Spyrogyra structure reproduction uses

1. Spirogyra
(Apiyrri[giyri)

2. vg)<krN
• sZ(OT - vnAp(t
• up sZ(OT - ap&Op)
• (vBig - kli[ri[fiyTi
• Up(vBig - kli[ri[fiys)
• gi[#i - z)³n)m)T[Ãs
• k&L - z)³n)m)T[s)
• upk&L - Apiyri[giyr)D)
• pÔt) - Apiyrri[giyri

3. (nvisAYin
• 289 Species found around the world
• 94 species reported from India
• Occurs on surface of fresh water places – rivers, ponds, lakes, water
falls etc
• Thallus is fiber like structure
• Possess viscous liquid on surface, hence called “Pond silk”
• Presence of O2 helps thallus to float

5. s&kiy rcni
• Multicelluar, unbranched, tubular in shape, 1 mm in Ø.
• Thallus ends are similar, no differentiation of front and end
• Some sp. Possess Holdfast {Ayi(pt ki[P}
• Physiologically unicellular – each cell carries its own function
Cell Structure:-
• Cell wall – bilayered, absence of pits or ornamentation
• Outer:- Pectin, Pecto Pectin helps become slimy, provides protection
from pest, insects or degradation
• Inner:- single microfibril
• Inter cellular:- tricellular wall +nt, cellulose-pectose-cellulosepossess
middle lamella, some possess single layer, disc like structure, Colligate
helps to develop H shaped disc

6. Jvrs
• Possess Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Chloroplast, Golgi complex, ER,
Mitochondria, microbodies & large Vacuole
• Outer: - cytoplast near cell wall
• Inner:- Large Vacuole +nt around nucleus, Single microfibril joins
both cytoplast
• Nucleus:- 1-16, spirally arranged, anticlock wise, 4-12 thylakoids per
chloroplast, microbodies stores starch and protein.
• Growth:- All cell except holdfast helps

7. ki[P(vBijn
• Nucleus at first divides by mitosis, moves at ends, central wall develops,
cellulose deposition helps wall formation
• Reproduction:-
• Vegetative:-
• i) Fragmentation – breaking of thallus by insects, fishes etc/ wall
breakdown by temp, acidic water/ cell wall degradation/ H disc seperation
• ii) Asexual – Aplanospore {aclb)ÔN&}
• Some sp. Shows this type, motile spores absent, cytoplast gets dehydrated
and becomes jelly, during favorable conditions germinates.

9. Sexual Reproduction
• Male and female thallus are present, monoscious or dioscious,
produces spores. Fusion may be 2 types:-
• 1. Scalariform (Ladder type) Conjugation – si[pinvt` s>y&³mn
• 2. Lateral Conjugation – piÅv)< s>y&³mn

10. 1. Scalariform (Ladder type) Conjugation –
si[pinvt` s>y&³mn
• 1. Maturation Phase – p(rp±v avAYi
• During winter or summer, Male/ female Thalli arrange side by side,
cytoplasm gets concentrated, Papili emerge from the cells, both papili fuse,
possess catalase & cellulose, develops bridge.
• 2. Gametic Union Phase - jºy&ai[n) s>(mln avAYi
• Concentrated Cytoplasm develops like gamate, transfers gamate to the other,
via the papili bridge, forms zygote, nucleus 2n, male cell becomes empty.
• 3. Zygospore Contraction Phase – y&³mb)ÔN&ni) s>ki[cn avAYi
• Dehydrated zygote becomes globular, initially green turns reddish, chloroplast
degrades, starch and oil droplets +nt, turns transparent after maturation, 3
layered, outer – pectin, cellulose, Middle – yellowish, possess spyroline &
inner – cellulosic.

12. 2. Lateral Conjugation – piÅv)< s>y&³mn
• Nearby cells acts as Male and female thalli, develops papili, 2 types
observed:-
• 1. Indirect Lateral Conjugation – pri[x piÅv)<y
• 2. Direct Lateral Conjugation – pRyx piÅv)<y
• One cell becomes large acts as Female Gamete, smaller cell develops
papili on adjacent wall and transfers its cytoplasm to adjoining cells,
Zygote forms

13. Maturation & Germination of Zygospores
• Zygote (2n), liberated by fragmentation, resting 4-7
months, after proper environment Condition,
becomes active, meiosis occurs, 3 degenerate one
remain active, breaks open outer membrane, absorb
water, germination tube, nucleus divides, 2 cells
formed, one develops holdfast cell, other continue to
divide and develops thallus.

15. Parthenogenesis – as>yi[g) jnn
• Some times the gamets directly develops Zygote.
• Without fusion of male and female gamets

20. Economic Importance of Algae
• Part of Food Chain
• As Food
• As Fooder
• In Agriculture
• Origin of Petroleum produts
• Limestone formation
• In Sewage Treatment Plants
• Fish Culture
• Recreational purposes
• Space travel
• Water supplies
• Medicine – Goiter, Stomach disorder, Antibiotics, Blood coagulant, Vermifuge etc
• In Industry – Agar, Alginic acid, Kelp industry, Diatomite, Carrageenin, Iodine, Glue