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1. Supervising Committee
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Major Supervisor
Asst.Proff. Bhola Gautam
Department of Entomology
Agriculture and Forestry University
Member Supervisor
Prakash Ghimire
Plant protection officer
Central agricultural laboratory
Government of Nepal
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Site Supervisor
Ganesh Bahadur Adhikari
Senior agricultural officer
Agriculture Development Office
Jajarkot, Nepal
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2. Outline Of Presentation
• Introduction
• Statement of problem
• Rationale of Study
• Objectives of the Study
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
• Suggestions
• Further research
• Acknowledgements
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3. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture in Nepal:
• Major source of livelihood of the majority of population in Nepal
• Contributes 26.5% to GDP (AITC,2019)
Maize:
• (Zea mays Linnaeus)
• Poaceae family
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4. Introduction contd…….
Maize in Jajarkot :
• Important source of food
• 14,693Ha area cultivated leading to production of 36,248MT and
productivity of 2.47MT/Ha in the year 2018 (MoALD, 2019)
Maize in Nepal:
• 9,54,158Ha area cultivated leading to production of 25,55,847MT in
year 2018. (MoALD, 2019)
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5. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• Low adoption of recommended maize production practices(Kumar, et al.,
2020)
• Poor exposure of farmers to extension services (FAO,2010).
• Farmers are nearly in risk on adopting faulty approaches if the practical
advantages are not clearly demonstrated and realized (Kuehne, et al., 2017)
• Decreased attraction of farmer towards new technologies.
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6. RATIONALE OF STUDY
• Maize is major source of employment, income and food security for many
rural households (FAO,2012).
• Problem faced by farmers need to be identified and resolved.
• Study will assess the level of farmer's adoption of recommended maize
production practices and factors influencing their adoption in Jajarkot which
can be used by concerned stakeholders.
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7. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
 General objectives:
To study the adoption status of recommended maize production practices and
factors associated with it, among the farmers of Jajarkot District.
 Specific objectives:
• To assess the socio demographic status of farmers
 To analyze factors associated with adoption of recommended production
practices of maize
 To identify the problems of maize farming
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8. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Various journals, abstracts, thesis, books, internet and other
publications were searched and used as source of literatures.
Review of literature was done on following headings :-
• Ecology and Botany
• Trend of maize production in Nepal
• Concept of Adoption
• Level of adoption of agricultural innovation
• Adoption status of improved production practices
• Factors affecting adoption
• Problems of maize farming
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9. METHODOLOGY
Study Site:
Figure 1. Map of Nepal showing study area
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10. Methodology Cotnd……
Sampling size and method:
 Sixty maize growing farmers were taken as a sample from maize block
area of Bheri municipality using simple random sampling.
 A sample size of 60 is generally regarded as the minimum requirement for
population that yields a sufficient level of certainty for decision-making
(Poate & Daplyn, 1993)
Data types and collecting method:
Primary data - Direct Observation, household survey through interview
schedule , telephone survey, KII.
Secondary data - journals, research articles, proceedings of various NGOs
and INGOs, reports of ADO, local government.
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11. Methodology Cotnd……
Data Analysis:
• Microsoft Excel
• SPSS (version 25.0)
• Descriptive analysis of the data represented in bar chart, pie chart
• Chi square test to analyze the association between dependent and
independent variables.
• Index score ranking method to rank the constraints of maize farming.
• Iprob= ΣSiFi/N where,
Iprob = Index value for intensity
Σ = Summation
Si = Scale value of ith intensity
Fi = Frequency
N = Total number of respondents
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12. Methodology Contd……
Table1: Dependent variables measured
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Dependent Variable Types of variable Unit
Pre ploughing Ploughing(1-2 month before
sowing )
1-yes 2-no
Recommended variety Use of variety recommended
to the place(deuti)
1-yes 2-no
Row planting Planting in a row 1-yes 2-no
Recommended seed rate Used of recommended seed
rate (20kg/ha)
1-yes 2-no
Disease and pest control
measures
Applying disease and pest
control measures(cultural and
biological only)
1-yes 2-no
Weeding No of weeding as
recommended -2
1-yes 2-no

13. Methodology Contd……
Table 2: Independent variables used in various test
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Independent Variable Types of variable
Gender Gender of household head
Age (Categorical) Age of household head
Education Education status of household head
Major occupation Major occupation of household head
Ethnicity Ethnicity of respondents
Economically active population(Categorical) Total number of population above age of 16 and below 65
Religion Religion of respondents
Farmers group membership Involvement of household head in any of the farmers group
Farmland tenure Tenure ship of farmland possessed by household
Maize cultivated land(Categorical) Area of land under maize cultivation in ropani
Visit to agricultural office Visit to agricultural office by household head
Advice from extension officer Contact and advice from extension officer on maize cultivation practices
Advice from agrovet Maize production related advice taken from the agrovet
Training received Training on maize cultivation

14. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
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15. RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 2. Distribution of respondents by sex from field survey in maize
block of Jajarkot, 2020
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42
18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Male Female
Frequency
Frequency
Male
Female

16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 3. Distribution of respondents by age from field survey in maize
block of Jajarkot, 2020
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Age of respondents(N=60)
Minimum 29
Maximum 65
Mean 43.98
Standard deviation 7.42
Age of respondents Frequency
Below 36 9
36 to 52 42
Above 52 9

17. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 4. Distribution of respondents by economically active population in their
family from field survey in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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Economically active population
Minimum 2
Maximum 8
Mean 4.6
Standard deviation 1.59
No of economically active population Frequency
Less than 3 12
3 to 6 38
More than 6 10

18. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 3. Distribution of respondents by religion from field survey in maize
block of Jajarkot, 2020
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U 0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Hindu Christian
93.30%
6.70%
Percentage
Hindu
Christian

19. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 4. Distribution of respondents by ethnicity from field survey in maize
block of Jajarkot, 2020
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66.7
11.7
21.7
Percentage
chhetri
Bhramin
Dalit

20. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 5. Distribution of respondents by education from field survey in
maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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Illiterate
49%
Primary school
28%
Secondary school
20%
Above secondary
3%
Percentage
Illiterate
Primary school
Secondary school
Above secondary

21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 6. Distribution of respondents by involvement in farmers group from
field survey in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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U 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Small farmers group Agricultural cooperatives
71.7
28.3
Percentage Percentage

22. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 5. Distribution of respondents by their total land under maize cultivation
from field survey in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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Area under maize cultivation
Minimum 2 ropani
Maximum 22 ropani
Mean 10.7
Standard deviation 5.55
Area under maize cultivation Frequency
Less than 5.15 ropani 10
5.15 ropani to 16.15 ropani 41
Above 16.15 ropani 9

23. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 7. Distribution of respondents by farmland tenure from field survey
in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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20
30
40
50
Own farm Share cropping
42
18
Frequency
Frequency
Own farm
Share cropping

24. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 8. Distribution of respondents by major occupation from field survey
in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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79%
10%
8% 3%
Percentage
Agriculture
Bussiness
Government service
Others

25. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 9. Distribution of respondents by exposure to extension related
activities from field survey in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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Yes
No
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Visit to ADO Advice from
agrovet
Advice from
extension
officer
Training
received
18.30%
48.30% 45%
16.70%
81.70%
51.70% 55%
83.30%
Percentage
Yes
No

26. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 10. Adoption of different recommended production practices by the
respondents of maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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68
100
0
65
18.33
32
0
100
35
81.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pre ploughing Adding FYM and
compost
Planting depth Recommended
variety
Row planting
Percentage
Yes No

27. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 11. Adoption of various recommended production practices of maize by
the respondents in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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43.33
0
26.66
63.3
0
56.66
100
73.33
36.6
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Recommended
seed rate
Irrigation Disease and pest
control
Weeding (twice) Grading after
harvest
Percentage
Yes No

28. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 6. Factors affecting adoption of recommended production practices in
maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
Values in parenthesis represent p value of chi square value outside parenthesis and *,**,*** represent level of significance at 10%,5% and
1% respectively.
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Chi square test value
Variable Pre ploughing Recommended
variety
Row planting Recommended
seed rate
Disease and
pest control
Recommended
weeding
Gender 0.72(0.39) 0.01(0.97) 0.71(0.37) 4.41**(0.03) 2.69(0.101) 0.53(0.46)
Age 0.69(0.70) 0.80(0.67) 2.39(0.30) 1.44(0.485) 2.04(0.36) 0.91(0.96)
Education 1.53(0.68) 3.30(0.35) 0.83(0.84) 3.25(0.34) 2.70(0.44) 1.51(0.67)
Major
occupation
1.09(0.77) 3.36(0.34) 1.41(0.70) 0.85(0.83) 4.24(0.23) 6.76*(0.08)

29. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 This is in line with results obtained by Matata, et al.,(2010), there is
influence of gender on adoption of agricultural practices.
 Farmers with agriculture as major occupation give their whole time in their
field, that might lead to increase frequency of weeding.
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30. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 7. Factors affecting adoption of recommended production practices of maize in
maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
Values in parenthesis represent p value of chi square value outside parenthesis and *,**,*** represent level of significance at
10%,5% and 1% respectively.
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Chi square test value
Variable Pre ploughing Recommended
variety
Row planting Recommended
seed rate
Disease and
pest control
Recommended
weeding
Economically
active
population
4.85*(0.08) 5.29*(0.07) 2.34(0.31) 2.97(0.22) 1.41(0.49) 0.64(0.72)
Religion 1.11(0.62) 0.89(0.19) 0.13(0.72) 0.58(0.44) 1.01(0.71) 0.25(0.66)
Farmers group
membership
4.96**(0.02) 3.35*(0.06) 0.68(0.40) 3.78*(0.06) 8.62***(0.003) 2.61(0.11)
Farmland tenure 6.78***(0.009) 4.77**(0.03) 2.80(0.94) 4.67(0.031) 3.18*(0.07) 3.95(0.47)
Maize cultivated
land
4.84*(0.08) 9.56*(0.008) 0.17(0.90) 14.36***(0.001) 6.04**(0.04) 1.12(0.21)

31. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Beke (2011) also found the similar results, households with a large quantity
of family labor available for farm work are hypothesized to be more likely to
adopt labor-intensive technologies like pre ploughing.
 Nwankwo, et al., (2009), in one of the research reported farmers do not tend
to choose only by themselves, so the results of adoption and its success or
failure of neighbors or group members decide the adoption to farmers.
 Soule, Tegene and Wiebe (2000) also reported that there is difference in
adoption of farm practice in the case of share renters, cash renters and own
ownership.
 Similarly Alene et al., (2000), found, there is positive and significant
influence of farm size (FS) on the adoption and use of improved variety of
maize with increase of each additional hectare
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32. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 8. Factors affecting adoption of recommended production practices of
maize in maize block of Jajarkot,2020
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Chi square test value
Variable Pre ploughing Recommended
variety
Row planting Recommended
seed rate
Disease and
pest control
Recommended
weeding
Visit to
agricultural
office
1.132(0.287) 3.97**(0.04) 0.72(0.39) 2.26(0.23) 1.04(0.61) 0.11(0.98)
Advice from
extension officer
9.5***(0.002) 12.32***(0.00) 0.49(0.48) 5.07**(0.02) 2.71*(0.10) 0.24(0.62)
Advice from
agrovet
5.3**(0.02) 14.98***(0.00) 0.34(0.56) 5.3**(0.021) 6.2**(0.013) 0.46(0.49)
Training received 2.60(0.15) 3.29*(0.069) 4.82**(0.02) 13.84***(0.00) 3.34*(0.068) 0.95(0.32)
Values in parenthesis represent p value of chi square value outside parenthesis and *,**,*** represent level
of significance at 10%,5% and 1% respectively

33. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 The more the visit to agriculture offices, farmers are likely to get more
information on the recommended production practices and more likely to
adopt that.
 Karki and Bauer (2004), also reported, the coefficient of extension service
was found positively significant with adoption of agriculture technology.
 Subedi, Ghimire and Devkota (2017) also reported agrovets were
motivating farmers to use hybrid maize variety and adoption of improved
opv(Open Pollinated Variety) were found to have negative relations.
 Similar results were obtained by Subedi et al., (2017) , training is found to
be significant in adoption of improved practices in Nepal.
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34. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 9. Problems of maize farming in maize block of Jajarkot, 2020
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Problems Index Rank
Input supply constraints 0.92 1
Market and better pricing 0.67 2
Institutional constraints 0.46 3
Disease and pest infestation 0.43 4
Unavailability of labor 0.42 5

35. CONCLUSIONS
 Recommended production practices were weakly adopted by maize farmers.
 Various socio demographic factors, land tenure, farmer group membership,
and extension related factors were the independent factors associated with
adoption of recommended production practices.
 Maize farming practices was largely constrained by input supply, disease
pest infestation, institutional problem, fluctuating market and labor shortage.
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36. SUGGESTIONS
 Overall extension exposure needs to be improved.
 All the factors that affect the adoption of recommended production
practices must be analyzed and addressed accordingly to enhance the
current scenario of adoption.
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37. Recommendations for Further Research
 Research on same adoption scenario could be done in coming years.
Using the result from this research as baseline data the impact of
PMAMP project on the area can be studied.
 The potentiality of maize production in the area and can be studied
further.
 Various variety trail can be done to study the effectiveness of different
variety in the area.
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38. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 Supervising committee
 Agriculture and Forestry University
 Agriculture Development Office, Jajarkot
 My family, friends, seniors, juniors
 All the respondents
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39. .
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Thank You