Industrial report for civil engg. training

DG MAP Phase-II, Jalandhar Cantt
Married Accommodation Project
Phase II Jalandhar Cantt
SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
Six Month Industrial Training
At
NKG Infrastructure Ltd, Jalandhar Cantt
(From 1st
June 2014 to 30st
Nov. 2014)
SUBMITTED BY
Suraj Kakkar
D4CE2
110152
1283939
Civil Engineering Department
GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE
LUDHIANA, INDIA
1
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As the professional courses not only require the theoretical knowledge but practical
knowledge too, that is why university started conducting training programs for the
students, so that they can get ample view of practical problems. I find it a matter of
Honor in showing the feeling of indebtedness and thankfulness to the Dr. M.S. Saini,
Director, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana for providing this
opportunity to carry out the six months industrial training.
The constant guidance and encouragement received from Er. K.S.Maan, Dean
Training & Placement cell, has been of great help in carrying out the project work and is
acknowledged with reverential thanks.
It is my privilege to express my profound ineptness, my deep sense of gratitude to
NKG Infrastructure Limited, Ghaziabad for showing trust in me and assigning me
such an important and interesting project and also for sparing time from his schedule to
discuss and clarify issues related to this project.
I sincerely thank to my project guide Er. Money Garg (AGM) for guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this project work. My special thanks to Er. Sukhdev
Singh (Project Manager), Er. Logar Singh (Lab Incharge), Er. Atul (Site Incharge)
for their kind co-operation to the completion of my project work.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. J.N.Jha, (H.O.D) of CIVIL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College for
providing me an Opportunity to do my project work on “Married Accommodation
Project, Jalandhar Cantt” in “NKG Infrastructure Limited Company, Ghaziabad”.
This project bears on imprint of many peoples.
I am also very thankful to my friends and family members who supported me
encouraged me all the time to go through this whole project.
2

STUDENT DECLARATION
This is to certify that I, Suraj Kakkar student of B.Tech (Civil)-7th
Semester Roll No.
1283939 has undergone industrial training in "NKG Infrastructure company
Ghaziabad " as required of six months project semester for the award of degree of
B.Tech Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana and prepared
the report entitled “Married Accommodation Project” which is an authentic record of
my work carried out at Jalandhar Cantt.
If any discrepancy is found regarding the originality of this project I may be held
responsible. I have not copied from any report submitted earlier this or any other
university. This is purely original and authentic work.
SURAJ KAKKAR
3

INDEX
Content Page No.
1.0 General Introduction 07
2.0 Information about Company 08
3.0 Student Profile 11
4.0 Information about Project 12
5.0 Location of Project 15
6.0 Site Layout Plan 15
7.0 Training Site Plan 16
8.0 Plan of One accommodation Block 17
9.0 Specification of Single Dwelling Units 17
10.0 Steps of Construction Work 22
11.0 Methodology of Work 23
a) Site Clearance 23
b) Positioning of Coordinate 23
c) Excavation 23
d) Laying of P.C.C. 24
e) Raft Foundation 25
f) Construction of Pedestal 25
g) Construction of Plinth Beam 26
h) Column Construction 27
i) Beam and Slab 29
j) Stair and Lift 32
12.0 Establishment 33
13.0 Information about Employees 34
14.0 Information about Materials 35
a) Cement 35
b) Brick 35
c) Sand and aggregate 36
d) Steel 37
4

e) Admixtures 38
f) Miscellaneous 38
15.0 Information about Rates 39
16.0 Information about Tests 40
a) Slump Test 40
b) Bulking of Sand 41
c) Compression Test of Cube 41
d) Silt Content 42
e) Wt. of Steel 42
f) Compressive strength of Brick 43
g) Efflorescence Test 44
h) Water absorption Test 44
i) Grading of Aggregate 44
j) Moisture content of soil sample 45
17.0 Information about Equipment 47
a) Mixer Plant 47
b) Transit Mixer 47
c) Boom Placer 48
d) Needle Vibrator 49
e) Tilted Drum Mixer 49
f) Bar Straighten Machine 50
g) Concrete pump 50
h) JCB Excavator 51
i) Hydra 51
18.0 Bar Bending schedule 53
19.0 Safety Measures and Safety campaign 57
20.0 Intelligent Building 59
21.0 Inspection and Quality Control 62
22.0 Site Drawing 64
23.0 Overall Benefits of Training 66
a) Improve Practical Skill 66
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b) Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge 67
c) Upgrading Interpersonal Skill 68
d) Improving Team Playing Skill 68
f) Improving leadership Skill 68
g) Work Ethic and Value 69
24.0 Conclusion 70
25.0 Bibliography and References 71
6

1.0 General Introduction
The practical training conducted by the engineering and non engineering students at the
respective industrial units related to their subjects is termed as "Industrial Training". For
example a civil engineering student requires practical exposure at the building
construction sites, road construction projects etc. The industry-institute interaction is a
need of the hour. No institute or technical board could ever boast of a perfect syllabi
scheme without the inclusion of industrial training format. The industrial training is a part
of continuous learning process. So this field exposure that uplifts the knowledge and
experience of students needs to be properly documented in the form of report, which can
be termed as “Industrial report". A properly prepared industrial training report can
facilitate the presentation of the field experience is an orderly, precise and interesting
manner, which can off course well serve as a guide to the new entrant engineers. The
purpose of industrial training as:-
1) To provide field exposure to the students.
2) To have better understanding of engineering practices.
3) To make them adapt to industrial conditions.
4) To provide opportunities to the students to handle tasks independently.
5) To help students to understand about the duties of an engineer and other supervisory
staff in an organization.
6) To make them aware with the common industrial problems.
7) To impart intensive training to the students to enable them to learn and use working of
latest field equipments machine.
7

2.0 Information about Company
NKG Infrastructure is a construction company in India, with expertise in the
execution and construction of infrastructure projects. Governed by a highly qualified
Board of Directors, the company deploys over 1,456 employees including 412
professionals across its network of branches and work-sites. The company has strong
construction capabilities and is empanelled with leading developmental organizations
including National Highway Authority of India.
The company has capabilities in construction of roads, bridges, electrification
network including erection of power substations, institutional and residential buildings,
and potable water and drainage lines. Certain major projects successfully completed by
us since our inception include widening of the Noida-Greater Noida Highway, Noida,
Uttar Pradesh and strengthening of the Raj Nagar Zonal Road, under the ‘Raj Nagar
Scheme’, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. NKG Infrastructure takes pride in executing
challenging projects that involve special skills, personnel, equipments and material. A
dedicated and competent team of planners, designers and construction engineers enables
it to optimize resources and deliver quality infrastructure to its customers with cost and
time advantages.
Management
Mr. Naresh Kumar Garg; Chairman
Having incepted NKG Infrastructure in 1989, Mr. N.K. Garg is the key architect of its
evolution as a professionally run company. He has over 30 years of experience in
construction business and has been responsible for strategic direction and development of
our Company in relation to major construction projects of our Company.
8

Mr. Pradeep Kumar Garg; Managing Director
A law graduate and a fellow member of Institute of 1Chartered Accountants of India, Mr.
Pradeep Kumar Garg has 19 years of experience in the construction business. As a key
financial expert, his participation in arrangement of funds/working capital, cost analysis
of the projects together with the exploration of newer avenues of investment is
instrumental in the growth of the company.
Mr. Devendra Kumar Garg; Joint Managing Director
Mr. D.K. Garg has been involved in the management of the Company ever since its
inception and has played an active role in its development. With almost 30 years of
experience, he is the key person behind the execution of the company’s projects.
Mr. Rakesh Kumar; Executive Director
Mr. Kumar has over 22 years of experience in corporate finance, budgeting, system
implementation and administration with various corporations such as the Gujarat Co-
operative Milk Federation Ltd. (Amul), Paradeep Phosphate Ltd. and Triveni Structures
Ltd. Mr. Kumar is a commerce graduate and associate member of the Institute of Cost &
Works Accountants of India.
Recognitions & Awards
NKG Infrastructure’s technical and project execution capabilities have been well
recognized by various Governmental Bodies, Global Institutions and leading
Infrastructure Developers of India which is reflected in form of awards, empanelment and
certifications. Some of them are:
 Registered 'Grade A' Contractor with various State Government & Departments
etc.
 Chairman of the Company, Mr. N. K. Garg being conferred ‘UDYOG RATTAN’
award by ‘Institute of Economic Studies’ in September, 2007.
 3rd
CIDC Vishwakarma Award 2011 for the Best Professionally Managed
Company, having turnover exceeding Rs. 1000 Crores from Construction Industry
Development Council – the apex body established by the Planning Commission
of India and the Construction Industry.
9

