4. Lesson 1
Note: Learn all the Key Vocabulary, words with meanings.
Electricity : Is the flow of electrons through a conductor.
Good conductors : Allow electricity to flow. E.g. metals like copper.
Bad conductors: Do not allow electricity to flow. E.g. plastic or wood.
Electronics: Control the electrical circuits.
Example:
In a microwave, electricity provides the power and electronic components control
the electrical circuit for cooking.
5. Electric circuit : Group of electronic components connected by
conductors for current flow.
Voltage
source
(Battery)
Conductive
Path (Wires)
Load
(Bulb)
It causes the
current to flow
through circuit.
Consumes electric
power.
Through which current flows.
6. Signal
For receiving and sending information
• Analog Signal
This signal has infinite an number of values.
Stored in continuous form between
minimum and maximum value.
Examples
• Brightness of sun
• Room temperature
• Speaker
• Mixing colors
• Old radio
• Old photograph
• Digital Signal
These signals have a finite set of possible values.
(0V or 5V)
Stored in coded form (0,1) (min., max. )
Examples
• Light switch in class room.
• Power button of phone.
• Game controller buttons
• Calculator screen
• Digital camera
• Digital music player
7. Ohm’s Law
• Voltage is the
difference in charge
between two points.
• Measured in Volts(V).
• Resistance is a
material’s tendency to
resist the flow of
charge (current).
• Measured in Ohms(Ω).
• Current is the rate at
which charge is
flowing.
• Measured in
Amperes(A).
Note: Learn to solve
problems using Ohms
Law to calculate
Voltage(V) OR
Current(A) OR
Resistance(R)
Calculation
8. Resistor: An electronic component used for electrical resistance in electric
circuit. Resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels or
divide voltages. Resistance value is measured by Ohm Ω
Tolerance: Is the maximum electrical or mechanical variations plus or
minus in the specifications tolerated without affecting the operations of
the device.
Resistance tolerance: Is how much the resistance of resistor may vary
from its stated value. Less tolerance leads to high accuracy value and
more tolerance leads less accuracy value.
Breadboard: A solderless board which is used to make temporary
circuits.
Multimeter: Is an electronic measuring instrument with many
measurement functions in one unit.
Continuity Test: A test using multimeter to check for conductivity of
materials and electrical connections are made or not.
Calculation
Note: Learn how to find the
value and tolerance of a
resistor using the colour code.
9. Embedded systems : It is a specialized computer system with a specific function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system.
Examples -
Air conditioner in car / seatbelt warning in car / garden watering system.
Microcontroller: An embedded system uses a controller to operate.
A microcontroller is the main control unit of any automatic system
or device. These systems has three units.
1. An input unit is for collecting signals and needed data.
Example Hot weather.
2. A control unit (Microcontroller) is for processing the received signals.
Example Controlling the temperature.
3. An output unit is sending out signals.
Example Cool down the car interior.
10. Lesson 4
Note: Learn all the Key Vocabulary, words with meanings.
Push button: Is a switch with 4 pins with 2 electrical connections.
Pin 1 & 2 are connected with each other.
Pin 3 & 4 are connected with each other.
Push button when pressed will switch to 2 states, open and close.
Open state (OFF or logic 0 state): In this state the push button is not
pressed and no current flows.
Close state (ON or logic 1 state): In this state the push button is
pressed and current flows.
11. Lesson 6
Note: Learn all the key vocabulary, words with meanings.
Analog signals:
They have infinite numbers to represent their value.
Arduino digitizes analog signals using 10 digits having 1024 levels.
The level value is between 0 to 1023.
Potentiometer:
This is a three-terminal variable resistor used for generating
an analog signal.
Calculation
Note: Learn how to calculate the
Level Value = voltage
X 1023
5
12. Lesson 7
Note: Learn all the Key Vocabulary, words with meanings.
PWM Signal: Pulse Width Modulation is a technique for
generating analog signals using digital means.
Duty Cycle (D):
The ratio between the ON time divided by the time period.
RBG LED: Consists of three LED’s: Red, Green, Blue
connected to one package to display different colors.
Calculation
Note: Learn how to calculate
the frequency f = 1 / T hertz.
13. Electronic
Component
Schematic Symbol
Note: Learn all the electronic component
schematic symbols along with their functions.
Example: OR
This is a Resistor, used to reduce current flow
or adjust signal levels or divide voltages.
ElectricalSchematic
Electronic Component Schematic Symbol
Resistor OR
Push Button
Potentiometer
RGB
14. Diagram and Labelling
Example
Learn how to
label a diagram.
Check for the
instructions in
your question
paper and label
the diagram
accordingly.
15. Example
Note: A product suggestion or a program will be given and students will be required to draw a
suitable flowchart to indicate the flow process and write any associated description or notes.
Flow Chart
16. Schematic Diagram
Learn to complete an
Arduino Board with
• Pin number
Example D1 or A5
• Component Symbols
Example
• Component Labels.
ExampleR1 10Ω
17. Programming Tips
SIGNALS
A physical quantity that represents information
DIGITAL
A signal with patterns of bits 0 or 1
Electronic Component Used:
PUSH BUTTON
ANALOG
A signal with infinite numbers.
Arduino can digitizes analog signals (1024 levels)
The level values are from 0 – 1023
Electronic Component Used: POTENTIOMETER
Write the Digital Signal
Format: digitalWrite(pin#,value);
Value HIGH or LOW
Example: digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
Format: pinMode(pin#, MODE);
Example: pinMode(7,INPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
Read the Analog Signal
Format: analogRead(pin#);
Example: analogRead(7);
Read the Digital Signal
Format: digitalRead(pin#);
Example: digitalRead(7);
Write the Analog Signal
Format: analogWrite(pin#,value);
Value Between 0 to 255
Example: analogWrite(7,127);
DIGITAL READ AND WRITE ANALOG READ AND WRITE
Statement to
Initialize Arduino
pins for INPUT or
OUTPUT
18. Programming Tips (CONTINUED)
Statement Explanation
Serial.begin(9600);
while(!Serial);
Serial communication with baud rate 9600
Loop to execute until the serial communication is there
void setup() A Function to run the code once
void loop() A Function to run the code repeatedly
int
Float
Integer variable declaration example int count = 0;
Float variable declaration example float value = 5.5;
Serial.print();
Serial.println();
Statement used to print/display a value or message
Example: Serial.println(“Hello”);
Serial.println(value);
delay(milliseconds); A Function pause or wait for amount of time in milliseconds.
Example: delay(100); // if you are given seconds then convert to milliseconds.
if (condition)
{ //true part
}
else
{//false part
}
Decision statement. Condition is checked. If the condition is true the true part executes. It
the condition is false the false part executes.
Example: if (digitalRead (7) == HIGH)
{ Serial.println(“Button is not pressed”); }
else
{ Serial.println(“Button is pressed”);
