Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.

1. Principles of IPM
Pest survey, Surveillance
and Forecasting
RAVI YADAV
B.Sc Agriculture
Jagdalpur

2. Introduction
Survey, surveillance and forecasting of insect
pests are vital components of Integrated Pest
Management. These forms an integral part of any and
all control measures applied to crop and that no
pesticide should be applied without sufficient
justification .
Survey: It is detailed collection of insect
population information at a particular time in a
given area.

3. Pest Surveillance
 It is an official procedure conducted over a defined
period of time to determine the characteristics of a
pest population or to determine which pest species
occur in an area.
 Assessment is conducted on the incidence or
population of major pests once in 3 to 5 years. It is a
detailed collection of insect population information at a
particular time in a given area. It is conducted to study
the distribution and abundance of a pest species.

4. Refers to an official process which collects and
records data on pest occurrence by survey,
monitoring or other procedures.
It is a constant watch kept on the population
dynamics of insect pests their incidence and
damage on each crop at fixed intervals.
It provide information about the forth coming
population of pests.
Contd…

5. 1. To know the existing pest species and new species.
2. To assess pest population and damage at different growth
stage of the crop.
3. To study the influence of weather parameters on pest.
4. To study changing pest status (minor to major).
5. To assess natural enemies and their influence on pests.
6. To know the effect of new cropping pattern and varieties on
pest.
7. To fix up hot spot, endemic and epidemic areas of pests
8. To forewarn the farmers to take up timely crop protection
measures.
Objectives of pest surveillance

6. Types of survey
1. Fixed plot survey: The plot is fixed in an
area and the counts are made periodically
at weekly intervals from seedling to
maturity stage of the crop.

7. Fix plot survey (e.g.: Pests of Paddy)
Insect pests Methods
Adult stage of Jassids,
Hispa, Gundhi bug
and Stem borer
20 sweeps in the fixed field.
Count the total No. of each insect
Jassid (nymphs), BPH
(nymph & adult)
Tap vigorously 5 hills in 1 m2 and
count the insects fallen down on water
and ground.
Workout the population /hill
Stem borer, Rice gall
midge, leaf folder,
Case worm
Compute the percentage of affected
tillers and leaf from 5 hills/m2

8. 2. Roving survey
Assessment of pest population/damage from
randomly selected spots representing larger area.
 Large area is surveyed in short period.
It provide the pest status of large area.
Survey is done from south to west direction by
diagonal walk.

9. Types of reports involved in the surveillance
programme are:
White card report: this is normal report in which the pest
studies are reported regularly at weekly interval.
Yellow card report: is a special reporting system whenever
pest is noticed at 50% of the economic threshold level but still
not obtained EIL status.
Red card report: the red card reporting system is adopted
when pest has reached the critical ETL where immediate
action has to be launched for controlling the pest.

10. A. General surveillance:
Process whereby information on particular pest which
is of concern for an area is gathered from many
sources, wherever it is available and provided for use
by NPPOs (National Plant Protection Organizations).
B. Specific survey:
Procedures by which NPPOs obtain information on
pest of concern on specific sites in an area over a
defined period of time.
Types of surveillance

11. Pest forecasting
Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak
based on information obtained from pest
surveillance.
Uses:
For predicting forth coming infestation level of pest
which needs control measure.
To find out the critical stage of pest at which control
measure gives maximum protection.

12. Types of pest forecasting
A. Short term forecasting: Based on 1 or 2 successive
seasons. Usually employs different methodologies than long
term forecasting. Short term forecasts tend to more accurate
than long term forecasts. Ex. Trapping and sampling methods
B. Long term forecasting: It covers large areas and
based on effect of weather parameters on pest. It deals with
more comprehensive issues and support management
decisions regarding planning and products, plants and
processes.

13. Forecasting must be related to ETL and made through:
A.Population studies: Studies carried out over several years
using appropriate sampling methods to find out seasonal
range of population variability and geographic distributions.
B.Studies on the pests life history: The possible No. of
generations and behaviour of different larval instars, length of
life cycle both in the field and laboratory can be related to the
range of environmental factors. Ex. Temperature, humidity.
C.Field studies of the effects of climate on the pest and its
environments. Number of pest, parasites and predators.
How to make the pest forecasting

14. How to make the pest forecasting
Methods of pest forecasting classified based on:
1. Observation of environmental factors: The amount of
rainfall is used to determine the emergence of moths of Amsacta
albistriga and A. Moori.
2. Observations of climatic areas: Areas where critical
incidence are likely to occur can also be forecasted for some
pests. The principal factors are biotic, topographic or climatic.
Combination of temperature and rainfall, temperature and
humidity. Soil insects- soil temperature and moisture content are
the most important.
3. Prediction from empirical observations:

15. 1. When survey is to be done
2. Location of survey
3. Method of survey
4. Type and stage of crop
5. Stage of insect population
6. Weather parameters
7. Experienced person
Factors affecting surveys