2. WHAT IS CYTOLOGY
• Cytology (also known as cytopathology) cyto means cells and logy means study .
• Cytology is the microscopic examination of cells that have been collected from
the body.
• By examining the appearance of these cells, including their number, size, shape,
color, internal characteristics, and how they fit together with their neighbors, it is
often possible to make a diagnosis of a specific disease process.
3.
4. WHAT INFORMATION CAN CYTOLOGY
PROVIDE?
• The most important thing cytology can tell us is whether a problem is caused by
inflammation or by neoplasia (abnormal growth of tissue).
• If there is inflammation, cytology can often identify the underlying cause, such as a
bacterial infection, embedded foreign body, or allergies.
• If the sample appears to be neoplastic, cytology can usually determine which type of
tissue is involved and whether the neoplasm is malignant (cancerous) or benign.
5. WHAT IS EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY?
• Exfoliative cytology means scraping the surface of a possible skin
cancer with a knife and then spreading a small layer of the scrape
onto a glass slide so that the cells in the scrape can be stained and
looked at under a microscope.
• Example skin sample -: Exfoliative cytology for the diagnosis of basal
cell carcinoma and other skin cancers in adults
6.
7. WHAT IS INTERVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY ?
• This is the branch of cytology in which samples are obtained by clinical procedure or
surgical intervention.
• It is also known as aspiration cytology.
• It includes fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), biopsy, imprint cytology and crush
smear cytology.
10. WHAT IS HISTOLOGY
• Histology is also known as microscopic anatomy or
microanatomy. It is also called study of tissue.
• It is an important part of anatomical pathology and surgical
pathology, as accurate diagnosis of cancer and other diseases
often requires histopathological examination of the tissue sample.
11. HOW HISTOLOGY WORKS
• The five steps of preparing slides for histology are:
1. Fixing
2. Processing
3. Embedding
4. Sectioning
5. Staining
12. THIS IS A LIGHT MICROSCOPE HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATION
OF THE INTESTINAL LINING, STAINED USING HEMATOXYLIN
AND EOSIN
13. USES OF HISTOLOGY
• Histology is used to diagnose diseases in humans, animals, and plants and to
analyze the effects of treatment.
• Histology is used during autopsies and forensic investigations to help understand
unexplained deaths. In some cases, a cause of death may be evident from
microscopic tissue examination.
• Archaeologists use histology to study biological material recovered from
archaeological sites. Bones and teeth are most likely to provide data.
14. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CYTOLOGY AND
HISTOLOGY
• Cytology and histology are two areas in biology, studying the chemical
composition, structure, and function of different biological units.
• Both study the microscopic anatomy of cells.
• They are important for the diagnosis of diseases.
15. CAREERS IN HISTOLOGY
• A person who prepares tissues for sectioning, cuts them, stains them, and images
them is called a histologist.
• Histologists work in labs and have highly refined skills, used to determine the best
way to cut a sample, how to stain sections to make important structures visible, and
how to image slides using microscopy.
• Laboratory personnel in a histology lab include biomedical scientists, medical
technicians, histology technicians (HT), and histology technologists (HTL).
• The slides and images produced by histologists are examined by medical doctors
called pathologists. Pathologists specialize in identifying abnormal cells and tissues.
