Introduction to and History of Philosophy
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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Introduction to and History of Philosophy
- 1. Introduction to and History of 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 1
- 2. 1987 Philippine Constitution •Article XIV • Section 1 • Protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels • Section 3 • All educational institutions must develop in their students critical and creative thinking 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 2
- 3. Critical and Creative Thinking •Philosophical Dimension • Analytical • Synthetic • Process of inference 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 3
- 4. Philosophy? 07/14/17 4 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 5. Philosophy by Analogy • Candlelight in a dark room • World • Dark room • Student • Blind • Cannot see things clearly 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 5
- 6. Philosophy by Analogy • Candlelight in a dark room • Teacher • Bearer of light • Must show the way by guiding students • making sound judgment and wise decisions • Ordering priorities • Knowing things that are worth learning 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 6
- 7. Etymology • Philos + Sophia • Love • Wisdom • Practical knowledge • Love for Wisdom • Philosophy • Not a subject • Act (action like P.E. but mental) • Act of Philosophizing • Catching oneself with a serious question that affects one’s life • Act of intellectual quest that transcends the limits of the science • Endless search for meaning, ultimate reason, cause, principle and absolute truth • Weltanschauung (German) World view of person 07/14/17 7 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 8. Etymology • Pythagoras • 580 B.C. – 497 B.C. • Coined the term Philos and Sophia • Mathematician • Called himself as Lover of Wisdom instead of Wise Man which is commonly used in Greece 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 8
- 9. Branches of Philosophy • Practical Philosophy/ Logic • Reasoning and Argumentation • Critical Philosophy/ Epistemology • Concept of Knowledge • Speculative Philosophy/ Metaphysics • Fundamental questions of Reality • Normative Philosophy/ Ethics • Human Values • Aesthetics • Beauty and Art 07/14/17 9 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 10. Areas of Philosophy • Philosophy of the Human Person • Continental Philosophy • Oriental Philosophy • Western Philosophy • Social Philosophy • Philosophy of Language • Philosophy of Religion • Philosophy of Education • Political Philosophy • Filipino Philosophy 07/14/17 10 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 11. 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 11
- 12. Significance of Philosophy •Philosophy • Provides solutions to the problems that concern people of today. • Religion • Politics • Education • Language • Arts • Economy • Morality 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 12
- 13. Philosophical Timeline • Ancient • What is the basic stuff of the universe? • Medieval • Does God exist? • Modern • What is the meaning and the purpose of the Human Person? • Contemporary • What is? 07/14/17 13 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 14. Ancient Philosophers • COSMOCENTRIC • 600 B.C. – 600 A.D. • Thales of Miletus (624 B.C. – c. 546 B.C.) – Water • Anaximander (610 B.C. – 546 B.C.) - Apeiron • Heraclitus (574 B.C. – 540 B.C.) – Logos (change) • Anaximenes (585 B.C. – 525 B.C.) – Air • Anaxagoras (500 B.C. – 428 B.C.) – Fire (change) • Parmenides (515 B.C. – 485 B.C.) – Change is unreal; universe has no beginning and no end 07/14/17 14 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 15. Great Philosophers • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle 07/14/17 15 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 16. Socrates • Socrates • 469 BC – 399 BC • Father was a Stonemason and mother was a midwife • Has an ugly physical appearance but claimed to have inner beauty of the soul • Classical Greek Athenian Philosopher • Maxim: “An unexamined life is not worth living. Know thyself” • Roamed and taught in Agora • Uses Socratic Method • Dialectic/ Question and Answer Method • Teacher of Plato • Prosecuted by Meletus from the accusation of Anytus • Impiety • Corrupting the minds of the minor • Was made to drink the chalice of Hemlock • Ethics • To know the good is to do good • Father of Moral Philosophy (Ethics) 07/14/17 16 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 17. Activity • Topic • Who am I? • Situation • As a Human Person • Instruction • Discussion • Essay (15 Points) • Three paragraphs • Minimum of five sentences each • Maxim • An unexamined life in not worth living. Know thyself. - Socrates 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 17