 Accreditation of ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007.
 Registration of NKG Infrastructure’s Logo under Trade Mark Act and Copyright
Act.
Projects Undertaken
 Up gradation, renovation and new construction in Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
Complex, New Delhi.
 Approach Road from SH-127 Junction to Solar Park Phase-I at Patan, Gujrat.
 Four lanes flyover in Varanasi on Varanasi Cantonment, Mugalsari Road, UP.
 Four lanes Bridge over the meandering river Assan at Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
 1040 units of Low Income Group Houses at Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
 ESIC Medical College and Staff Housing at Faridabad, Haryana.
 Construction of dwelling units and allied services for Military Engineering
Services (MES) at Leh and BB Cantt Srinagar.
 Under Ground Reservoirs & Pipe line for 85 Cusec Ganga Jal Pariyojna at Greter
Noida.
 Construction of 132KV, 33KV and 220KV Substations throughout the country.
 Construction Works in Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai
Fig.:-1 Awards and Certification
3.0 Student Profile
1. Name of the student: Suraj kakkar
2. Father's Name: Mr. Yashpaul kakkar
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3. College: Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College
4. Class: B-Tech in Civil Engineering
5. Class Roll No.: 110152
6. University Roll No.: 1283939
7. Date of Birth: 22/04/1994
8. Session/Year: 2012-15
9. Address of Communication: Jalandhar City
10. Contact no: +91-8054110810
11. E-mail Id: kakkarsuraj11@gmail.com
12. Name of organization N.K.G. Construction
11

13. Period of Training: 21/06/2014 to 31/11/2014
14. Location of the Project: Jalandhar Cantt
4.0 Information about Project
Directorate General of Married Accommodation Project (DG MAP) was raised by Govt.
of India under the aegis of Engineer in Chief to construct married accommodation for the
three services, with the aim of eradicating the deficiency of married accommodation for
service personnel. The MAP was setup to fulfill the promise made to the Armed Forces
by the Govt. of India. With a mandate to construct 300,000 dwelling units, it is one of the
largest construction endeavors in the world. The company has got the tender from SNC
Lavalin Infra. Ltd., Noida for the construction of Military Engineering Services flats at
Jalandhar Cantt and Adampur. Thus the Project has been divided into various parts
known as pockets and Main office in Pocket G and our construction site is also in Pocket
G. In this pocket there are twenty two Blocks and each block consists of G+6 storey
building.
The Total deficiency of 2 Lac dwelling units has been slated for construction in
four phases as per details given below:
SERVICES PHASE-I PHASE-2 PHASE-3&4 TOTAL
Army 47,383 58,931 69,777 1,76,091
Navy 2,687 3,994 -- 6,681
Air Force 7,805 7,067 1,237 16,109
Total 57,875 69,992 71,014 1,98,881
Phase I is on the verge of completion and Phase II is on track. Planning of MAP
Phase III is in progress. MAP Phase II is now running at different stations in allover
India.
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STATION DWELLING UNITS AMOUNT (CRORES)
Faridkot 651 66.73
Adampur 200 168.57
Jalandhar & Suranussi 1970 138.22
Under Phase II Package No. 6 Faridkot, Adampur, Jalandhar and Suranussi
Stations are there. Project Station at Jalandhar & Suranussi was issued to NKG Infra. Ltd.
On 29 Nov. 2010. M/S Span Consultant Pvt. Ltd. Noida. is Consultant to this Project.
Detail Project Report Cost of Building is 425.42 Crores and External services of 35.418
Crores. The dwelling units are to be constructed at different locations in Jalandhar Cantt
which are named as Pockets. These Pockets consists certain number of Blocks which are
G+6 storey Buildings. A particular Block Floor has 4 Quarters equally divided with Stair
case and Lift throughout the Block and a water tank at the top of the Block. Ground Floor
is to be used as parking.
The name of Pockets and the respective dwelling units are below:
NAME OF POCKET DWELLING UNITS
POCKET-G 528
POCKET-H 240
POCKET-N 336
POCKET-K 326
POCKET-M 360
POCKET-J-2 180
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Fig.:-2 Pictorial View of Project
PROJECT INFORMATION - GENERAL
Project DGMAP PHASE II
Region Punjab
Address of the Project Site Hudson Line, Jalandhar Cantt.
Project Type Lump Sum
Business Segment Residential
Name of the Client Military Engineering Services
Overall Responsibility DG MAP, E in C's Branch
Project Management Consultancy SNC Lavalin Infrastructure Ltd. Noida.
No of Dwelling Unit 528 other rank
Project Manager Er. Sukhdev Singh
Structural Consultant M/S Span Consultant Pvt. Ltd. Noida
Total Value of Project 340 Crores
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Date of Commencement Jan. 2011
Date of Completion Extended
Name of Pocket G-A
No of Block 22
Structure Stilt +6
Area of Block 5000sq ft.
Area of Pocket 17.19 Acres
5.0 LOCATION OF PROJECT
Fig.:-3 Location of Project
6.0 SITE LAYOUT PLAN
15

Fig.:-4 Site Layout Plan
7.0 TRAINING SITE PLAN
The overall site has been divided into three wings: - A, B, C. In each wing there are 7-8
dwelling units. The project manager has allotted wing A for execution and supervision of
work. In wing A the blocks has been numbered as 1 to 7. The area of wing A is 5.20 acres
which is approximately one third of total area.
16

Fig.:-5 Training Site Plan
8.0 Plan of One Accommodation Block
17

Fig.:-6 Plan of One Accommodation Block
9.0 Specification of Single Dwelling Unit
Fig.:-7 Plan of Single Dwelling Unit
S.
No.
Location Specification
18

