Morphological characters & marketed formulations of herbal plants
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Pharmacognosy Final year B.Pharm 2021-22 YTIP University of Mumbai Some morphological character and their marketed products of herbal plants are discussed here.
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Morphological characters & marketed formulations of herbal plants
- 1. Morphological characters & marketed formulations of herbal plants . Pharmacognosy Lab Sem VII 2021 Submitted to – Prof. Dr. Babita More Department of Pharmacognosy Yadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute of Pharmacy Prepared by – Rohan R. Jagdale rohanjagdale235@gmail.com
- 2. Contents Arjuna Vasaka Brahmi Fenugreek Garlic Guggul Asafoetida Pepper Ergot Mint Jatamansi Lemon grass Digitalis Vinca Aloe vera Vidanga Myrobalan Dill Cumin
- 4. Arjuna Morphology The arjuna grows to about 20–25 meters tall; usually has a buttressed trunk, and forms a wide canopy at the crown, from which branches drop downwards. Morphological characteristics : Its bark is thick, grey to pinkish green, smooth, thin, coming off in irregular sheets. Leaves are usually sub-opposite, 10– 15 cm long, and 4–7 cm broad; base is rounded or heart shaped, often unequal sided; veins are reticulate. Parts used: Stem-bark Family: Combretaceae
- 7. Vasaka Morphology Morphological features : 1. Colour - green 2. Apprearence - leaves are simple, petiolate,broad glabrous,mostly elliptic lanceolate to ovatelanceloate. 3. Extra features - ventral one is slightly place 8-12 pairs of bilateral veins which r reticulate.
- 10. Brahmi Morphology ▪Color: green ▪Taste: bitter ▪ Size: leaves are about 2cm. ▪ Shape: leaves: flachy, obovate, alternate, simple, entire, with broad apex, sessile & lower surface is dotted. ▪Flower: solitary, stalked, corola bluish white in color, & about 1 cm in size. 1 of the 5 sepels is larger then others. Arise in axes of the leaves in April-June. Capsule are Ovoid. ▪Seed: minute & numerious
- 13. Fenugreek Morphology Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant that stands around 2–3 feet (60–90 cm) tall. It has green leaves, small white flowers, and pods that contain small, golden-brown seeds . It is taprooted. Its stems are erect, up to 50 cm high, sometimes branched. The leaves are alternate, compound, trifoliolate, 7-12 cm long, light green in colour.
- 16. Garlic Morphology They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. The distinctive aroma is mainly due to organosulfur compounds including allicin present in fresh garlic cloves and ajoene which forms when they are crushed or chopped. The bulb is covered with membranous skin and encloses up to 20 edible bulblets called cloves. The spherical flower cluster is initially enclosed in a pair of papery tapered bracts; the bracts split open when the green-white or pinkish flowers bloom.
- 19. Guggul Morphology Commiphora is a slow growing, highly branched, spiny shrub or a small tree with crooked and knotty branches ending in sharp spines.The stem is covered with silvery white, papery bark that peels off as flakes from the older parts of the stem, whereas, the younger branches are pubescent and glandular. Part used: Oleo-gum resin
- 22. Asafoetida Morphology Asafoetida occurs as a soft solid mass or irregular lumps or ‘tears’, sometimes almost semiliquid.Tears are rounded or flattened and about 5–30 mm in diameter, grayish-white or dull yellow or reddish brown in colour . Asafoetida mass is mixed with fruits, fragments of root, sand and other impurities. Asafoetida has a strong garlic-like (alliaceous) odour and a bitter, acrid and alliaceous taste. When triturated with water, it makes a milky emulsion. It should not have more than 50% of matter insoluble in alcohol (90%) and not more than 15% of ash.
- 24. PEPPER Long Pepper (Piper longum ) Black pepper ( Piper nigrum)
- 25. Morphology MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES: Height may reach upto 10m by using its aerial roots. Each slender spike having 40-50 blossoms of the small flowers. Their appearance changes to yellowish-red upon maturity, at that time, it bears a single seed It is having drupe fruit which is called peppercorn having diameter equal to 5mm. (0.2 inch)
- 27. ERGOT Claviceps
- 28. Ergot Morphology It is about 1-4 cm long and 2-7mm broad in size. It have fusiform, slightly curved and subcylindrical, tapering at both ends shape. The outer surface of ergot is dark or violet – black in colour . The outer surface longitudinal furrows and sometimes small transverse cracks.
- 30. MINT Mentha
- 31. Mint Morphology Mints have square stems and opposite aromatic leaves. Many can spread vegetatively by stolons and can be aggressive in gardens. The small flowers are usually pale purple, pink, or white in colour and are arranged in clusters, either forming whorls or crowded together in a terminal spike.
- 34. Jatamansi Morphology The plant has several stems, that are 15–45 cm long. Leaves are of two types, radical and cauline. Radical leaves are cordate–ovate, 2.5–8 cm, toothed or sinuate, long stalked, while cauline leaves are few, small, entire or lobulate. Parts used: Dried roots and rhizome
- 35. Jatamansi
- 37. Lemon grass Morphology Lemon grass is a grass like plant with long slender foliage growing to about 2-3 feet tall. Leaves are grayish-green in color. Stems and leaves impart a strong lemon flavor when used in cooking. Because lemon grass is not winter hardy in colder climates, it is best grown as a container plant.
- 40. Digitalis Morphology Digitalis purpurea is an herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant.The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, 10–35 cm (3.9–13.8 in) long and 5–12 cm (2–5 in) broad, and are covered with gray-white pubescent and glandular hairs, imparting a woolly texture. Species: D. purpurea Family: Plantaginaceae
- 43. Vinca Morphology The colour of flowers are violet, pinkish white or carmine red. Roots are pale grey in colour. Vinca has characteristic odour and taste is bitter. Flowers are slaveform and 2-7cm broad with generally 5 petals joined together at the base to form a tubule. Vinca alkaloids are chemically indole alkaloids and are known to possess anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic roles
- 44. Vinca
- 46. Aloe vera Morphology Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60–100 centimetres (24–39 inches) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces. Each leaf contains a slimy tissue that stores water, and this makes the leaves thick.This water filled tissue is the “gel” that people associate with aloe vera products.
- 49. Morphology Embelia ribes is woody creeper shrub with brittle and flexible stem. It is medicinal plant also with terete branches also known as vai vidanga. Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate and sharp at both the ends. Length of leaves is 3 inch long and 1.5 inch broad.
- 52. Morphology Chebulic myrobalan is a large tree with umbrella- shaped crown and crowded branches, growing up to 25 m in height, with a bole girth of 2.5 m. Stem bark is dark brown. Leaves are sub-opposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, 8–20 cm long, and deciduous during cold season. Parts used: Dried immature fruits
- 55. Morphology Dill consists of the dried ripe fruits of Anethum graveolens Linn., belonging to family Umbelliferae. The plant has more than one stalk and its long, spindle-shaped root, growth is upright, its stems smooth, shiny and hollow and in mid summer it bears flat terminal umbels with numerous yellow flowers.
- 58. Morphology Cumin seeds have eight ridges with oil canals. They resemble caraway seeds, being oblong in shape, longitudinally ridged, and yellow-brown in colour, like other members of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) such as caraway, parsley, and dill. Family: Apiaceae Species:C. cyminum
- 60. References http://www.pharmacy180.com/article/arjuna-317/ https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/beautiful-purple- digitalis-foxglove-flowers-spring-676014142 https://www.slideshare.net/aksharpreetpharmacy/brahmi-79124023 http://www.pharmacy180.com/article/asafoetida-264/ Wikipedia Google search images
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