The different neurodevelopmental disorders and how to implement inclusive education at schools.

1. Inclusive education in schools.

2.  What is neurodevelopmental disorders?
Neurodevelopmental disorders are
neurologically based conditions that can
affect the acquisition, retention or application
of certain skills or an organized information.
They can include dysfunction is attention,
memory, perception, language, problem-
solving, or social interaction.

3. Intellectual Disability
-describes an issue with general mental abilities
that affect functioning in two area: intellectual
functioning such as learning, problem solving
and adaptive functioning which are activities of
daily life such as communication.
-The symptoms of Intellectual Disability begin
during childhood or adolescence.
-There is different modes level of intellectual
disability which are low, mild and high level.

4. Global Development Delay
-The disorders occurs when the individuals
under the age of 5 fail to meet expected
developmental milestones in different areas of
functioning and cannot be evaluated.
- The child might take longer to walk, speak,
learning new things and interacting with
others socially.
- Leaners with GDD require additional support
at school and home.

5. Communication Disorders
- An impairment in the ability to receive, send,
process, and understand the difference
between verbal, nonverbal and graphic
symbols.
- The disorder includes deficit in language,
speech and communication.

6. Language Disorder
- The disorder describes the difficulty in
understanding and use of language due to
deficits in the understanding or verbal
pronunciation of vocabulary sentence or
discourse.
- The Language Disorder usually affects
vocabulary and drama, for example first
words and phrases are delayed.
- Diagnosis is dependent on the synthesis of
the individual’s history, clinical observation in
different contexts and score from the
standardized tests of language ability.

7. Autistic Spectrum Disorders
- Is a complex developmental condition that
includes ongoing challenges in social interaction,
speech and nonverbal communication.
- The is three levels of severity for a person who
shows symptoms of ASD which are requiring
support, requiring substantial support and
requiring very substantial support.
- The indication of ASD in leaners is seen during
the first 2 years in leaners development. The way
the leaner interacts with people and use the
language are great indicators.

8. Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
-Attention Deficit include symptoms of
inattention( not being able to focus),
hyperactivity (excess movement that is not
suitable for the setting) and hyperactivity which
refers to a lot of excessive motor activity.
- ADHD begins in the younger age and the
symptoms must be prevail before age 12.
- Mild delay in language, motor skills, social
development can be associated with ADHD.

9. Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)
- Refers to having difficulties in learning and
using academic skills in reading, writing and
mathematics.
- This disorder can cause a person to face
deficit in recognition, comprehension and
fluency.
- The individual’s overall academic peformance
is affected by the disorder.
- SLD is lifelong and requires additional
external support to ease the symptos.

10. Motor Disorders
 Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Affects the effective daily activities such as
dressing, eating, use of specific tools, sports
etc. Can affect gross and fine motor skills.
- Can be diagnosed before the age of 5.
- The disorder can occur with other
developmental disorders such as ADHD and
ASD.

11.  Stereotypic Movement Disorder
- Is a repetitive, assumed to driven, and
purposeless motor behaviour.
- Associated with or without self-injuries
behavior
- Associated with a know medical condition,
neurodevelopmental disorder or
environmental factor.
- Identified as mild, moderate or severe.

12.  Tic Disorders (TS)
-is a condition of a nervous system that can
lead to people having sudden twitches (tics)
-Show symptoms of persistent Motor or Vocal
Disorder.
-Tic symptoms cannot have attributes of the
phsysiological effects of a substance or medical
condition.
- People who have TS cannot control their
bodies once they have tics.

13.  Causes
-Complications during birth, e.g premature
birth, brain damage
-Genetics
-Family history
- Traumatic incidents.

14.  Creating an inclusive classroom environment
can assist leaners with learning disorders.
 Inclusive education ensures that diverse
leaners who require additional support are
cartered for.
 All the leaners are allowed in the mainstream
schools.
 Parents and leaners should be educated
about the disorders.
 To achieve the inclusive education the School
Based Support Team should be involved.

15.  Do activities such as group work, where you
can mix different leaners. For example mix
average learners with high performing
leaners.
 The teacher must be equipped with relevant
information about different learning
disorders.

16. Cripe, C.(2018) Is There a Connection Between Premature Birth And Learning Disorders? Available from Slideshare at
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James. M. Herpun. Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Available from slideshare at:
https://www.slideshare.net/JamesHepburn/neurodevelopmental-disorders-66569861?from_m_app=ios
Sankar, G. Inclusive Education. Available from slideshare at Self-employed. Inclusive education, Sharing Experience from
Bulgaria. Available from slideshare at: https://www.slideshare.net/kelechekplus/inclusive-education-
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Self Employed. Inclusive Education. Available from Slideshare at: https://www.slideshare.net/kelechekplus/inclusive-education-
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Zichao, SS. Su Ying, VT. Jin, PT. Xin, Hui Seah. Educational Psychology ii. Available from slideshare at:
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https://www.ascension-lift.com/blog/schools/inclusive-education/