1 Mp room  Flooring of 400 x 400 mm matt glazed ceramic rectified tiles.
 Skirting 100 mm high of rectified tiles matching with flooring.
 2 nos. Pressed steel door frames double rebated made out of
1.6mm thick pressed steel sheet and size 2100x900 mm and
2100x1000 mm.
 Mild steel wire gauge shutter in double rebated door frames.
 Factory made 35mm thick flush door shutters.
 2 nos. Aluminium window of sizes 1350x1800 mm and
900x1800 mm.
2 Bedroom 1  Flooring of 400 x 400 x 8 mm matt glazed ceramic rectified
tiles
 1 nos. Pressed steel door frames single rebated made out of
1.25mm thick pressed steel sheet and size 2100x1000 mm.
 Mild steel wire gauge shutter in double rebated door.
 Factory made 35mm thick flush door .
 1 nos. Cupboard with door made of 60x40 mm second class
hardwood and 18mm thick prelaminated particle board. Inner
partition also made of the same.
800x1200 mm.
 1 fan point.
3 Bedroom 2  Flooring of 400 x 400 mm matt glazed ceramic rectified tiles
 1 nos. Pressed steel door frames single rebated made out of
 Mild steel wire gauge shutter in double rebated door.
 Factory made 35mm thick flush door .
 1 nos. Cupboard with door made of 60x40 mm second class
hardwood and 18mm thick prelaminated particle board. Inner
partition also made of the same.
800x1200 mm.
 1 fan point.
 1 tubelight point and 1 cfl point.
 1 nos. 5a socket point.
4 Kitchen  Flooring of 300 x 300 mm matt finished(non-skid) ceramic
rectified tiles.
 Dado of 300 x 200 mm glazed ceramic tile upto door height.
 Pressed steel door frames single rebated made out of 1.25mm
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thick pressed steel sheet and size 2100x900 mm.
 Aluminium window 900x1200 mm.
 Factory made 35mm thick flush door shutters.
 600 mm wide cooking platform finished with 18mm thick
baroda green stone.
 Kitchen sink (925x450 mm) with drainage board.
 Plate rack (750x600x250 mm).
 2 nos. 650x600x300mm overhead cabinet made of
prelaminated particle board.
 Cabinet below cooking platform made of prelaminated particle
board.
 Exhaust fan (300x300 mm).
 1 nos. Tubelight.
 1 nos. 5 a socket and 1 nos. 15 a socket.
5 Toilet 1  Flooring of 300 x 300 mm rough finish ceramic rectified tiles.
 Dado upto door height of 300 x 200 mm glazed ceramic tile.
 1 nos. Pvc door shutter with frame 2100x800 mm.
 1 nos. Aluminium window 600x1200 mm.
 1 nos. Water closet pedestal pattern with plastic seat cover, jet
spray and pvc cistern.
 1 nos. Wash hand basin 550x400 mm with centre hole basin
mixer.
 Towel ring and towel rail 1 nos. Each.
 Wall mixer non telephonic, shower rose and ablution tap 1 nos.
Each.
 1 nos. Looking mirror 450x600mm and glass tray.
 2 nos. Corner glass shelves.
 1 nos. Geyser 25 litres capacity.
 1 nos. Fresh air fan 200x200mm.
 1 batton holder light point.
6 Toilet 2  Flooring of 300 x 300 mm rough finish ceramic rectified tiles.
 Dado upto door height of 300 x 200 mm glazed ceramic tile.
 2 nos. Pvc door shutter with frame 2100x800 mm.
 1 nos. Aluminium window 600x1200 mm.
 1 nos. Water closet anglo indian pattern with plastic seat cover,
jet spray and pvc cistern.
 1 nos. Wash hand basin 550x400 mm with centre hole basin
mixer.
 Wall mixer non telephonic, shower rose and ablution tap 1 nos.
 1 nos. Looking mirror 450x600mm and glass tray.
 1 nos. Fresh air fan 200x200mm.
 2 nos. Corner glass shelves.
7 Lobby  Flooring of 400 x 400 mm matt glazed ceramic rectified tiles.
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 Skirting 100 mm high of rectified tiles matching with floorings
8 Dry out
balcony
 Flooring of 300 x 300 mm matt finished(non-skid) ceramic
rectified tiles.
 Dado upto 900/1200 mm height of 300 x 200 mm glazed
ceramic tile.
 Railing on the circumference with 20x20 mm square bar.
 1 no. Cfl point.
 1 nos. 5 a socket point.
9 Balcony
(bedroom)
 Flooring of 400 x 400 mm matt glazed ceramic rectified tiles.
 Skirting 100 mm high of rectified tiles matching with flooring.
 1 nos. Ceiling mounted light point.
10 Balcony
(mp room)
 Flooring of 400 x 400 mm matt glazed ceramic rectified tiles.
 Skirting 100 mm high of rectified tiles matching with flooring.
 1 nos. Ceiling mounted light point.
11 Staircase &
staircase
lobby
 Flooring of 25mm thick machine cut and polished kota stone
of size 550x550mm.
 25mm thick machine cut single piece kota stone for stair.
 100mm machine cut kota stone for skirting
12 Internal
finish
 3 coats of white wash in lofts and scooter shed.
 2 coats of oil bound distemper over one coat of primer over
one coat of wall putty over two coats of primer over plaster
surface except in lofts and scooter shed.
 Two coats of synthetic enamel paint over a coat of pink primer
on wooden surface.
 Two coats of synthetic enamel paint over a coat of red oxide
primer on steel surface.
14 External
finish
 15 mm thick washed stone grit plaster in 1:1/2:2 in panels with
grooves over a layer of 12 mm thick cement plaster in cm 1:4
including scrubbing and washing top layer with brushes and
water to expose stone chipping as per architectural elevation.
10.0 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
These are the steps which are mainly followed for the begging of construction.
1) Types of building:-First select the type of building whatever we want to construct,
depending on the need like villas, flats, apartments, penthouses, malls, industrial
buildings or group housing.
21

2) Site Selection: - Site for construction of building can be selected according to the
space required and whatever the area and the people demands, in accordance with the
population and bearing in mind the geographical and industrial point of view for
further development.
3) Survey: - By survey we measure all the dimensions and plot the real position or place
wherever we want to construct our structure. This includes many aspects like
financial survey, economical survey, topographical survey etc. etc.
4) Site Investigation: -By this we investigate about the type of the soil, bearing capacity
of the soil, nature of the bed, the topographical feature of the area, which in turn helps
the structural designer to design the footing for our project.
5) Architectural Drawings: - Architectural drawings are the heart to the project, which
is the master document or the copy with which we have to stick completely and do
accordingly; these drawings have all the plans and construction details about the
particular project.
6) Structure Design: - Structural Designer is that person who gives life to an
Architectural Drawing; it infuses the correct data and interpret the correct meaning
which an Engineer knows. He suggests the type of foundation, columns, beams and
slabs etc. which are needed for the construction and also provides the amount of steel
and its size.
7) Construction: - After all these steps, Construction of the proposed project starts. The
construction is done at the site in which different section is divided like Civil, Electric
and Mechanical work.
11.0 Methodology of Work
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a) Site Clearance: - The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass
and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location.
b) Positioning of Central coordinate and layout: - The centre point was marked with
the help of a TOTAL STATION, thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With
respect to this center point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its exact
position is very critical.
c) Excavation: - Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically.
Adequate precautions are taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the
adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and
dressing of excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it
was dumped and was not used for back filling. The filling is done in layer not exceeding
20 cm layer and then it’s compacted. Depth of excavation was 2.0 meter from Ground
Level. There are some points which should be kept in mind at the time of excavation:-
1. Upon identifying warning tape of any service, mechanical excavation shall be stopped
and manual excavation shall be done.
2. In areas where the trench is close to the buildings, depending on the type of
foundation of the building, shoring shall be done by planking, strutting or trench
sheets.
3. In other areas it will be stepped open excavation with battered slopes.
4. Dewatering system shall continue to run until backfilling is completed up to the level
of the natural water table.
5. Bottom of the trench shall be cleaned, free of loose material; rock projections and the
surface will be leveled and moistened uniformly before commencing compaction.
Leveled bottom surface shall be compacted as per the specification.
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Fig.:-8 Excavation Fig.:-9 Layouts Marking
d) Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete):- After the process of excavation, laying
of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 100mm with projection was
made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the
raft foundation and a mix of 1:4:8 that is, 1 part of cement to 4 parts of fine aggregates
and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by weight were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to
achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling
earth during and after placing. When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end
is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper
layer of concrete. The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer
is laid.
Fig.-10 Laying of P.C.C.
24

e) Raft Foundation: - At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a
structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft
foundation is used when large load is to be distributed and it is not possible to provide
individual footings due to space constraints that are they would overlap on each other.
They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread
the loads over a larger area.
Specifications
 Area of Raft:- 506.17 m2
 Thickness of Raft:- 550mm
 Grade of Concrete:- M25 (1:1:2)
 Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
 Bottom Reinforcement:- 20mm @ 110mm c/c (both ways)ɸ
 Top Reinforcement:- 20mm @ 110mmc/c (both ways)ɸ
 Clear Cover:- 50mm
 Lap Length:- 40 ɸ
 Steel Quantity:- 490.94 quintal (with Chair 12mm 351 no.)ɸ
 Concrete Quantity:- 278 m3
Fig.:-11 Laying of Raft Foundation
f) Construction of Pedestal: - As the steel of raft is laid down the reinforcement of
pedestal is started. The purpose of pedestal is to distribute the load uniformly of column
to footing. It provides the support to plinth beam and column. The size of pedestal is
greater than to column size.
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Specification
 Size of Pedestal:-
Name Sizes No.
C1 & C1A 375 X 825 4
C2 375 X 790 4
C2A 375 X
860
8
C3,C3A,C4,C4A &
C5
375 X 675 35
 Height of Pedestal :- 1.6m
 Steel Quantity:- 9842.08378 quintal
 Concrete Quantity:- 20m3
Fig.:-12 Construction of Pedestal
g) Plinth Beam: - This is a band which provided at the plinth level, on the top of
foundation these bands are provided for decreasing the chances of uneven settlement of
structure and it also serve the purpose of damp proof course. During the earthquake these
band are responsible to hold the structure as a single unit when the ground shake. Before
the concreting of plinth beam the level of beam must be checked so that commencement
of work can be done accurately.
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Specification
Sr No. Name Sizes
1 PB1 230 X
500
2 PB2, PB3, PB5, PB6, PB10, PB11,
PB13, PB14, PB16, PB18, PB22
300 X
500
3 PB7, PB8, PB9, PB12, PB15, PB17,
PB17A, PB19, PB20, PB23, PB21,
PB24
230 X
450
 Steel Quantity:- 4983.65quintal
Fig.:-13 Construction of Plinth Beam
h) Column: - A column is an important component of RCC structure. It is a vertical
member which is used to transfer the load of super structure such as super structure, floor,
balconies, slab etc. The method of construction of column is follow:-
I. Placing vertical steel of columns: - As according to structural drawing (column
schedule) vertical bars were placed through top reinforcement of raft on the
position marked earlier (6.5) above the bottom reinforcement of raft.
27

