Microbial nutrition pdf
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This document outlines the general nutritional requirements of microbes. It discusses that microbes require an energy source, such as light or chemical compounds; an electron source, which can be organic or inorganic reduced compounds; and a carbon source, where autotrophs can use CO2 and heterotrophs require organic carbon. Microbes also require nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur and special nutrients like amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors. The document contrasts prototrophs, which can grow on minimal media, and auxotrophs, which require complex organic nutrients. It also briefly discusses nutrient transport processes and microbiological media types.
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nutritionalrequirementbymicroorganisms-180715045302 (1).pdf
The document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other macro and micronutrients to support growth. Specific requirements include carbon sources, energy sources, and electron sources. The document also discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms in microbes and different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms, including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. Finally, it describes several techniques for isolating pure cultures of microbes, including spread plating, streak plating, and pour plating.
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Bacteria obtain energy, electrons, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients from different sources. For energy, they can use chemicals or light as chemotrophs or phototrophs. Electrons come from reduced inorganic compounds as lithotrophs, or organic compounds as organotrophs. Carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide as autotrophs or organic compounds as heterotrophs. Nitrogen sources include atmospheric nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen like nitrates, or amino acids. Macro elements like calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron and micro elements such as zinc, copper, and manganese are also required. Vitamins and similar compounds as well as water are needed for bacterial growth and cultivation.
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This document discusses elements and the structure of atoms. It describes how elements are made of atoms that cannot be broken down further through ordinary laboratory processes. Atoms contain subatomic particles including protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic number of an element equals its number of protons, while the mass number equals the total of protons and neutrons. Elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic structure. The periodic table is divided into metals and nonmetals, with metalloids located between them. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons.
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Microbial growth conditions depend on various nutrients and environmental factors. Microorganisms require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in small amounts. They also need growth factors like vitamins and amino acids. Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels influence microbial growth. Pure cultures can be isolated using techniques like streak plating that allow single microbial cells to grow into separate colonies.
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Microbial nutrition requires both macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus are required in large amounts, while micronutrients such as manganese, zinc and copper are needed in smaller amounts. There are five main types of microbial nutrition defined by their carbon source, energy source and electron source: photolithoautotrophy, photoorganoheterotrophy, chemolithoautotrophy, chemolithoheterotrophy, and chemoorganoheterotrophy. Growth also requires three major factors - amino acids for protein synthesis, and purines and pyrimidines for nucleic acid synthesis, as well as vitamins which are needed in
Nutritional requirement by microorganisms
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Nutrient requirements in Microorganisms
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3. Specific pathways are explained including glycolysis, fermentation which regenerates NAD+, aerobic/anaerobic respiration which fully oxidizes pyruvic acid, and photosynthesis which uses light to fix carbon and produce oxygen.
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1. Microbial nutrition involves macronutrients like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that microorganisms require for growth. Micronutrients like iron, copper, and zinc are also needed in small amounts.
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The document discusses the chemical structure and metabolism of bacteria. It describes the principal elements that make up bacterial cells, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and others. It also discusses macromolecules that constitute bacterial cells, such as proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, it outlines various environmental factors that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, and osmotic pressure.
Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria
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- Chemoautotrophs obtain energy through the oxidation of inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide or ferrous iron. This generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via electron transport chains. One example is Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
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The document discusses the nutrition and cultivation of microorganisms. It describes that microorganisms require carbon, nitrogen, inorganic ions, essential metabolites, and water as nutrients. The document classifies microorganisms based on their carbon and energy sources into four groups: chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs. It also discusses different types of media used for cultivating microorganisms, including chemically defined and complex media made from natural products. The document provides examples of media compositions for growing bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae.Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obt.pdf
Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obtain carbon energy.
Include an example of each.
Solution
Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obtain carbon and energy.
Almost all organisms on the earth need energy to do their work, and carbon to use in building
their chemical structures. And these two (energy and carbon) has to be obtained from external
sources, based on the way they obtain energy and carbon, organisms are broadly classified into
four different groups.
Classification
Obtaining energy and carbon
Examples
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
They get energy from sunlight and will not depend on other organisms for carbon. Use CO2 as a
carbon source.
