DR. ROOPAM JAIN Professor & Head, Dept. of Pathology & Blood Bank

1. WELCOME TO PATHOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
Dr. Roopam Jain
Professor & Head,
Dept. Of Pathology & Blood Bank

2. INTRODUCTION TO
PATHOLOGY
The word PATHOLOGY is derived from
two Greek words-
•‘Pathos’ meaning suffering and ‘logos’
meaning study.

3. INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
 Pathology is a study of the
structural, biochemical and
functional changes in cells, tissues
and organs that underlie disease.

4. INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
The knowledge and understanding of pathology
is essential for all would be doctors and general
practitioners.
Unless they know the causes and mechanism of
disease and understand the language spoken by
the pathologists in the form of laboratory
reports.
 They would not be able to institute
appropriate treatment or suggest preventive
measures to the patient.

5. FATHER OF PATHOLOGY: VIRCHOWS
FATHER OF HISTOLOGY: FRANCOIS BICHAT
FATHER OF MICROSCOPY: ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY: LOUIS PASTEUR

12. HEALTH & DISEASE
‘Health- complete physical, mental and social well
being, not merely an absence of disease.
 ‘Disease- is expression of discomfort due to
structural or functional abnormality.
‘Illness- is the reaction of individual to disease in
the form of symptoms.

13. Diagrammatic depiction of disease & various
terms used in pathology.

14. ‘Patient- is a person affected by the disease.
‘Lesion- is characteristic changes in tissue and cells.
‘Morphology- is examination of diseased tissue.
‘Etiology- is the cause of the disease.
TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY

15. ‘Pathogenesis- is the mechanism by which the
disease is produced.
‘Physical signs- are the functional implications of
the disease felt by the patient.
Earlier concept of disease-it was the outcome of
‘curse’ or ‘evil’ eye of spirits.

16. Pathology is broadly divided into two categories:
1. General pathology
2. Systemic pathology
SUBDIVISIONOFPATHOLOGY

17. SUBDIVISION OFPATHOLOGY
General pathology-deals with general principle of
disease.
E.g inflammation ,cancer, ageing.
Systemic pathology-Study of disease pertaining
to the specific organs and body systems.
It is further divided in to following branches….

18. Subspecialties in Pathology
1.HISTOPATHOLOGY
a. Gross or macroscopic examination
b. Microscopic examination
• It is further divided in to
a. Surgical pathology
b. Forensic pathology i.e. autopsy
2.CYTOPATHOLOGY
a. Exfoliative cytology
b. FNAC

19. Subspecialties in Pathology
3.HAEMATOLOGY-deals with the disease
of blood and blood related components.
4.MICROBIOLOGY-deals with the
study of microorganisms.

20. Subspecialties in Pathology
5.CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY-analysis of
biochemical constituent of blood, urine,
semen, CSF etc.
6.IMMUNOLOGY-detection of
abnormalities in the immune system of
the body.

21.  7.EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY -study of disease
in experimental animal.
 8. GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY-study of diseases in
populations in different parts of world.
 9.MEDICAL GENETICS-it deals with the relationship
between heredity and disease.
 10.MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY-Detection and
diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA.
Subspecialties in Pathology

22. HISTOPATHOLOGY
HAEMATOLOGY
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

23. Histopathology
• is a branch of pathology which deals with
the study of disease in a tissue section.
• The tissue undergoes a series of steps
before it reaches the examiners desk, to
be thoroughly examined microscopically to
arrive at a particular diagnosis.

24. To achieve this it is important that the
tissue must be prepared in such a manner
that it is sufficiently thick or thin to be
examined microscopically and all the
structures in a tissue may be differentiated.

25. What is Clinical pathology…?
• The branch of pathology dealing with the
study of disease and disease processes
by means of chemical, microscopic, and
serologic examinations.