II. Layout of columns: - After casting of raft again the layout of column is done in
order to check the actual position of vertical bars of columns. The layout is also
helpful to place the shuttering on actual position, so that the column should be in
proper position according to drawing (Column layout drawing).
III. Bar binding and column starter: - Shear reinforcement was tied as according to
structural drawing (column schedule) up to the height determined from framing
plan. At bottom instead of making column starter a T shaped bar was weld with
vertical steel on the layout of column so the shuttering can be fixed on desired
accurate position.
IV. Formwork: - The shuttering either conventional or system is fixed around
column and plumb of this shuttering is checked out. At bottom the T shaped bars
keeps the shuttering on position and at top and middle cover blocks are fixed so
that proper cover could be provide to reinforcement. The T shaped bar at bottom
and cover blocks at middle and top ensure the straightness of vertical
reinforcement.
Fig:-14 Shuttering and Layout of Column
28

Specification
 Size of Columns :-
Name Sizes No.
C1 & C1A 300 X 750 4
C2 300 X 715 4
C2A 300 X
785
8
C3,C3A,C4,C4A &
C5
300 X 600 35
 Height of Pedestal :- 3.2m
 Steel Quantity:- 6040.496quintal
 Concrete Quantity:- 31.81m3
i) Laying of Beam and Slab: - A structural member which supports lateral load and
resist bending is known as beam. Slabs are plane structural member whose thickness is
quite small as compared to its other dimension. Slab support mainly transverse loads and
transfer them to end supports by bending action in one or more directions. The steps
which are followed for the construction of column are written as below:-
I. Fixing Beam bottom and slab formwork: - Beam bottoms are fixed along with
the vertical reinforcement of columns using a specially made arrangement called
“BEAM SUPPORTER”. Then sides of beams are fixed and then main slab’s
shuttering is laid according to architectural drawing (framing plan). The gaps are
filled and uniform horizontal platform is made to support the slab. Generally
beam bottom and slab’s shuttering is made of plywood and rests on vertical steel
pipe arrangement called “probes”. Note: All the sunken portions and sections
according to co-ordinate framing plan should be taken into consideration while
fixing the beam bottoms and slab’s shuttering.
II. Laying reinforcement of beams and slab: - First of all reinforcement of primary
beams is laid and then secondary beams on a certain height above the shuttering
29

according to structural drawing (beam detail). After all beams are tied and are
placed on their respective position slab reinforcement is laid according to
structural drawing (slab reinforcement detail) and bar bending schedule. Cover
blocks are placed in between shuttering and slabs reinforcement. Note: All the
section should read carefully and dowel required for any section or staircase
should be placed before casting.
III. Leveling of slab: - To check exact level of slab (both bottom and top) a certain
level is marked above the finished floor level on columns bars as convenient. A
thread is tied throughout that mark on the column bars at the marked level and
level of slab (bottom and top) is measured by measuring the perpendicular length
from thread level to the top level of slab by the help of measuring tape or a
graduated bar.
Fig:-15 Reinforcement of Beam & Slab
Specification of Beam
Sr No. Name Sizes
1 FB1 230 X 500
2 FB2, FB3, FB5, FB6, FB10, FB11,
FB13, FB14, FB16, FB18, FB22
300 X 500
3 FB7, FB8, FB9, FB12, FB15, FB17,
FB17A, FB19, FB20, FB23, FB21,
230
450
30

FB24
 Steel Quantity:- 5743 quintal
 Concrete Quantity:-
Specification of Slab
 Thickness of Slab:- 150mm
 Steel Quantity:- 3252.91 quintal (with Chair 12mm 351 no.)ɸ
 Concrete Quantity:- 83 m3
Fig:-16 Casing of Beam & Slab with Boom Placer
g) Laying of Stair and Lift: - A series of steps or flight of steps that go from one level to
another is called stair. The form work can be made up with plywood or framing lumber.
The first step is to cut the side forms according to the drawing. Add wooden member as
bracing against the outward movement and depending on the width of stair additional
bracing should be provided at centre. Make sure that the forms are plumb and level
31

before proceeding further. After that concrete is prepared from R.M.C. and poured into
Frame work. Concrete should be poured from the bottom step. Once you pour it, it should
be spread evenly. Use a spade or a rod to remove trapped air bubbles. A screed board is a
piece of lumber somewhat longer than width is used for the finishing purpose. Last step is
curing, it can be done be gunny bags or by pounding method.
Lift is a vertical access that moves up and down inside a building and carries
peoples from one floor to another floor. The lift frame is made of R.C.C. and construction
method is same as other member. There is one precaution must be considered that it
should be vertical straight and leveled. The formwork should be strong enough to take the
dead load and live load during construction. It should be watertight and easily removed
after placing of concrete.
Specification of Stair & Lift
 Dia. Of Stair Slab Bar:- 12mm@120c/c
 Dia. of Lift Bar:- 10mm@150c/c both side
 Dia. of Stirrups’ bar:- 8mm@150C/C(COL.)
 Steel Quantity of lift :- 489 Kg
 Steel Quantity of Stair :- 275 Kg including Landing
Fig
:-17 Stair and Reinforcement of Lift
32

12.0 Establishment at Site
Establishment refers to recruitment of permanent or temporary work force in the
department of engineer, office staff, skilled and unskilled for carrying out works.
Construction industry can only function steadily and satisfactory if there is a good rapport
and co-operative relationship between the construction workers and their employers.
Permanent establishment
Permanent establishment constitutes employee working against the sanctioned permanent
posts in the department, drawing the regular pay bill without any time limit.
The permanent establishment include:-
 Assistant General Manager
 Accountant
 Project Manager
 Site incharge
 Engineers
 Lab incharge and store incharge.
Temporary Establishment
Temporary establishment are the employees recruited directly for the actual execution of
a specific work and whose pay is directly charged to the work for which they are
employed.
The temporary establishment include:-
 Supervisor
 Masons
 Bar benders
 Electricians
 Labourers
Labour Status
Month Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Strength 290 303 310 388 390
13.0 Information about Employees
33

