instrument sensors calibration

1. INSTRUMENTS,
SENSORS,
CALIBRATION
GROUP 1
Conejos, Daryll
Cortes, Ryan
Daguplo, Jhon Rey

2. BOARD
QUESTIONS

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EE
Questions
1. Which of the following
materials serves as protection
against overload?
a. fuse
b. switch
c. resistor
d. relay
ANSWER:
a. fuse

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EE
Questions
2. A positively charged
dielectric has a charge of 2
coulombs. If 12.5 x 1018 free
electrons are added to it, what
will be the net charge on the
said dielectric?
a. 4 coulombs
b. -2 coulombs
c. -4 coulombs
d. Zero coulombs
ANSWER:
Q1 = 2C
Q2 = - 12.5 X 1018 e
Qnet = Q1 + Q2
Qnet = 2C – (
12.5 𝑋 1018 𝑒
6.25 𝑋 1018 𝑒
X 1C)
Qnet = 2C – 2C = 0
d. Zero coulombs

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ESAS
Questions
1. The New Electrical
Engineering Law 7920
originated from House Bill No.
______ &
Senate Bill No. ______.
A. 11063 & 1766
B. 11063 & 1870
C. 11070 & 1871
D. 11070 & 1875
ANSWER:
A. 11063 & 1766

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ESAS
Questions
1. A Carnot engine operates
between reservoirs at 20°C
and 200°C if 10KW of
power is produced, the
rejected heat rate is nearest.
A. 26.3 kJ/s
B. 20.2 kJ/s
C. 16.3 kJ/s
D. 12 kJ/s
ANSWER:
Using Carnot efficiency formula:
Ƞ = 1 −
𝑇2
𝑇1
Ƞ = 1 −
20°C+273.15
200°C+273.15
Ƞ = 0.3804
Amount of heat absorbed:
𝑄1 =
𝑊
Ƞ
𝑄1 =
10000
0.3804
𝑄1 = 26, 286.111 W
Amount of heat rejected:
𝑄2 = 𝑄1 − 𝑊
𝑄2 = 26, 286.111 W − 10, 000𝑊
𝑄2 = 16, 286.111 W ≈ 16.3 kW ≈ 16.3 kJ/s
C. 16.3 kJ/s

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MATH
Questions
1. In the expression , the
letter a represents.
A. power
B. exponent
C. order
D. radicand
ANSWER:
D. radicand
n
a

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MATH
Questions
2. Find the ratio of the sides of
triangle if its sides form an
arithmetic progression and
one of the angles is 90
degrees.
A. 4 : 5 : 6
B. 1 : 2 : 3
C. 3 : 4 : 5
D. 2 : 3 : 4
ANSWER:
Let a = first term
d= common difference
(a-d) , a , (a+d)
By Pythagorean Theorem,
(a-d)2 + a2 = (a+d)2
a2- 2ad + d2 + a2 = a2 + 2ad + d2
a2-4ad = 0
a(a-4d) = 0
a= 0
a-4d = 0
a= 4d
(4d-d) , 4d , (4d+d)
3d, 4d, 5d
3 : 4 : 5
C. 3 : 4 : 5

9. FEEDBACK CONTROL
SYSTEM
THE PROCESS

10. INSTRUMEN
TS
01.

11. What is INTRUMENTS?
in·stru·ment
/ˈinstrəmənt/
 a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work.
"a surgical instrument“
 a measuring device used to gauge the level, position, speed, etc. of
something, especially a motor vehicle or aircraft.
"a new instrument for measuring ozone levels"

12. Instruments in FEEDBACK
CONTROL
 Primary Elements/Sensors
 Transducers and Converters
 Transmitters
 Signals
 Indicators
 Recorders
 Controllers
 Actuators / Final Control Element

13. TRANSDUCERS/CONVERTER
S
- converts one type of signal into another type of
signal
 i/p converter – current to pressure
 p/i converter – pressure to current
 i/e converter – current to voltage
 e/i converter – voltage to current

14. TRANSMITTER
- converts a reading from a sensor or transducer into a standard
signal and transmits that signal to a monitor or controller
 Pressure transmitters
 Flow transmitters
 Temperature transmitters
 Level transmitters
 Analytic transmitters

15. SIGNALS
- There are three kinds of signals that exist for the process
industry
 Pneumatic Signals - generated within the pressure-sensing
element
 Analog Signals - a continuous signal which represents
physical measurements
 Digital Signals - discrete time signals generated by digital
modulation

16. INDICATORS
- a human-readable device that displays information about the
process
 Pressure Gauge
 Temperature Gauge
 Sight Glass

17. RECORDERS
- records the output of a measurement device
- required by law to provide a process history to
regulatory agencies, and manufacturers use recorders
to help meet these regulatory requirements.