- 18. Activity • Topic • Who am I?: Examining Life • Situation • As a Human Person • Instruction • Discussion • Essay (30 Points) • Six paragraphs • Minimum of five sentences each • Questions • Am I my name? • Am I my body? • Am I my status? • Am I my religion? • Am I my dress? • Am I what you think I am? 07/14/17 18 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 19. Activity • Topic • Who am I?: Knowing Self • Situation • As a Human Person • Instruction • Discussion • Essay (20 Points) • Four paragraphs • Minimum of five sentences each • Questions • Who am I to myself? • Who am I to my parents? • Who am I to my classmates? • The warrior is a child • Who am I to God? • Story of the wemmicks • Search for Self ultimately ends with the Absolute 07/14/17 19 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 20. !Plato • Plato (Aristocles) • 427 BC — 347 BC • Relative of Solon, Lawgiver • Student of Socrates • Mathematician and Poet • Founded Academia • From Greek hero Academus • Lasted almost 900 years until closed by Emperor Justinian in 529 A.D. • Teacher of Aristotle • World of Forms • Unchanging • Human Person • Rational, Spirited and Appetitive • Soul • Intellect, Will and Emotion • Virtues can be taught • Prudence/ Wisdom , Fortitude, Temperance and Justice • Ethics • To know the good is to do good 07/14/17 20 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 21. Plato •Works: • Symposium • Genesis • The Republic • Ideal Society • Phaedrus • Platonic Love • Allegory of the Cave • Imprisonment in Ignorance 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 21
- 22. Plato • Kinds of Good • Essential • Satisfies the need of the human person e.g. food, shelter et al • Accidental • Satisfies the wants of the human person e.g. money, cars, et al • Real • Intrinsic value e.g. Persons and Relationship • Apparent • Evil which is subjectively viewed as good e.g. drinking, smoking, drugs, et al • Perfective • Integral growth and development of the human person e.g. education, sports, medicines, et al • Non-perfective • External appearance of the human person e.g. title, dress, et al 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 22
- 23. !Aristotle • Aristotle • 384 BC – 322 BC (Died in Chalcis at age 62) • Lived in Stagira, Thrace, Macedonia (Northern Greece) • Son of Nicomachus a Court Physician in Macedonia • Student (17 years old) of Plato (61 years old) • Learned and taught in Academia (20 years) • Teacher of Alexander the Great and Ptolemy • The Father of Logic • Organon (Greek) Instrument • Founded Lyceum, a Peripatetic School of Philosophy • Nicomachean Ethics • Happiness is the goal of life not as means • Not just an emotion but a state of being • Attainable by habitual virtue • Kind of Habit • Mental Activity e.g. Contemplation • Practical Action e.g. Courage • Golden Mean • Principle of Moderation 07/14/17 23 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 24. Golden Mean of Aristotle Vice of Deficiency Virtuous Mean Vice of Excess Cowardice Courage Rashness Want of Ambition Right Ambition Over-ambition Ironical Depreciation Sincerity Boastfulness Boorishness Wittiness Buffoonery Humble-mindedness High-mindedness Vaingloriness Spiritlessness Good Temper Irascibility Insensibility Temperance Intemperance Illiberality Liberality Prodigality Pettiness Munificence Vulgarity Surliness Friendly Civility Obsequiousness Shamelessness Modesty Bashfulness Callousness Just Resentment Spitefulness 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 24
- 25. Aristotle • Books • Physics • Poetry • Music • Politics • Biology • Zoology • Categories • Elements of Empedocles • Causality • Material • Formal • Efficient • Final • World of Matter • Senses 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 25
- 26. Aristotle • Treatises • Nicomachean Ethics • Eudemian Ethics • Magna Moralia • Great Ethics 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 26
- 27. Medieval Philosophers • THEOCENTRIC • 600AD - 1600AD • St. Augustine of Hippo • Boethius • Peter Abelard • St. Anselm of Canterbury • St. Bonaventure • St. Thomas Aquinas • John Duns Scotus • William of Ockham 07/14/17 27 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 28. !Modern Philosophers • ANTHROPOCENTRIC • 1600AD - 1900AD • David Hume • Sense Impression • Moral Sense Theory • Sympathy • Rene Descartes • Reason • Immanuel Kant • Categorical Imperative • Unconditional Goodness • George Hegel • Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis 07/14/17 28 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 29. Contemporary Philosophers • HOLISTIC • 1900AD - Present • Michel Foucault • Jurgen Habermas • Jacques Derrida • Martin Heidegger • Karl Popper • Bertrand Russell • Jean-Paul Sartre • Peter Singer • Alfred North Whitehead • Ludwig Wittgenstein • Jean Paul Sartre • Gottlob Frege • Jean Francois Lyotard • Karl Marx 07/14/17 29 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 30. Three methods in earning wisdom • Confucius • Imitation • Easiest • Experience • Most Bitter • Reflection • Most noble 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 30
- 31. 3 Levels of Inquiry • Common Sense • Scientific • Philosophical 07/14/17 31 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 32. Philosophizing • Steps in Philosophizing • Wonder • Starting point of Philosophy • Doubt • Not believing what is already presented • Limit Situations • Man is bound to here and now • Metaphysical Uneasiness • Knowing beyond physical attributes • Philosophical Questions • Human Person’s deepest quest for Answers • Philosophy does not grant that we arrive to the Answer per se, but it guarantees that it will lead us to the path going there 07/14/17 32 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
- 33. Philosophical Questions • Epistemology • What is reality? • What is knowledge? • How do we know that we know? • Metaphysics • Who am I? • Does God exist? • Ethics • Is good and evil limited to humanity? • Where does life begin? 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr. 33
- 34. 34 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published in the Republic of the Philippines. 07/14/17 Introduction to and History of Philosophy Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.