Sr. No Name Qualification Designation Experience
1 Money Garg M-Tech Director General
Manager
Six Year Experience in
Field of Management
2 Sukhdev Singh B-Tech Project manager Ten Year Experience in
Field of construction
3 Shubham B-Tech Billing Engineer Three Year Experience
in Field of construction
4 Sushil Kumar Graduation License Incharge Six Year Experience in
5 Rakesh Kumar B-Tech Electric Engineer Ten Year Experience in
6 Dinesh Kumar M.A. Store Incharge Six Year Experience in
7 Logar Singh Diploma Lab Incharge Thirty Year Experience
in Field of construction
8 Atul Kumar Diploma Site Engineer Six Year Experience in
Field of Construction
9 Manoj Kumar Diploma Supervisor Three Year Experience
in Field of Construction
10 Anil kumar Diploma Supervisor Three Year Experience
11 Sandeep Diploma Supervisor Three Year Experience
12 Mahendrpal Diploma Supervisor Three Year Experience
14.0 Information about Material
The various materials used for constructing and supporting the building are termed as
Building Materials. The different building materials in use such as soil, aggregates,
34

cement, sand and steel are to be tested before using them in building construction. The
materials which are used at site as below:-
a) Cement: - Cement is a binding material that has cohesive and adhesive property in the
presence of water. There are two type of cement is used at the site-1)OPC 43(Ordinary
Portland cement) 2) PPC (Pozzolona Portland cement).The company name is SHREE
ULTERA CEMENT. The capacity of one bag is 35liter or 50Kg bag and area is 0.3square
meter. OPC cement is used in the construction of foundation, column, beam and slab.
PPC cement is used for the finishing work like plastering, pointing and brick work.
Curing period for the OPC is 28 days and for PPC is 90 days so that’s why OPC cement
is used for structure parts. Cement is to be store in WARE HOUSE the capacity of site
ware house is 5000 bags. The rate of one bag is 260 rupees for the company.
Fig-18 Ware House
b) Brick: - An artificial masonry unit in the form of rectangular block of prepared clay is
called a brick. The main constituents of brick are Alumina, Silica and lime. The standard
size of brick is 190X90X90mm but at the site size of brick is 220X110X75mm.The site
brick is considered in Category ‘B’ which is irregular in shape and strength lies more than
75kg/cm2.The quantity of bricks in one cubic meter is 500No.The main points which
should be kept in made while laying are Brick should not construct more than 5 feet in
35

one day. Frog should be placed at the top face for proper bonding. It should not break
when it is fall from height of 3feet.The rate of brick is 4000rupess per 100 no.
Fig.-19 Brick Stock
c) Sand and Aggregate: - Sand is a filling material which is used in concrete, mortar and
plastering. Sand is basically consisting of small grains of silica which is formed by the
decomposition of sandstones due to various effects of weather. The sand which is used at
sites coming from Phtankoat river of two sizes-fine sand and coarse sand(lies2.36-
4.75).There is one factor which effects batching i.e. Bulking of sand. The presence of
moisture in sand increases the volume of sand. This is due to the fact that moisture causes
film of water around sand particles which results in the increase of volume of sand.
Fig.-20 Sand and Aggregate
Mix Proportion=M20 (1:1.5:3) and 18% bulk age and volume of one bag is 35 liters.
according to that volume of sand required is 70 liters but due to bulking volume of sand
36

required 70 x 118/100 = 82.5 liters. From we can see that there is too much effect on
volume of sand.
Aggregate are the inert material which forms the bulk of cement concrete. The
aggregate are bound together by mean of cement. The size of aggregate which is used at
the site is 10mm and 20mm.The rate of 10mm aggregate is 23.5 rupees per cubic
feet(920rupees per cubic meter) and 20mm aggregate is 22 rupees per cubic feet(780
rupees per cubic meter).There are three types of aggregate according to shape is Rounded
aggregate, Angular aggregate and irregular aggregate. The shape of aggregate at site is
angular because it provides good bonding.
d) Steel: - Steel is most commonly used as reinforcing material as tension member
because is satisfying all characteristics requirement for an ideal reinforcing material.
There are basically four grade which are available in market of HYSD group is Fe415,
Fe415D, Fe500, Fe500D, Fe550, Fe550D, Fe600. The grade which is used at the site is
500D of sizes 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm. Size of 8mm,10mm and 12mm
is used in slab and 16mm,20mm is used in beam and column. Due to ribs present on steel
bars, it develops good bond with concrete.
Fig.-21 Steel
The strength of grade 500 and 500D is same but the difference is only there is
elongation. 500D grade has more percentage elongation as compared to Fe500. TATA
steel has introduced Fe500D grade in market with percentage elongation of 16% more as
compared to Fe500.The rate of steel is 48000 rupees per tonne i.e.48 rupees per Kg. The
company of steel which is used at site is TATA, SAIL, and BHEL. The steel is coming in
37

form of coil less than 12mm which is shown in figure. As the size of steel is decrease, the
rate is increase.
e) Admixture: - Admixture is the materials which are used to improve the quality of
concrete. The admixture which is used at the is coming from STP Limited company. The
capacity of one drum is 250 Kg and rate of one Kg. is 30 rupees. This admixture is helps
to increase the setting time and maintain the strength of concrete.
Fig.-22 Admixture Tank
F) Miscellaneous: - Miscellaneous materials are those which are also important except
basic materials. There are numbers of materials which are used for construction at site
which are:-
1) Plastic pipes 2) G.I. pipes
3) Electric Wires 4) Fiber Sheets
5) Bitumen 6) Water proofing
7) Termite proofing 8) Fire resistance
9) Paint and Varnish 10) Glass
11) Wooden Doors 12) Chips
13) Marble 14) POP
15.0 Information about Rates
Sr. No. Material Company Rate
38

1.0 Cement Shri Ultra Tech Limited 260/-bag
2.0 Coarse Sand Phtankoat 920/-cubic meter
3.0 Fine Sand Phtankoat 780/-cubic meter
4.0 10mm aggregate Phtankoat crusher 850/-cubic meter
5.0 20mm aggregate Phtankoat crusher 780/-cubic meter
6.0 Steel TATA,SAIL,BHEl 48000/-tonne
7.0 Brick Local company 3400/-1000brick
8.0 Admixture STP Limited 30/- Kg
9.0 Chips Local Company 900/-Tonne
10.0 Battens N.K.G.company 3"x2"x10" 150/-piece
11.0 Scaffolding and Shuttering N.K.G. Company 5800/-tonne
12.0 White Cement Shree Ultra 20/-Kg
16.0 Information about Test
There are number of tests which are performed at the site on different material. The tests
which we have performed at the site are below:-
39

a) Slump Test: - This test is used to check the workability of concrete at site. Steel mould
is used which is in the form of frustum of cone whose dimensions are 300mm at bottom
dia., 200mm at top dia. and height is 100mm.
Observation and calculations:-
Proportion of sample = M25
Water Cement Ratio = 0.446
Slump Value = 105mm
Standard Value
Sr. No. Slump value Degree of Workability Uses at site
1 Less than 25 Very Low Precast work
2 25-75 Low Road pavement
3 75-100 Medium R.C.C footing
4 Greater than 100 High Column, beam
Result- Our sample is coming in category 4. When concrete is transported through pump
then its value should be taken more as to standard.
Fig.-23 Slump Test
b) Bulking of Sand: - The increase in volume of sand due to presence of surface
moisture up to certain extent is known as bulking of sand. The bulking of sand has
importance when batching is done by volume. Bulked sand occupies more volume than
dry sand. To compensate the bulking effect, extra sand is added. Otherwise concrete mix
becomes deficient in sand and will have tendency to segregate. The observation is as
follow:-
Observation and calculation:-
40

Height of loose sand = 150mm
Height of saturated sand = 144 mm
Percentage of Bulking = 4.16%
Result:- Value of bulking of sand is 4.16%. This value should not be greater than 5% as
per standard.
Fig.-24 Bulking of Sand
c) Compressive Test: - The compressive strength of a cube is an indication of the
strength of concrete. With the help of this we can check the characteristics strength of
concrete. The size of cube is taken as 15cm3
. At least three specimen should be made for
testing which is to be performed at 7, 21, 28 days.
Observation and calculations:-
Proportion of concrete = M25
Cross-section Area = 15x15=225 cm3
Breaking Load = 770 KN
Compressive strength after 28 days = 34.2 KN/mm2
Result:- Compressive Strength of concrete sample after 28 days is 34.2N/mm2
. Whereas
strength requirement is 25 N/mm2
, hence tested sample is safe.
41