18. CONTROLLERS
- receives a process variable signal from a
primary sensing element or transmitter,
compares that signal to the desired value for
that process variable called the setpoint, and
calculates an appropriate output signal value to
be sent to a final control element such as an
electric motor or control valve

19. ACTUATORS / FINAL
CONTROL ELEMENT
- final control device that causes a physical
change to affect manipulated variable when
signaled to do so.

20. SENSORS
02.

21. Different types of SENSORS

22. Feedback sensors provide the control system with
measurements of physical quantities necessary to close
control loops. The performance of most traditional (non-
observer) control systems depends, in large part, on the
quality of the sensor. Control-system engineers often go to
great effort to specify sensors that will provide responsive,
accurate, and low-noise feedback signals. While the plant
and power converter may include substantial imperfections
(for example, distortion and noise), such characteristics are
difficult to tolerate in feedback devices.
SENSORS

23.  Motion States such as position, velocity, acceleration, and mechanical strain.
Example of that is
A passive infrared sensor detects body
heat (infrared energy) by looking for
changes in temperatures. This is
the most-widely-used motion sensor in
home security systems. When you arm
your system, this activates the motion
sensors to report possible threats
Most Common Sensors are for
:

24.  Temperature States such as temperature and heat flow
Example of that is
A thermocouple is a device for
measuring temperature. It comprises
two dissimilar metallic wires joined
together to form a junction. When the
junction is heated or cooled, a small
voltage is generated in the electrical
circuit of the thermocouple which can
be measured, and this corresponds to
temperature.
Most Common Sensors are for
:

25.  Fluid states such as pressure, flow, and level
Example of that is
Float sensors involve the opening or closing of a
mechanical switch through either direct contact or
magnetic operation of a device which floats on the
surface of the measured liquid. With a mechanically
actuated float, switching occurs as a result of the
movement of a float against a switch. Float sensors
can be designed for almost any liquid if there is a
high chemical compatibility with the materials used
to construct it. They can allow for multiple switch
points or levels in a single sensor. Float switches are
used in such diverse applications as automotive,
industrial, medical, home appliances, and machine
tools.
Most Common Sensors are for
:

26.  Electromagnetic states such as voltage, current, charge, light, and magnetic
flux.
Example of that is:
An inductive sensor is a device that uses the
principle of electromagnetic induction to
detect or measure objects. An inductor
develops a magnetic field when a current
flows through it; alternatively, a current will
flow through a circuit containing an inductor
when the magnetic field through it changes.
This effect can be used to detect metallic
objects that interact with a magnetic field.
Non-metallic substances such as liquids or
some kinds of dirt do not interact with the
magnetic field, so an inductive sensor can
operate in wet or dirty conditions
Most Common Sensors are for
:

27. Feedback sensors measure signals imperfectly. The three
most common imperfections, as shown in Figure 2-5, are
intrinsic filtering, noise, and cyclical error.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

28. The intrinsic filtering of a sensor limits how quickly
the feedback signal can follow the signal being
measured. The most common effect of this type is
low-pass filtering. For all sensors there is some
frequency above which the sensor cannot fully
respond. This may be caused by the physical structure
of the sensor.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

29. For example, many thermal sensors have thermal mass; time is
required for the object under measurements to warm and cool the
sensor’s thermal mass.
Whatever the source of the filtering, its primary effect on the control
system is to add phase lag to the control loop. Phase lag reduces the
stability margin of the control loop and makes the loop more difficult
to stabilize. The result is often that system gains must be reduced to
maintain stability in order to accommodate slow sensors. Reducing
gains is usually undesirable because both command and disturbance
response degrade.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

30. Cyclical error is the repeatable error that is induced by
sensor imperfections. For example, a strain gauge
measures strain by monitoring the change in electrical
parameters of the gauge material that is seen when the
material is deformed. The behavior of these
parameters for ideal materials is well known.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

31. However, there are slight differences between an ideal strain gauge
and any sample. Those differences result in small, repeatable errors in
measuring strain. Since cyclical errors are deterministic, they can be
compensated out in a process where individual samples of sensors are
characterized against a highly accurate sensor.
However, in any practical sensor some cyclical error will remain.
Because control systems are designed to follow the feedback signal as
well as possible, in many cases the cyclical error will affect the
control-system response
Errors in Feedback Sensors

32. Stochastic or nondeterministic errors are
those errors that cannot be predicted. The
most common example of stochastic error is
high-frequency noise.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

33. High-frequency noise can be generated by electronic
amplification of low-level signals and by conducted or
transmitted electrical noise commonly known as
electromagnetic interference (EMI). High-frequency noise in
sensors can be attenuated using electrical filters; however,
such filters restrict the response rate of the sensor as
discussed above.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

34. The end effect of sensor error on the control system depends on the
error type. Limited responsiveness commonly introduces phase lag in
the control system, reducing margins of stability. Noise makes the
system unnecessarily active and may reduce the perceived value of the
system or keep the system from meeting a specification. Deterministic
errors corrupt the system output. Because control systems are designed
to follow the feedback signal (including its deterministic errors) as
well as possible, deterministic errors will carry through, at least in
part, to the control-system response.
Errors in Feedback Sensors

35. CALIBRATI
ON
03.

36.  Calibration is defined as the process of
comparing an unknown value of a device under
test (DUT) with a known value of a reference
standard.
 Calibration of an instrument is the process of
determining its accuracy.
What is Calibration?