All photosynthetic prokaryotes
Plants (eukaryotes)
Chemoautotrophs
These make use of inorganic chemicals as an energy source. For example, H2S, Fe2+ etc and
CO2 will serve as a carbon source.
Archaea living in hydrothermal vents.
Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as an energy source and will use organic molecules as a carbon source. These type of
organisms are rare.
Heliobacteria, non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria etc
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic molecules like sugars as an energy source.
Use organic molecules like proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc. as a carbon source. This type
of nutrition is most common form of nutrition on Earth
Most of the prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals
Classification
Obtaining energy and carbon
Examples
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
They get energy from sunlight and will not depend on other organisms for carbon. Use CO2 as a
carbon source.
All photosynthetic prokaryotes
Plants (eukaryotes)
Chemoautotrophs
These make use of inorganic chemicals as an energy source. For example, H2S, Fe2+ etc and
CO2 will serve as a carbon source.
Archaea living in hydrothermal vents.
Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as an energy source and will use organic molecules as a carbon source. These type of
organisms are rare.
Heliobacteria, non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria etc
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic molecules like sugars as an energy source.
Use organic molecules like proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc. as a carbon source. This
type of nutrition is most common form of nutrition on Earth
Most of the prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals.
Bacterial nitrogen cycling
The document summarizes three papers about bacteria involved in nitrogen cycling. Hagopian & Riley (1998) looked at the bacteria responsible for nitrification, including ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Ruiz et al. (2003) studied conditions for high nitrite accumulation during wastewater treatment. They found up to 98% ammonia conversion and 65% nitrite accumulation at low dissolved oxygen levels. Fdz-Polanco et al. (2000) examined spatial distributions of heterotrophs and nitrifiers in a submerged biofilter, finding microbial segregation depending on organic carbon concentrations entering the filter.
6_2020_09_27!11_58_27_PM (3).pptx
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require 10 main elements in large quantities to construct cellular components, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. It also notes that microbes need several micronutrients and vitamins in smaller amounts. The document then classifies microbes based on their nutritional sources, including carbon, energy, and electrons, into groups like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. It concludes by discussing the specific needs of microbes for nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and growth factors.
0422042131_Removal of N & P.pptx
The document discusses removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. It describes biological and chemical processes for nitrogen removal through nitrification, denitrification, and ammonia stripping. For phosphorus removal, it discusses the biological process where phosphorus accumulating organisms take up phosphate under aerobic conditions and release it under anaerobic conditions. The Ludzack-Ettinger and Modified Ludzack-Ettinger processes are presented for nitrogen removal, while the University of Cape Town (UCT) process is highlighted for combined nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
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The document discusses microbial nutrition and the requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require nutrients from their external environment, which they take up and metabolize for growth and energy. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and trace elements. Carbon is generally obtained from organic sources while nitrogen can come from inorganic or organic sources. Microbes also require vitamins and growth factors. The composition of the E. coli cell is provided as an example. Different growth media are formulated to meet the nutritional needs of various microorganisms like Bacillus, Thiobacillus, E. coli and Leuconostoc.
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Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obtain carbon energy.
Include an example of each.
Solution
Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obtain carbon and energy.
Almost all organisms on the earth need energy to do their work, and carbon to use in building
their chemical structures. And these two (energy and carbon) has to be obtained from external
sources, based on the way they obtain energy and carbon, organisms are broadly classified into
four different groups.
Classification
Obtaining energy and carbon
Examples
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
They get energy from sunlight and will not depend on other organisms for carbon. Use CO2 as a
carbon source.
All photosynthetic prokaryotes
Plants (eukaryotes)
Chemoautotrophs
These make use of inorganic chemicals as an energy source. For example, H2S, Fe2+ etc and
CO2 will serve as a carbon source.
Archaea living in hydrothermal vents.
Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as an energy source and will use organic molecules as a carbon source. These type of
organisms are rare.
Heliobacteria, non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria etc
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic molecules like sugars as an energy source.