Fig.-25 Compressive Strength of Concrete
d) Silt Content: - Silt is a material of particle sizes between 0.002mm to 0.06mm. It is
usually found in sands obtained from natural sources such as river bed. If it is present in
excess quantity then is preventing a bond between cement and aggregate. Silt value is to
be increase more than 6% by volume. This test is to be easily performed in beaker of size
250ml.
Observation and Calculation:-
Height of sample = 150ml
Height of silt after 3 hours = 6ml
Percentage of Silt = 4%
Result:- Its value does not increase more than 6% by volume.
e) Weight of Steel: - This is a field test which is performed on steel to check wt. meter
length because there are number of impurities will be added in the materials due to
temperature variations so that its wt. will varies from the standard value. There is a
chance of corrosion and rusting over steel bar
Sr. No Dia. of
Bar
Standard Wt.(D^2/162.2) Actual Weight
42

1 8mm 390gm 390gm
2 10mm 620gm 620gm
3 12mm 890gm 890gm
4 16mm 1580gm 1550gm
5 20mm 2460gm 2425gm
6 25mm 3850gm 3845gm
Result:- From the result we can check most of value is matching with each other.
f) Compressive Test of Brick: - This test is used to check the compressive strength of
brick. Brick laid in building are generally under compression. The Brick are divided into
four categories Class A, B, C, and D. from this test we can examine that which type of
brick is used at site. Generally five numbers of brick are randomly selected and frog is
filled with cement mortar of ratio 1:1. Load is applied at rate of 140 kg per minutes.
Area of Brick: - 25300 mm2
Load at failure: - 19860 kg
Compressive strength: - 78.5 kg/cm2
Result: - Compressive strength of brick is 75 kg/cm2
, so that is coming under Class B.
Fig.-26 Compressive Strength of Brick
g) Efflorescence Test: - This test is performed to know the presence of any alkaline
matter in the brick. Nil- there is no perceptible deposit of efflorescence. Slight- when not
more than 10% of the area of the brick is covered with a thin deposit of salt. Moderate-
there is a heavier deposit covering up to 50% of area. Heavy- When there is too much salt
in brick exceed 50%.
43

Result:- Our sample is coming under Slight group.
Fig-27 Efflorescence Test Fig.28 Water Absorption of brick
h) Water absorption test: - The strength of brick depends upon its water absorption
capacity. If the brick has more water absorption capacity, it will loosen its strength earlier,
because using the brick, it should, therefore, be tested for its water absorption capacity
which should not be more than 20% by weight for Ist class brick.
Weight of Sample: - 3.86 kg
Weight of Dry sample: - 3.5 kg
Water absorption:- 10.1%
Result- The water absorption of brick sample is 10%. It should not be increase 20% for
Ist class brick.
i) Grading of Aggregate: - The art of doing gradation of an aggregate as determined by
sieve analysis is known as grading of aggregate. The principal of grading is that the
smaller sizes particles will the voids between large particles. There are four type of
grading which are Continuous grading, Poor grading, Gap Grading, and Well Grading.
There is no universal ideal grading curve satisfactory concrete can be made with various
grading of aggregate. However ISI has specified certain limit, within which a grading
curve must lie to produce a satisfactory concrete.
44

Grading Limit for fine aggregate
IS Sieve Weight Retained Weight Passing % of wt. retained Grading Zone II
10mm 0 2000 100 100
4.75mm 96 1904 92.2 90-100
2.36mm 121 1783 89.15 75-100
1.18mm 341 1442 72.1 55-90
.600mm 451 991 49.55 35-59
.300mm 586 405 20.25 8-30
.150mm 290 115 5.75 0-10
Silt Content- The value less than 150 micron is considered as silt.
j) Moisture Content of Soil sample:-
This test is done to determine the water content in soil by calcium carbide method as per
IS: 2720 (Part II) – 1973. It is a method for rapid determination of water content from the
gas pressure developed by the reaction of calcium carbide with the free water of the soil.
From the calibrated scale of the pressure gauge the percentage of water on total mass of
wet soil is obtained and the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil.
Apparatus Required:-
i) Metallic pressure vessel, with a clamp for sealing the cup, along with a gauge
calibrated in percentage water content ii) Counterpoised balance, for weighing the sample
iii) Scoop, for measuring the absorbent (Calcium Carbide) iv) Steel balls – 3 steel balls of
about 12.5mm dia. and 1 steel ball of 25mm dia. v) One bottle of the absorbent (Calcium
Carbide)
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
Sand – Coarse powders may be ground and pulverized. Cohesive and plastic soil – Soil is
tested with addition of steel ball in the pressure vessels. The test requires about 6g of
sample.
45

Fig.:-29 Moisture Content
Procedure to determine Water Content In Soil By Calcium Carbide Method
i) Set up the balance, place the sample in the pan till the mark on the balance arm
matches with the index mark. ii) Check that the cup and the body are clean. iii) Hold the
body horizontally and gently deposit the leveled, scoop-full of the absorbent (Calcium
Carbide) inside the chamber. iv) Transfer weighed soil from the pan to the cup. v) Hold
cup and chamber horizontally, bringing them together without disturbing the sample and
the absorbent. vi) Clamp the cup tightly into place. If the sample is bulky, reverse the
above placement, that is, put the sample in the chamber and the absorbent in the cup. vii)
In case of clayey soils, place all the 4 steel balls (3 smaller and 1 bigger) in the body
along with the absorbent. viii) Shake the unit up and down vigorously in this position for
about 15 seconds. ix) Hold the unit horizontally, rotating it for 10 seconds, so that the
balls roll around the inner circumference of the body. x) Rest for 20 seconds. xi) Repeat
the above cycle until the pressure gauge reading is constant and note the reading. Usually
it takes 4 to 8 minutes to achieve constant reading. This is the water content (m) obtained
on wet mass basis. xii) Finally, release the pressure slowly by opening the clamp screw
and taking the cup out, empty the contents and clean the instrument with a brush.
17.0 Information about Equipment
46

1) Mixer Plant: Mixer plant provides the facility to mix the various ingredients of
concrete in required proportions at the in order to fulfill the quantities of concrete and
without more lead distance. A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that
combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water,
aggregate, fly ash and cement and the centre of the concrete batching plant is the mixer.
These employ computer aided control to assist in fast, accurate measurement of input
constituents or ingredients, as well as ties toghter the various parts and accessories for
coordinated and safe operation.
Fig.:-30 Mix Plant
2) Transit Mixer: It is used to transport the concrete from the place of production to the
site. Nominal capacity of Transit mixer is 6M3
and Total Geometric volume is 9M3
. It is a
equipment which is used for transpoting the concrete from batching plant directly to the
place where it is to be poured. It has a wide range of application specially for mass
concreting works like high rise building construction and Dam and airports etc.The angle
of drum is 15° and drum speed varies from 0-14 rpm. It optimized the position of spiral
ensures maximum discharge of concrete. Weight of mixer is varies from 2500 kgs-
3760kgs. At our site there are 8 no of transit mixer which are used in different pocket.
47

Fig.:-31 Transit Mixers
3) Boom Placer: The use of static concrete pumps with stationary placing booms has
increased, especially for building construction. It is commonly referred to as a line
pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump. This pump requires steel or flexible concrete
placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are
linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps
normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller
volume concrete placing applications such as swimming, sidewalks, and single family
home concrete slabs and most ground slabs It is used to lift material from the bottom and
take it to the heights of building which would have been very difficult by labour. The
length of Boom Placer is 36m at our site.
Fig.:-32 Boom Placer
48

4) Needle Vibrator: The Needle Vibrator, also known as immersion or poker vibrator
have a power unit and long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is attached.
Wherever compaction is to be done, the vibrating head is inserted in the concrete.
Concrete vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess
water are released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwork. Improper
consolidation of concrete can cause product defects, compromise the concrete strength,
and produce surface blemishes such as bug holes and honeycombing. An internal
concrete vibrator is a steel cylinder about the size of the handle of a baseball bat, with a
hose or electrical cord attached to one end. The vibrator head is immersed in the wet
concrete.
Fig.:-33 Needle Vibrators
5) Tilted Drum Mixer: A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a
device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often
used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample
time to use the concrete before it hardens. The entire drum rotates around its axis as
metals are loaded through a charge chute at one end of the drum and exit through a
discharge chute at the opposite end of the drum. Mixing blades are mounted on the inside
surface of the drum and as the drum rotates the blades mix by lifting and dropping the
materials during each rotation. Once the materials are sufficiently mixed the rotation of
the drum is reversed and the blade arrangement pushes the concrete through to the
discharge end of the mixer.
49