37. Characteristics of
CALIBRATION
Accurate
1
Traceable
3
Within
Specified
Tolerance
2
Consider all
Uncertainti
es
4

38. Importance of CALIBRATION
Increased
Instrument
Life
1
Enhanced
Security
3
Reduce
costly
errors
2
Reduce
downtime
4

39.  In some cases, the location of the calibration is an
important factor to consider.
Bench Calibration - is a procedure in which the
instrument is calibrated at a calibration bench using
calibration devices to simulate the process, rather than
calibrating the device in the field using the actual
process as the input means.
BENCH CALIBRATION VS.
FIELD CALIBRATION

40. Field Calibration - In field calibration, the
instrument is not removed from the process. In
fact, it is still in its mounting brackets. Field
calibration allowed the field instrument to be
tested or calibrated in its true process and
ambient conditions.
BENCH CALIBRATION VS.
FIELD CALIBRATION

41.  Pressure Calibration
⮚ Pressure calibration is an important function in a variety of industries where measurement
equipment is used to monitor process performance and safety by measuring gas and
hydraulic pressure.
⮚ Pressure calibration is done with various pressure balances and calibrators, as well as
high-accuracy pressure sensors and pressure gauges.
TYPES OF CALIBRATION
Pressure instruments that are
regularly calibrated include:
▪ Digital and Analogue
Pressure Gauges
▪ Test Gauges
▪ Transducers
▪ Transmitters
▪ Barometers

42.  Electrical calibration
⮚ It is the process of validating the performance of any instrument that measures or tests
electrical parameters like voltage, current, resistance, inductance, capacitance, time, and
frequency.
⮚ It is a high-end process that requires the use of precise instruments or calibrators to assess
the performance of important criteria in other devices known as units under test.
TYPES OF CALIBRATION
The following instruments are
frequently sent in for electrical
calibration:
▪ Data Loggers
▪ Electrical meters
▪ Multi-meters
▪ Loop Testers

43.  Mechanical calibration
⮚ Mechanical instruments are subject to drift due to regular use, mechanical shock, and
exposure to varying atmospheric conditions; therefore, mechanical calibration is required.
⮚ Mechanical calibration involves the calibration of factors such as mass, force, dimension,
angle, volume, flatness, torque, and vibration in a temperature-controlled environment.
TYPES OF CALIBRATION
The following are some of the most
frequently tested mechanical
calibration instruments:
▪ Accelerometers
▪ Scales/Balances
▪ Micrometers, Verniers, Height
Gauges
▪ Torque Wrenches & Screwdrivers
▪ Weight & Mass Sets

44.  Temperature Calibration
⮚ Temperature calibration is undertaken and carried out in a controlled environment in all
processes where temperature readings are critical for the equipment to run without
interruption. Thermistors, thermocouples, or platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs),
also known as resistance temperature devices (RTDs), are commonly used in temperature
calibration.
TYPES OF CALIBRATION
The following are some examples of
equipment that requires temperature
calibration on a regular basis:
▪ Data Acquisition Systems
▪ Thermometers/Thermocouples
▪ Infrared Meters
▪ PRTs and Thermistors
Thermal Cameras

45.  Flow Calibration
⮚ A flow meter (or flow sensor) is a type of test device that measures the linear, nonlinear,
mass, or volumetric flow rate of a liquid or gas. The flow rate is the rate at which a
process fluid moves through pipelines, orifices, or vessels at a given time, and it is
measured by control and instrumentation engineers in order to monitor and regulate the
speed and efficiency of industrial flow processes and devices.
TYPES OF CALIBRATION
The four most common types of flow
meters that require calibration are:
▪ Thermal Mass Flowmeters
▪ Laminar Flowmeters
▪ Gas and Air Rotameters
Turbine Meters

46.  Pipette Calibration
⮚ Pipette calibration is required in laboratories that frequently use this measurement device
for accurate and precise pipetting results. Calibration must be performed on all pipettes
used in laboratories, including single-channel, multi-channel manual pipettes, and
electronic pipettes.
TYPES OF CALIBRATION

47. INSTRUMENTS,
SENSORS,
CALIBRATION
GROUP 1
Conejos, Daryll
Cortes, Ryan
Daguplo, Jhon Rey