2. DISORDERS OF
CHILDHOOD
Under controlled
(Externalizing)
Over controlled
(Internalizing)
•Attention-Deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder
•Conduct Disorder
•Childhood Depression
•Anxiety Disorders
Problems for others Problems for self
More Prevalent in Boys More Prevalent in Girls
4. WHAT IS ADHD
ADHD is a common behavioral disorder that
affects an estimated 8% to 10% of school-age
children. Boys are about three times more
likely than girls to be diagnosed with it.
Kids with adhd act without thinking, are
hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. They
may understand what's expected of them but
have trouble following through because they
can't sit still, pay attention, or attend to
details.
The child have non goal-directed behavior
6. TREATMENT OF ADHD
. Medication
Psychotherapy
Behavior therapy for ADHD also effective
Best approach - Stimulants + Behavior
Therapy
Prevention:
stop smoking during pregnancy
because it appears to be associated with an
increased risk for ADHD.
8. CONDUCT DISORDER
Patterns of extreme disobedience in
children, including , fighting and physical
cruelty
destructiveness
lying and stealing
truancy (including running away from
home).
May have antisocial personality disorder
and aggressiveness.
9. ETIOLOGY OF CONDUCT
DISORDER.
Individual: your child’s temperament.
Genetic: it’s more common in the children of adults
who had conduct problems when they were young.
Physical: problems in processing social
information and brain damage.
Environmental: family problems and social
pressures, for example rejection by friends or living
in a deprived area.
10. TREATMENT OF
CONDUCT DISORDER
Behavior therapy, including role play, rehearsal
and practice
psychotherapy, particularly to help child with
anger management
educational support for learning disabilities
counseling of parents, eg, helping you manage at
home
Medication..
12. AUTISTIC DISORDER
Presence of markedly abnormal or impaired
development in social interaction and communication
and a markedly restricted of activity and interests
Autism and Mental Retardation - approximately
80% of autistic children score below 70 on IQ tests
Autistic Savant - a mentally retarded person with
superior functioning in one narrow area of intellectual
activity.
Communication Deficits - language delay,, pronoun
reversal, neologisms, literal use of words.
13. ETIOLOGY OF AUTISTIC
DISORDER
Psychological Basis - Bettelheim - autistic disorder
caused by cold and rejecting parents. No support.
Biological Bases
Genetic Factors -
Neurological Factors -
14. TREATMENT FOR AUTISM:
Special education programs.
developing social skills, speech, language, self-
care and job skills.
Medication.
parent counseling.
16. MENTAL
RETARDATION
Mental retardation is a term that was once
commonly used to describe someone who learns
and develops more slowly than other kids.
"intellectual disability" or "developmental delay.“
17. CLASSIFICATION OF MR
Mild Mental Retardation (50-55 to 70-75 IQ)
Able to maintain themselves in unskilled jobs
May need help with social or financial problems
Moderate Mental Retardation (35-40 to 50-55 IQ)
Brain damage and other pathologies are frequent
Most live dependently within family or group homes
Severe Mental Retardation (20-25 to 35-40 IQ)
Commonly have congenital physical abnormalities
May be able to perform very simple work under supervision
Profound Mental Retardation (below 20-25 IQ)
Severe physical deformities and neurological damage
Very high mortality rate during childhood
21. TREATMENT OF MENTAL
RETARADATION.
Encourage the child and Explore him.
Teach basic skills.
Celebrate Achievement
Rehearsal.
Protection from teasing or social rejection.
23. LEARNING
DISABILITIES
Learning Disorders
Reading Disorder
Mathematics Disorder
Disorder of Written Expression
Communication Disorders
Expressive Language Disorder
Phonological Disorder
Stuttering
Motor Skills Disorder
24. ETIOLOGY OF
LEARNING DISORDERS
Biological -
Psychological -
Visual perceptual deficits perceiving letters in reverse order
or mirror image
Language processing -
25. TREATMENT FOR
LEARNING DISABILITIES.
Diagnosis and testing for learning disabilities
and disorders
Types of specialists who may be able to test for and
Clinical psychologists
School psychologists
Child psychiatrists
Educational psychologists
Developmental psychologists
27. ENURESIS DISORDERS.
Enuresis is a common childhood problem. Children
learn to control daytime urination as they become
aware of their bladder filling.
Once this occurs, the child then learns to
consciously control and coordinate his or her
bladder.
The number of children with bedwetting varies by
age; at five years of age, Boys are twice as likely as
girls to wet the bed.
For most children, bedwetting resolves on its own
without treatment.
28. CAUSES OF ENURESIS.
The child's bladder is maturing more slowly than
usual
The child's bladder holds a smaller-than-normal
amount of urine
Genetics; parents who had enuresis as children are
more likely to have children with enuresis
Deep sleep.
Physical or emotional problems rarely cause
bedwetting.
29. ENURESIS TREATMENT
Initial treatment of bedwetting includes education
and motivational therapy.
Medication.
Motivational therapy.
Self-awakening.
Bedwetting alarms
31. ENCOPRESIS DISORDERS.
More than 80% of children with encopresis have
experienced constipation or painful defecation in
the past.
Most children with encopresis say they have do not
have an urge to have a bowel movement before
they soil their underwear. Soiling episodes usually
occur during the day, while the child is awake and
active.
Some children with encopresis soil while in the
bathtub, shower, or swimming pool.
32. ENCOPRESIS CAUSES.
Rarely caused by an anatomic abnormality or
diseases that child born with.
It develops as a result of chronic.(constipation.)
.
33. TREATMENT OF
ENCORPRESIS.
Self-Care at Home
It is very important that parents and other
caregivers keep a complete record of the child's
medication use and bowel movements during the
treatment period.
34.
35. SEPARATION ANXIETY IN
CHILDREN
Separation anxiety is normal in very young children
(those between 8 and 14 months old). Kids often go
through a phase when they are "clingy" and afraid
of unfamiliar people and places.
.
A child becomes fearful and nervous when he is
away from home .
36. WHAT CAUSES SEPARATION
ANXIETY DISORDER?
Separation anxiety often develops after a significant
stressful or traumatic event in the child's life, such as a stay
in the hospital, the death of a loved one or pet, or a change
in environment.
separation anxiety often have family members with anxiety
or other mental disorders
