3. Chapter 1 Outlines
1. Introduction
2. History
3. The Birth of Computers
4. von Neumann Architecture
5. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present
6. Types of Computers
7. Basic Elements of a Computer System
8. Main Memory
9. Memory Types
10. Input / Output Devices
3
5. 1. Introduction
5
A computer or computing machine
is a device that performs mathematical
and logical operations on symbols and other
forms of information at high speed and with
precision.
7. 2. History
7
1672: The Pascaline
Designed and built by
Blaise Pascal
One of the first
mechanical calculators
Could do addition and
subtraction The Pascaline: One of the Earliest
Mechanical Calculators
8. 2. History
8
1801: The Jacquard loom
Developed by Joseph
Jacquard
Automated loom
Used punched cards to
create desired pattern
Drawing of the Jacquard Loom
9. 2. History
9
1823: The Difference Engine
Developed by Charles Babbage
Did addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division to 6 significant digits
Solved polynomial equations and other complex
mathematical problems
11. 3. The Birth of Computers
11
The Birth of Computers (1940-1950)
Development of electronic, general-purpose
computers
Did not begin until after 1940
Was fueled in large part by needs of World War II
Early computers
Mark I
ENIAC
ABC system
Colossus
Z1
12. 3. The Birth of Computers
12
Photograph of the ENIAC Computer
13. 3. The Birth of Computers
13
The Birth of Computers (1940-1950)
Stored program computer model
Proposed by John Von Neumann in 1946
Stored binary algorithm in the computer’s memory
along with the data
Is known as the Von Neumann architecture
Modern computers remain, fundamentally, Von
Neumann machines
First stored program computers
• EDVAC
• EDSAC
15. 4. von Neumann architecture
15
The von Neumann architecture—also known as
the von Neumann model or Princeton architecture—
is a computer architecture based on a 1945 description
by the mathematician and physicist John von
Neumann
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture
17. 5. The Modern Era: 1950 to the Present
17
Five Generations
(1950-1959)
(1959-1965)
(1965-1975)
(1975-1985)
(1985-?)
18. 5.1 First generation of computing (1950-1959)
18
Vacuum tubes used to store data and
programs
Each computer was multiple rooms in
size
Computers were not very reliable
19. 5.2 Second generation of computing (1959-1965)
19
Transistors and magnetic cores
replaced vacuum tubes
Dramatic reduction in size
Computer could fit into a single
room
Increase in reliability of computers
Reduced cost of computers
High-level programming
languages
The programmer occupation
was born
20. 5.3 Third generation of computing (1965-1975)
20
Integrated circuits rather than individual electronic
components were used
Further reduction in size and cost of computers
Computers became desk-sized
First minicomputer developed
Software industry formed
21. 5.4 Fourth generation of computing (1975-1985)
21
Reduced to the size of a
typewriter
First microcomputer developed
Desktop and personal computers
common
Appearance of
- Computer networks
- Electronic mail
- User-friendly systems
(graphical user interfaces - GUI)
- Embedded systems
22. 5.5 Fifth generation of computing (1985-?)
22
Massively parallel processors
Handheld devices and other types of Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs)
High-resolution graphics
Powerful multimedia user interfaces incorporating sound,
voice recognition, touch, photography, video, and television
Integrated global telecommunications incorporating data,
television, telephone, fax, the Internet, and the World Wide
Web
Wireless data communications
Massive storage devices
25. 6.1 Embedded computers
25
A computer that is an internal component of
another machine.
Airplanes to television sets contain embedded
computers.
Used for controlling chemical and mechanical
processes in industry for automation.
26. 6.2 non-embedded
26
is a device that performs mathematical and logical
operations on symbols and other forms of
information at high speed and with precision.
29. 7. Basic Elements of a Computer System
29
Input devices
include keyboard, mouse,
webcam, or compact disk (CD).
Output devices
may be visual display units,
printers, or plotters.
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and
the control unit make up the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). All calculations
are performed and all comparisons
(decisions) are made in the ALU. Once
data is fed into main memory from input
devices, it is held and transferred as
needed to the arithmetic and logic unit
where processing takes place.
31. 8. Main Memory
31
The main memory (also called primary storage) has a lot
in common with post office mailboxes. Each box can hold
different items.
The main memory of a computer also has many small
storage areas. Each one is assigned an address which is
a built-in and unique number that identifies the location.
32. 8. Main Memory
32
Memory addresses are
expressed in binary form.
The smallest usable unit of
measure for memory is the
byte .
Byte is a amount of memory
required to hold one
character, like the letter A or
the numeral 2.
35. 9. Memory Types
35
Random Access Memory (RAM)
any of the storage locations on a
chip can be randomly selected and
used to directly store and retrieve
data and instructions.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
is not volatile and retains stored
data when the power goes off.
Some of these are programmable
and are thus called Programmable
Read Only Memory (PROM).