Economic use of plant resources, Medicinal Plants, gardening. All the basic garden plants along with gardening techniques, beneficial plants and their acitve components, cultivation practices, useful plants along with their botanical name and family. Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals.Owing to fast paced world that we are living in, we are getting far from the nature. While the lifestyle that we live can have adverse effect on us, it is important to know that by introducing small changes in our daily life can go a long way in keeping us healthy and energetic. Therefore, the importance of Ayurveda holds true in today’s life as it is based on the principal of bringing us close to nature and relying on its natural powers to cure us and keep us healthy without any side effects. Thanks to the use of natural ingredients and medicinal herbs, Ayurvedic medicines and products today have become a symbol of safety in contrast to synthetic drugs that are considered unsafe and hazardous for overall health. One way of understanding the basic fundamentals of Indian Ayurved is to spend more time with nature and observe the plants and herbs. Each plant or herb has a specific quality and can be used to treat multitude of ailments and diseases. Medicinal plants like aloe, turmeric, tulsi, pepper, elachi and ginger are commonly used in a number of Ayurvedic home remedies and are considered to be the best aid among fighting ailments related to throat and skin. As a rich source of nutrients, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties, ayurvedic herbs are non-toxic in nature and so the products or remedies made using them are often recommended for their high therapeutic value. Treatment with herbal medicinal plants also hold a strong ground because these plants are considered to be safe and have no side effects. Since they are in sync with nature, they hold greater advantage over chemically treated products and synthetic medicines. As opposed to other drugs and medicines, Ayurvedic herbs are known to treat the disease from the root and thus aid in keeping you healthy and fit in the long run.

1. Plant Resources, Utilization,
Horticulture & Gardening

3. Botanical Name: Oryza sativa L.
Family: Poaceae

8. Cultivation practices:
Ploughing - summer
Application of organic manure
Season - May-June, September
Sowing - sown or broadcast
Seed rate - 60-80 kg/ha

12. Botanical Name: Triticum aestivum L.
Family: Poaceae

14. Cultivation practices:
Ploughing - Winter
Application of organic manure
Season – October/November
Sowing – Line sowing/ Machine
Seed rate – 100-150 kg/ha

17. Botanical Name: Arachis hypogaea L.
Family: Leguminosae
Sub-Family: Papilionaceae

23. Medicinal Plants

24. Botanical Name: Zingiber officinale L.
Family: Zingiberaceae

26. Major active components
6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, α-curcumene
and 6-paradol.
The aromatic constituents include
zingiberene and bisabolene, while the
pungent constituents are known as
gingerols and shogaols
1-4 % Oil, 60-70 % Starch, 5 % Fats, 6-9 % Proteins, 5-
10% Fiber, 5-8 % Ash, 10-40 % Moisture, 5-8% Resin,
Na – 1-2%, Ca – 0.1 %, P – 0.2 %, Vitamins A,B & C

27. Botanical Name: Aloe barbadensis Miller
Family: Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae)

29. Active constituents
Chromone and Anthraquinone and its
glycoside derivatives, alongside others
such as phenylpyrone derivatives,
flavonoids, phenylpropanoids,
coumarins, phytosterols, naphthalene
analogs, lipids, and vitamins.
Emodin (Glycoside), Anthanol, Barbaloin,
Aloesin (Resin), isobarbaloin, volatile oil,
Gama- coniceine (piperidine), vitamins,
minerals, sterols etc.

30. Botanical Name: Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Family: Meliaceae

31. Active Compounds
Azadirachtin along with other related
triterpenoids such as Azadirachtin B,
salannin, Meliantriol, Nimbostirol,
camferol, Nimbidin, Margolon,
Margolonon and nimbin.

32. Botanical Name: Withania somnifera L.
Family: Solanaceae

33. Active Ingredient
Alkaloids, steroidal lactones, saponins, Withanine, Somniferinin,
Tropin, Psudotropin, Colin, Isopleterin, Anaferin, Anhydrine,
Withaferin and withanolides are considered the biologically active
components

34. Food Adulteration
• Food Adulteration refers to the process by
which the quality or the nature of a given
food is reduced through addition of
adulterants or removal of vital substance.
• Food adulterants refer to the foreign and
usually inferior chemical substance
present in food that cause harm or is
unwanted in the food.
• Basically, during food adulteration, small
quantity of non-nutritious substances are
added intentionally to improve the
appearance, texture or storage properties
of the food.

35. FOOD IS CALLED ADULTERATED IF:
• The food sold does not meet the nature of the substance or quality as
per the demand of consumer.
• The food contains inferior or cheaper substance
• The food has been prepared, packed or kept under unclean conditions
leading to contamination.
• Food contains substances that depreciates or injuriously affects the
health.
• If the food’s original nature is substituted wholly or partially by
abstracting a portion of vital substance from food.
• If it is an imitation of some other food substance.

36. CAUSES OF FOOD ADULTERATION:
• Profit motive of traders: Done as a part of the
business strategy
• Food insecurity: To increase quantity of food
production and sales.
• Increased Urbanization: To make maximum
profit from food items by fewer investments.
• High population demands: Increased food
demand of the population and its changing
trends.
• Illiteracy of general public: Lack of
consciousness of proper food consumption.
• Lack of effective food laws
• Lack of government in initiative

37. METHODS OF FOOD ADULTERATION:
• Mixing: Mixing of clay, stones, pebbles, sand, marble chips, etc.
• Substitution: Cheaper and inferior substances being replaced wholly or
partially with good ones.
• Concealing quality: Trying to hide the food standard. E.g. adding captions
of qualitative food to low quality for selling.
• Decomposed food: Mainly in fruits and vegetables. The decomposed ones
are mixed with good ones
• Misbranding/ False labels: Includes duplicate food stuffs, changing of
manufacture and expiry dates.
• Addition of toxicants: adding non-edible substances like argemone in
mustard oil, low quality preservatives, colouring agents, etc.