Fig.:-34 Tilting Mixer
6) Bar Straighter Machine: This machine is used for cutting the bar as per requirement
in large quantities. The machine can do the operation of cutting up to 12mm dia. and for
bar having dia. greater than 12mm than Bar Cutter is used.
Fig.:-35 Bar Straighter Machine
7) Concrete Pump: Concrete is transported by pumping through steel pipeline from the
mixer to the place of deposit. It is also known as compressor. In this system, concrete is
conveyed from a central mixing plant to a place of pouring, by an arrangement of pumps
and pipelines. This pipeline is made of steel tubes each 3m in length and 100 to 125 mm
in diameter. Concrete can be pumped for maximum distance of about 400m in
horizontally and 80m in vertically. It is generally mounted below the concrete mixer so
that the mixed concrete can be fed straight into the hopper.
50

Fig.:-36 Pressure Pump
8) JCB Excavator: Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom,
stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop
an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and
steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam
shovels and often called power shovels.
Fig.:-37 JCB Excavator Fig.:-38 Hydra (Cranes)
9) Hydra (Cranes): - These are used taking off heavy objects and also to transport them
from one to other place at the site. A crane is a lifting machine that principally works with
the use of pulleys and cables. For the construction industry, cranes are valuable assets
because they make working with heavy machinery and construction materials easy. The
invention of cranes made things easy for humankind because without them, loading,
unloading, and lifting had to be done by human hands, would consume more time, and
the entire system was not efficient at all.
51

Safety Measures on Operating Plants and Machineries
 Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous part of the machine has
been installed with a guard.
 Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may be some dangerous
places which have not been provided with fencing.
 Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks or other lifting
equipment.
 Before you use any electrical installation or tool, check the condition of its
electric cables.
 Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the cables to come into
contact with water.
 Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.
 Use and handle chemicals with care
Progress
Sr. No. Activity Total Completed Balance
1 Excavation 7 7 0
2 PCC in Foundation 7 7 0
3 Concrete in Raft 7 7 0
4 Pedestal 7 7 0
5 Concrete in plinth beam 7 7 0
6 Casting of slab 49 45 4
52

Progress
Sr. No. Activity Total Completed Balance
1 Excavation 7 7 0
2 PCC in Foundation 7 7 0
3 Concrete in Raft 7 7 0
4 Pedestal 7 7 0
5 Concrete in plinth beam 7 7 0
6 Casting of slab 49 45 4
18.0 Bar Bending Schedule
Bar bending schedules plays a very important role in making the details of the
reinforcement and it include the following parameters:
 Type of bar and its diameter
 Shape and size of each bar size of reinforcement (e.g. straight bat, bent up bar,
anchor bar, etc.
 Number of bar for each size of reinforcement
 Detailed calculation
 Total weight required for a particular member
 Special remark.
The basics weight of steel is taken as 7850 kg/m2
.
Splicing always be used for the bar having dia. less than 36mm
Weight of bar in kg can be worked out by the formula = Dia2
/162.2
Nominal Size
(mm)
Weight
(kg)
53

6 0.22
8 0.39
10 0.62
12 0.89
16 1.58
20 2.47
25 3.85
Bar bending schedule has been prepared for the various components in building which
are:-
a) Raft foundation
b) Pedestal
c) Plinth beam
d) Columns
e) Beam and slabs
f) Mumty
54

g) Out of above components the bar bending schedule has been shown for the
columns in the following page:-
h)

k)
l) 19.0 Safety Measure and Campaign
m) In Civil engineering construction project, accidents cannot be avoided. An event
can happen any time and unexpectedly during construction. About 80 percent of
accidents are mainly caused due to unsafe practices and shear negligence of the
workers. Safety measures are required to be built properly to motivate and
encourage the workers to work at the given site or industry without any fear,
tension or worry in mind about his security of life. Good safety measures are
essential to increase the output of work by generating safety free environmental
sense of contentment among the workers. Safety
measure can be efficiently handled by properly educating and training workers
about the safe rules and their importance. It is the foremost duty of construction
management to appoint separate safety engineer to undertake safety measure and
to prevent the occurrence of accidents. The causes of accidents should be properly
investigated and suitable measures should be adopted to control these accidents.
Thus, safety measures prevent:
1. Reduced workers’ compensation claims
2. Reduced expenses related to injuries and illnesses
3. Reduced absenteeism and Lower employee complaints
4. Loss of Life and Increased productivity
5. Improved employee morale and satisfaction
6. Reduction of hidden cost and Reduced insurance cost

n)
Fig:-39 Safety Measures
o) Personal Safety
 Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety vast and safety
footwear at construction site.
 Do not drink or take drugs while working.
 Pay attention to personal hygiene.
 Do not play in the workplace.

 Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition
p) Public Safety
 Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are often unaware of or do
not understand the work carried out on construction sites and the hazards
involved.
 Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from height.
 Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.
q) Safety Campaign:- An organized movement launched by an enterprise or
construction firm to advocate the safety rules and regulations among its workers
to reduce the number of accidents is termed as safety campaign. The following
points should be kept in mind for launching safety campaign.
1. The safety campaign must be placed under the charge of a very competent,
experienced and able manager, who may be termed as safety Director.
2. The worker should be frequently addressed in a small group in their language or
easy accessible language to explain about safety rules.
3. Do’s and Don’ts during construction work should be displayed in bold letter along
with diagram on chart paper
4. Advertisement films, Documentaries and CD should be shown to the workers on
off days, explaining about the need for safety measures.
5. Safety Slogans and safety Quotations should be made an integral part of safety
campaign to educate the illiterate and poor workers.
6. Training in first-aid should be provided to workers and supervisors for trating
minor cuts and injuries.

7. Safety journals should be brought about by the concerned management and
distributed free of cost to the workers.
r) 20.0 Intelligent Building
s) An intelligent building is one that provides a productive and cost effective
environment through optimization of its four basic elements- structure, systems,
services and management-and the interrelationships between them.
t) Aspect of intelligent building system:-
u)
v)
w)
a) Security: Intelligence features for security:
 Finger print lock
 Retina based door access system
 Voice and video intercom
 Code-based access system
 Swipe card access system
 Biometric access system
x) Fig:-40 Swipe Card Access
b) Safety: Some Intelligence Features:
 Reduced Manpower Dependence,
 Closed-circuit Television,
 Card Access Control,

 Smoke Detection,
 Intrusion Alarms,
 Emergency Control Of Elevators, Doors And
 Uninterruptible Power Supplies
y)
z) Fig:-41 Smoke Detection
c) Telecommunication system:Some of the telecom features:
 Private telephone exchange systems,
 Cablevision,
 Audio-visual and video-conferencing,
 Satellite communications and
 Electronic mail, intranets and internet access
aa)

d) Building management systems:
 Energy effective systems
 Lighting Systems
 Automatic watering of plantation
 Automatic door and closing system
 Parking lots
ab) Fig:-42 Automatic Watering
ac)
ad) The development cost of an Intelligent Building is 8 -10% higher than that of an
ordinary building. But this can be justified by the resulting energy saving, which
is only 25 ±35% of energy required by normal building.
ae)
af)
ag)
ah) 21.0 Inspection and Quality Control
ai) Inspection is the process of carrying out vigilant checks during the construction of
project against any serious defect or lack of progress. Inspection of work is
carried from beginning of work up to the completion of project at various stages
or levels by competent authority. Quality control is the comparison of materials,
construction techniques and finishing products etc. with the laid down standards.
The quality control and inspection should ensure that the quality of work is the
accordance with the prescribed specification.
aj) Stages of construction:
a) Layout stage: It is the first stage of work to be inspected when the layout of
building is carried out. The layout should be properly checked for right angles and
dimensions must be measured as per plan.
b) Earthwork completion stage: At this stage, quality inspectors check the
adequate depth and width of excavation trench to ensure desired the depth of
foundation.

