2. DEFENITION
According to American Asociation on Mental
Retardation(AAMR);
“Mental retardation refers to significantly sub-
average general intellectual functioning with
concurrent deficits in adaptive behaviour and
manifested during the developmental period”.
3. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Refers to Sub average general intellectual
functioning –IQ is less than 75.
Concurrently with Deficits in adaptive behaviour.
Adversely affects Educational performance.
Originate before the age of 18.
4. IDENTIFICATION OF M.R CHILDREN
Congenital abnormalities
Social adjustment is limited .
Unable to achieve daily routines
(bathing,toileting,eating)
Physical features- big/small head, slanting eyes..)
Little or no communication skills
Slow in learning, difficulty in remembering
information.
Difficulty in finding soltion to a problem.
Language development delayed.
5. Poor adjustment-lack of motivation,feeling of
insecurity
Lack in thinking concept formation and process of
generalization
Short temper
Lack of coordination,concentration
Inability to decide,understand,remember
6. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF MR
Medical classification
=Based on the cause
Infections and intoxicants
Chromosomal abnormality
Environmental influence etc
Psychological Classification
=IQ based
1. Mild - 50-70
2. Moderate - 35-49
3. Severe - 20-34
4. Profound - Below 20
7. Educational Classification
= Based on the extent to which they can
benefit from education
1. Educable- IQ 50 to 75
2. Trainable-IQ 25 to 50
3. Custodial- IQ below 25
8. CAUSES
1.Genetic /Chromosomal factors
2.Environmental factors
Genetic and Chromosomal factors
When child receive defective genes or chromosome from
the parents.
Fragile ‘x’syndrome,Phenylketonuria.
Defect occur during cell division as Chromosome pair
may not separate and the offspring got Extra
chromosome.
Down’s syndrome
9. DOWN’S SYNDROME
John Langdon Down first described the condition in
1866
Jerome Lejuene in 1959 as genetic condition
Chromosomal abnormality due to problems in cell
division
Results from failure of separation of 21st pair
chromosome during cell division
Acquire extra 21st chromosome-Trisomy 21
47 chromosome in total
Results in disruption of growth
10. TYPES
Regular trisomy
All cell have extra chromosome 21
94% people
Translocation
Extra chromosome 21 material attached to
another chromosome
4% people
Mosaic
some body cells have extra chromosome
2%
11. CHARACTERISTICS
Flattened face,nasal bridge
Protruding tongue
Almond shaped eyes
Reduced muscle tone
Broad hands and small fingers
Congenital heart diseases
IQ range from 20 to50
12. 2. Environmental factors
External conditions that influence development.
Illness or infection during pregnancy
Poor nutrition
Alcohol/Smoking
RadiationEmotional stress etc
Premature delivery
Birth complications
13. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES FOR MR
Early Intervention Services
Early identification,screening, diagnosing with help of
profesionals.
Helps children from further deterioration
Special schools
Schools where disabled children get education along with
same disability group
Advantage-
Greater degree of supervision and individualised
instruction in teaching and training MR children.
Disadvantage-
The protected environment does not teach how to cope
with the demand of society
Residential Schools
Special schools with Hostel facility.
14. Integrated education
Educational facilities for children with non-disabled
children in regular school.
Special teacher ‘Resource teacher’
Mainstreaming
Options in IE
Education in regular classroom-slightly
intellectually diasabled
Education in regular classroom with part-time
withdrawel from class for special attention
=Coordination of regular classroom teacher and
resource teacher
15. Special class in the regular class
For moderately and severely mentally retarted
children
Educational needs more basic in nature
Integrated them in regular class for cocurricular
activities(art,craft,music,PE)
Inclusive education
Provide education in regular school and clasroom
along with non-disabled children right from
beginning.
In service training for regular school teacher to
equip them with knowledge and skills to manage
MR children.
16. Home based Training and Education
Family members get guidance,training from
professionals regarding how to carry out activities
with child,and do it in home.
Due to lack of resources with the family to enroll
child in school,Distance between school and home
or child’s condition
Editor's Notes
Significantly sub average functioning: A person is described as significantly subaverage if his IQ does not exceed 70 ,characterized by significant limitation in general mental abilities and adaptive functioning.
Adaptive behavior: Defined as “the effectiveness or degree with which the individual meets the standards of personal independence and social responsibility expected of his age and cultural group”.
Difficulty in behaving ,carrying out tasks.
Academic performance is below average.
Physical features- narrow forehead, protruding tonge
Congenital abnormalities
Delayed all areas of development