26. Haematology…??
• The branch of
medicine involving
study and treatment
of the blood.

27. WHAT IS HISTOPATHOLOGY ?
Greek word
Histo- tissue
Pathos- disease suffering
• refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in
order to study the manifestations of disease.
• histopathology refers to the examination of a
biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist,
• after the specimen has been processed and
histological sections have been placed onto glass
slides

28. INTRODUCTIONTODEPARTMENTOF
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Histopathology is the department of clinical lab
which deals with the study of diff types of tissues
The department is based on following benches:
• Processing
• Gross
• Tissue processing
• Embedding,cutting,H&E
• Immunohistochemistry
• Special stains
• Cytology
• Cytogenetics

29. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
1.PROCESSING
Specimen categories
• Tissues (with history)
• Bone (with x- ray)
• Autopsy (consent form)
• Body fluids
• CSF

30. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

31. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..
2.GROSS SECTION (grossing)
• specimens are inspected with the bare
eye diagnostic information
• further microscopic examination.
Tissues are saved in different cassettes having different
color
• Yellow (liver, renal)
• Green (routine)
• White(bones)
• Grey(skin)
• Pink(lymph nodes)

32. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..
• 3.TISSUE PROCESSING
• fixing tissue into paraffin
• dehydration and clearing
• tissue is infiltrated with the embedding agent,
(paraffin)
• Tissue processing is always automated for the
large volumes of tissues.
• Automation consists of an instrument that
moves the tissues around through the various
agents on a preset time scale.

35. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

36. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..
4.EMBEDDING
• Orientation of tissue in melted parafin which
provide a firm medium for keeping all parts
of tissue intact
• Temp of parafin (58-60 C)
• Instrument used (embedding station)

37. CUTTING
• Microtome used for cuttingabout 3-5 micron
• H&E
• Hematoxlyin (water based dye) Eosin(counter
stain)
• They stains nucleus & cytoplasm

38. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..

39. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
contd..

41. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..
5.IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
• Ag-Ab specific reaction
• Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing diagnosis
of tumor histogenesis
• Can be used to locate particular cells and
proteins
• Can be used to identify cellular events –
e.g.apoptosis

42. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
contd..

43. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY contd..
6.SPECIAL STAINS
•Required when diagnosis is not identified with
H&E staining. Some of the stains used are
• Connective tissue ( rapid trichome)
• Nucleic acid (methylene green pyronin)
• Carbohydrates(PAS & PASD)

44. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
contd..

46. BENCHESIN HISTOPATHOLOGYcontd…
7.CYTOGENETICS
Study of chromosomes and its abnormalities
• chromosome number
• structure
• function
• behavior in relation to gene inheritance,
• organization and expression
Types of disorders:
• Deletions
• Inversions
• Translocation
• Addition(insertion)

47. BENCHESIN HISTOPATHOLOGYcontd..
Types of specimen
• Blood
• Bone marrow
• Amniotic fluid
Procedures done
• Karyo typing
• G-banding
• FISH

48. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
contd..

49. BENCHESIN HISTOPATHOLOGYcontd..
8.CYTOLOGY
Study of cells to know the infection,pre
malignant and malignanent changes
2 types of samples
• Gyane (pap smears)
• Non Gyane
(bodyfluids,CSF,urine,pericardial,pleural.asitic.sy
novial)

50. BENCHESIN HISTOPATHOLOGYcontd…
Procedures done in cytology
• FNAC
• FNAB
Staining in cytology
• H&E
• Pap
• Dry (rapi)
• Gimesa

56. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
contd..

57. BENCHESIN HISTOPATHOLOGYcontd..
9.SEMEN DR
Fresh sample of seminal fluid is examined for :
• Liquefaction
• Motility
• Number
• Morphology
Elements of analysis
• Quantity
• Color
• Liquefaction
• pH

58. BENCHESIN HISTOPATHOLOGYcontd..
Tests done are
• Detailed report
• IUI (intra uterine insemination)
• Anti sperm antibody

59. Thank you