38. HEALTH HAZARDS OF FOOD ADULTERATION:
• Mineral oil if added to edible oil and fats can cause
cancers.
• Lead chromate when added to turmeric powder and
spices can cause anaemia, paralysis, brain damage and
abortions.
• Lead added to water, natural and processed food can
lead to lead poisoning, foot drop, insomnia,
constipation, anaemia, and mental retardation.
• Cobalt added to water and liquors and can cause cardiac
damage also copper, tin, and zinc can cause colic,
vomiting and diarrhoea.
• Mercury in mercury fungicide treated grains, or
mercury-contaminated fish can cause brain damage,
paralysis, and death.
• Non-permitted colour or permitted food colour like
metal yellow, beyond the safe limit in coloured food can
cause allergies, hyperactivity, liver damage, infertility,
anaemia, cancer and birth defects.
Cancer

39. PFA-Prevention of Food Adulteration-1954
• This act prohibits manufacture, sales
and distributions of not only
adulterated food but also food
contaminated with microbes,
toxicants and misbranded food.
• There are standards specified for
pasteurized milk, milk powder ,infant
milk food etc.

42. Awareness:

45. Horticulture
• Hortus – Garden, Culture – Cultivation
• The Science and Technology involved in the production, processing
and marketing of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants.
Scope:
• Inlcudes plant conservation, landscape restoration, garden design,
construction/ maintainence etc
• Plants includes – food, medicinal, environmental and social products
• Cultivation on large scale for – fruit/vegetables/ mushroom/herbs,
flowers, tree, shrubs, medicinal plants etc

47. • Cultivation of high value produce.. (Fruit/vegetables/ornamentals etc)
• Selection of optimum Plant type and variety
• Selection of adequate site/soil type/ water availability/ manpower etc
• Maintenance of plants: ploughing, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer,
disease management, harvesting, storage, transport.
• Use of science and technology (Green house, hydroponics, aeroponics
etc)
• Research for new techniques, increase production, Postharvest
technology etc
Deals with….

52. Types of Garden
Formal
Informal
Kitchen
Terrace
Rock
Water

53. Formal Gardens

55. Informal Gardens

57. Kitchen Garden

62. Water Garden

64. Lily Pool

65. Dal lake, Kashmir

67. Rock garden

69. Terrace Garden

71. Garden Tools

76. Garden Operations

78. Avenue Trees

79. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Fabaceae

82. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne
Fabaceae

84. Cassia fistula L.
Fabaceae

86. Cassia grandis L.f.
Fabaceae

88. Bauhinia variegata L.
Fabaceae

90. Delonix regia (Hook.)Raf.
Fabaceae

92. Mimusops elengi L.
Sapotaceae

94. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Meliaceae

96. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites
Annonaceae

98. Cordia sebestena L.
Boraginaceae

101. Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook
Arecaceae

105. Hedge

106. Opuntia Sp.

108. Euphorbia Sp.

110. Sansevieria Sp.

112. Jasmine
Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton Jasminum grandiflorum L.
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.)
Andrews

113. Cestrum nocturnum L.
Solanaceae

114. Rosa indica L.
Rosaceae

115. Plant Propagation
• Sexual Propagation
• Asexual / Vegetative/ Clonal propagation
• Through - Root, stem & leaves
Types: -
• Cutting – Leaf/ Stem/ Root
• Layering - Stem
• Grafting - Stem

117. 15-20 cm long, 2-3 nodes
Hibiscus, Money plant, Orange, Lemon, etc

118. 15-20 cm long
Apple, Pears, Shami etc

119. Layering

120. Ground Layering

121. Air Layering

125. Approach Grafting

126. Approach Grafting in seedlings

127. Whip Grafting

128. Top Grafting

130. Bud Grafting

131. Invasive Species
• An invasive species is an introduced organism that negatively
alters its new environment.
• Although their spread can have beneficial aspects, invasive
species adversely affect the invaded habitats and bioregions,
causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage.

132. Parthenium hesterophorous
Asteraceae

134. • It is a much-branched, short-lived (annual), upright (erect) herbaceous plant.
• It usually grows 0.5-1.5 m tall, but can occasionally reach up to 2 m or more in height.
• The leaves are simple, relatively large (3-30 cm long and 2-12 cm wide).
• Numerous small flower-heads (capitula) are arranged in clusters at the tips of the
branches (in terminal panicles).
• Flowering can occur at any time of the year, but is most common during the rainy
seasons.
• It reproduces by large numbers of seed:. 10 - 25, 000 per mature plant.
• These seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals, vehicles, tools and machinery and
on clothing.
• They are sometimes also spread in mud and contaminated agricultural produce.
• It cause skin rashes (dermatitis).
• It produces allelopathic substances that deter other plants from germinating and
growing near it.
• To control this weed, it is recommended to pull out the plants before they flower,
making sure to remove all of the root system to avoid regrowth from root remnants.

135. Lantana camara
It competes with native plants for space and resources and also alters the
nutrient cycle in the soil.

136. Prosopis juliflora

138. Eichhornia cresipis