Use organic molecules like proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc. as a carbon source. This type
of nutrition is most common form of nutrition on Earth
Most of the prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals
Classification
Obtaining energy and carbon
Examples
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
They get energy from sunlight and will not depend on other organisms for carbon. Use CO2 as a
carbon source.
All photosynthetic prokaryotes
Plants (eukaryotes)
Chemoautotrophs
These make use of inorganic chemicals as an energy source. For example, H2S, Fe2+ etc and
CO2 will serve as a carbon source.
Archaea living in hydrothermal vents.
Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as an energy source and will use organic molecules as a carbon source. These type of
organisms are rare.
Heliobacteria, non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria etc
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic molecules like sugars as an energy source.
Use organic molecules like proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc. as a carbon source. This
type of nutrition is most common form of nutrition on Earth
Most of the prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals.
Bacterial nitrogen cycling
The document summarizes three papers about bacteria involved in nitrogen cycling. Hagopian & Riley (1998) looked at the bacteria responsible for nitrification, including ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Ruiz et al. (2003) studied conditions for high nitrite accumulation during wastewater treatment. They found up to 98% ammonia conversion and 65% nitrite accumulation at low dissolved oxygen levels. Fdz-Polanco et al. (2000) examined spatial distributions of heterotrophs and nitrifiers in a submerged biofilter, finding microbial segregation depending on organic carbon concentrations entering the filter.
6_2020_09_27!11_58_27_PM (3).pptx
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It states that microbes require 10 main elements in large quantities to construct cellular components, including carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. It also notes that microbes need several micronutrients and vitamins in smaller amounts. The document then classifies microbes based on their nutritional sources, including carbon, energy, and electrons, into groups like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. It concludes by discussing the specific needs of microbes for nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and growth factors.
0422042131_Removal of N & P.pptx
The document discusses removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. It describes biological and chemical processes for nitrogen removal through nitrification, denitrification, and ammonia stripping. For phosphorus removal, it discusses the biological process where phosphorus accumulating organisms take up phosphate under aerobic conditions and release it under anaerobic conditions. The Ludzack-Ettinger and Modified Ludzack-Ettinger processes are presented for nitrogen removal, while the University of Cape Town (UCT) process is highlighted for combined nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment system
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
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原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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- 3. Microbial Nutrition & Growth A. Nutrient Requirements B. Nutrient Transport Processes C.Culture Media
- 4. Nutrient Requirements Energy Source Phototroph Uses light as an energy source Chemotroph Uses energy from the oxidation of reduced chemical compounds
- 5. Nutrient Requirements Electron (Reduction potential) Source Organotroph Uses reduced organic compounds as a source for reduction potential Lithotroph Uses reduced inorganic compounds as a source for reduction potential
- 6. Nutrient Requirements Carbon source Autotroph Can use CO2 as a sole carbon source (Carbon fixation) Heterotroph Requires an organic carbon source; cannot use CO2 as a carbon source
- 7. Nutrient Requirements Nitrogen source Organic nitrogen Primarily from the catabolism of amino acids Oxidized forms of inorganic nitrogen Nitrate (NO3 2-) and nitrite (NO2 -) Reduced inorganic nitrogen Ammonium (NH4 +) Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) (Nitrogen fixation)
- 8. Nutrient Requirements Phosphate source Organic phosphate Inorganic phosphate (H2PO4 - and HPO4 2-)
- 9. Nutrient Requirements Sulfur source Organic sulfur Oxidized inorganic sulfur Sulfate (SO4 2-) Reduced inorganic sulfur Sulfide (S2- or H2S) Elemental sulfur (So)
- 10. Nutrient Requirements Special requirements Amino acids Nucleotide bases Enzymatic cofactors or “vitamins”
- 11. Nutrient Requirements Prototrophs vs. Auxotrophs Prototroph A species or genetic strain of microbe capable of growing on a minimal medium consisting a simple carbohydrate or CO2 carbon source, with inorganic sources of all other nutrient requirements Auxotroph A species or genetic strain requiring one or more complex organic nutrients (such as amino acids, nucleotide bases, or enzymatic cofactors) for growth
- 12. Nutrient Transport Processes Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Passive transport
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- 14. Growth in Batch Culture
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