c) Foundation laying stage: At this stage, the quality engineer mainly inspects the
material reached at the site, such as quality of cement, sand, bricks and aggregate
to be used in foundations. The materials must be of the same quality as has been
inspected at the supplier’s premises. In general, a contractor always tries to use
over burnt or jhama bricks for the foundation for the foundation work which
should be objected.
d) D.P.C. laying stage: It is the one of the critical stage, which must be inspected by
the quality engineer. It is the completion of foundation stage, when damp proofing
course is laid at the top of foundation layer to protect the building from moisture.
At this stage, once again layout of building should be exactly checked as per the
building plan to ensure proper internal dimensions of rooms and its component.
e) Formwork erecting stage: Erecting formwork is one of the major stage of the
construction work, which must be given due attention by the quality inspectors.
The shape, strength and finishing surfaces of concrete in beams, column and slabs
mainly depend upon type of form work. For large project, only steel form work
should be used. For concrete construction forms or shuttering in the forms of
wooden planks or steel plates are used for keeping the green concrete in position
till it hardens. This helps in giving the desired shapes to different components of
the structure
ak)Removal of formwork
 For columns = 24 to 48 hours
 For slab up to 4.5 m span = 7 days
 For slab more than 4.5m span = 14 days
 For beams up to 6m span = 14 days
 For beams above 6m span = 21 days
al) The good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:-
1. The material of the formwork should be practically water proof so that it can’t
absorb water from concrete.

2. It should be strong enough to withstand the pressure or the load of the fresh
concrete, live load of the worker coming on it.
3. The formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing
the least injury to the surface of nearly constructed concrete members.
4. The inside surface of formwork should be smooth so as to give good appearance
to the resulting newly constructed concrete members.
f) Reinforcement laying stage: The strength of the structure member like beams,
column and slab depends upon the reinforcement provided. So, when the
reinforcement stage is laid over the formwork erected, it is right time for quality
engineers to inspect the work for identification of any defect with respect to
inadequate reinforcement detail.
am)
an)
ao)
ap)
aq) 22.0 Site Drawings
ar) a) Column Drawing

ay) 23.0verall Benefits of Training
az) Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the
outside working environment before the student graduate. Student like civil and
urban engineering and other fields also take this practice. The main aim of this
practice (internship) is that to teach students communication with different
workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they learned at class, up
grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class, improve their
leadership skill, team playing skill and etc. I have acquired much knowledge in
different tasks as explained below in different section. That different knowledge
gets me a good performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that
helps me after the graduation in the upcoming working era of mine.
ba) Improving practical skill
bb) The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month.
The knowledge we have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real
work in the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the
class. Thus I found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the
site environment or site peoples.
bc) Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
 Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure.
In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing
and constructing of form work. As I explained in the work procedure the
formwork and false work must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the
concrete gain its strength. Thus the construction stage of form work was new to
me since I‘m new for the practical world now I gain practical knowledge about
how it is worked and erected.
 Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing.
After the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying
work goes next. This work is done based on the working drawing provided in the
working drawings (structural drawing) by the design team of that specified

structure. In most case it was new for me to see such work since it is a practical
work only performed at the site.
 Surveying on building construction. We conduct the surveying class in the field
for its lab session of the course in the normal class. But we don‘t know about how
it is going to be in building construction in particular and in which particular stage
of the construction work it used either the super structure or sub structure.
 Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the
main constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is
mandatory to know this material in practice including how it is treated, placed
(poured), mixed and the equipment used for those work. I got the practical
knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.
 Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site.
Many of great structures before are a product of numerous human power and
countless days inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of handling tough
work which may be beyond the scope of human labor to be performed. They can
be expected to work with fair degree of effectiveness even under adverse weather,
climate or topographical conditions. I generally know how equipment‘s are used
in the site including their specific purpose.
bd) Upgrading the theoretical knowledge
be) The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help
students to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to
integrate the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in
different place in order to get more knowledge than the theory we learned on the
class. I got the internship class very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical
knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that we haven‘t learn in the
class room by searching different related literature. Some of this is:
 Quantity surveying
 Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
 Construction equipment
 Report writing

bf) I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand
everything from books and asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed
me. Generally I change myself alit bit after the internship period in my knowledge
than before I took it.
bg)Upgrading interpersonal communication skill
bh) Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order
to get some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the
building design and construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the
achievement of profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of
communication systems is beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as
they all play a part in the success of the construction. Construction is one of the
places that ask a good communication skill either managing every trade of work
or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important way
of learning, which can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of
gaining knowledge or skills and sharing what we know. Cool communication is
important in the real constructions world and it can appear in different forms as
speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most things I gain is due to
communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and non-skilled
workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers and ask
them what we want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes they are
not eager to tell.
bi) Improving team playing skill
bj) Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers,
involve in every piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential
for Effective completion of tasks and Increasing productivity. This skill already
exists in my personality in the campus due to different assignment and project
works that I work together with student. But this skill is more than this in the
construction site. In the construction site the work is already a team work and it
needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects,
misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult every
work. We the student at the site also works together as a team to get more

understanding and share ideas. More or less I improve my team work status by
working together with different professionals, student and workers as a whole in
the civil engineering works and consulting.
bk) Improving leadership skill
bl) Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an
organizational goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and
organized to perform its day to day activities. Among all other managements i
have seen that human resource management is the most important one. i have
actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work
done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan
(schedule).Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. For
effective leadership i understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important.
bm) In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.
bn) Those are:-
 Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge‘s).
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
 Make sound and timely decisions.
 Know your people and look out for their well-being.
 Keep your workers informed.
 Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
 Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
 Use the full capabilities of your organization.
 Listening to others.
 Being organized.
 Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.
bo) In the site it was impossible to us to lead anything because we go to the site to
learn about the site work and we don‘t have enough ability to handle such works
in such short time but we have learned how to become a good leader and the main
signal of a good leader.

bp) Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn‘t easy because it takes a
conscious commitment and consistent effort to develop one‘s leadership skills
bq)Work ethics and related issues
br) The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one‘s
behavior towards appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather
well on the job so that this work flow will not be jeopardized in the long run.
During my internship program, I could say that I have managed to do my side of
the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so that there was a smooth
flow of activities both in the office and on construction site. Work ethics involve
such characteristics as honesty, responsibility, reliability, accountability and etc.
bs) Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about
work ethics and on my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to my working
station in time so that there will not be any delay on the activities planned for that
day. The behavior that one shows towards his peers and colleagues is also one
manifestation of the concept of work ethics. Personally, I always respected and
gave priority the employers of the company. Elements of work ethics that worth
mentioning are:-punctuality, honesty, reliability, office discipline, corporation and
responsibility.
bt) We us a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and
avoid complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site
or office. It is a pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are
responsible for any given tasks. Since the aim of internship is to let students know
the outside environment pertinent to their field, which includes of such the above
dealt qualities, I was with the great interest that I tried to meet my responsibilities
and work ethics that I suppose to be fulfill by my side.
bu)
bv)
bw)
bx)
by)
bz)

ca)
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cl) 24.0 Conclusion
cm) The entire period of Industrial Training has given me good & important
practical exposure of construction work. At the end of the Industrial Training
under N.K.G. Construction Limited, Jalandhar Cantt, I feel myself better
equipped and ready to face the field problems related to Civil Engineering works.
In these four& half months, I have learnt how to deal with Authorities and
workers under supervision and I have become familiar with the fact that the field
work is much difficult from theoretical knowledge. But until you don’t have the
theoretical knowledge, the practical work is very difficult to carry-out and
understand.
cn) Working with experienced engineers has enhanced my technical skills to a
great extent for which I am grateful to them. Their professional approach towards work is
appreciable.
co) The training has provided me with much needed field exposure to shape
up my thinking in a better way as a professional making me a lot more capable to face the
challenges of life.
cp)
cq)
cr)

cs)
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de) 25.0 References and Bibliography
df)
Text include the details carried out through the Site engineers, Supervisors,
labourers
Drawings shown above are made on AUTO CAD 2014
Images shown in the report are self-clicked images at various locations
Calculation mentioned above are carried out in the daily dairy
Civil Construction Books
Drawings provided at the site
DGMAP website www.dgmap.com
NKG website www.nkginfra.com
Wikipedia

Industrial report for civil engg. training

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