
• Party: Liberal
• Term of office: June 30, 2010 to June
30, 2016
• Nickname: Noynoy
• Born: February 8, 1960
• Birthplace: Manila, Philippines
• School attended: Ateneo de Manila
University
• Occupation: Politician
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155

• Benigno Simeon Cojuanco Aquino
III
• Won Presidency in 2010, a year after
the death of Cory Aquino
• Confronted with SAF 44 downfall
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156

• Rodrigo Roa Duterte
• Party: PDP-Laban
• Term of office: June 30, 2016 to June 30, 2022
• Nickname: Rody
• Birthplace: Manila, Philippines
• School attended: Lyceum of the Philippines
University in Manila and San Beda College of
Law
• Occupation: Lawyer and Politician
• Declared Martial Law in Mindanao
(Proclamation No. 216) on May 23, 2017
• Confronted with International critic on
Extrajudicial Killings and COVID-19
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157

Consumatum Est
• It
• Is
• Finished!
2/14/2021 6:18:54 PM 158

10-159
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Published in the Republic of
the Philippines.
2/14/2021 6:18:54 PM

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