Concept of Communication Characteristics of Communication Elements of Communication Process of Communication

1. Topic: Communication

2. Outline of the Presentation
• Concept of Communication
• Characteristics of Communication
• Elements of Communication
• Process of Communication

3. Communication
• Communication is the
exchange of information
and ideas.
• It decides the very identity
of human beings.
• It is an integral part of
human existence.

4. Meaning of Communication
Etymologically the word "communication"
comes from the Latin word communis,
meaning common.
When we communicate we are trying to
establish ‘commonness' with someone. That is,
we are trying to share information, an idea or
an attitude.

5. Definition of Communication
The New Webster's dictionary defines
communication as
"the act or fact of communicating
transmission, the imparting or interchange of
thoughts, opinions, or information by speech,
writing or signs that which is communicated or
imparted; a document or message imparting
views or information."

6. Definition of Communication
According to the Oxford dictionary
“Communication is the imparting, conveying or
exchanging of ideas, knowledge etc., by means
of speech, writing or any attempt to define
communication, has to take into consideration
the idea of mutuality and commonness, an
exchange, a shared environment, a social
relationship among the participants and the
existence of a common need, urge, aim or goal”.

7. Definitions of Communication
According to Denis McQuail, communication is
a "process which increases commonality".
Theodore Newcomb defines “communication
as that process by which people influence each
other or leave impression on others”.

8. Definitions of Communication
According to Edgar Dales(1961)
Communication is defined as the sharing of
ideas and feeling in a mood of mutuality”.
“Communication is a social process of
interaction through messages".

9. Characteristics of Communication
• It is a purposeful process which involves sender,
messages, channels and receivers.
• It involves interaction. It is interchange of thoughts,
opinions or information by speech, writing and signs.
• It is continuous process. It occurs everywhere
intentionally or unintentionally.
• It has content and relational aspects. Nature of
relationship depends upon the punctuation of the
dialogue between the participants.

10. Elements of Communication
The most widely accepted model
of communication is that of
Harold Lasswell and David
Berlo. According to their model,
communication requires at least
four elements - ( SMCR).
• The source/sender
• Message
• Channel
• Receiver

11. Process of Communication
Communication as a two way
process involving interaction
between two or more persons.
It is a cyclic process of
transferring information from
a sender to a receiver with the
use of a medium in which the
information is understood by
both sender and receiver.

12. Source/Sender
• The source of communication is the sender who has
a message to impart.
• The sender has to decide how to communicate a
message, which channel is to be selected for the
message and what type of strategies should be
planned so that the message makes the desired
response.
• The sender provides verbal or non-verbal cues that
can be received, interpreted and responded by the
receiver.

13. Message
• Message is a set of signs and symbols which are
given by the source to create meanings for the
receiver.
• It is the content which is shared between the
participants in the communication process.
• To make the message effective, the sender has to
understand the nature and profile of the receiver of
the message, his/her needs and expectations and
possible response to the message.

14. Channel
• Channel is the medium used to communicate a message
from the sender to receiver.
• It could be spoken word, printed word, electronic media, or
even non-verbal cues such as signs, gestures, body
language, facial expressions, etc.
• The selection of an appropriate channel is crucial for the
success of communication.
• In modern communication parlance, the word 'channel'
mostly refers to mass communication media such as
newspapers, radio, television, telephone, computers,
internet etc.

15. Receiver
• Communication can’t take place without a receiver
for whom the message is meant. The person known
as receiver who receive the messages, interpret it
and derive meaning from it.
• For the successful communication, the receiver
should receive the message in the same way it was
meant by the sender.
• E.g. In interpersonal communication the receiver
shares a close relationship with the sender which
gradually gets diluted in group and mass
communication.

16. Noise
• Noise is distortion in a message which affects
the flow of communication.
• Noise could be due to internal as well as
external sources.
• Noise creates barriers in communication and
it could be of many types.

17. Type of Noise
There are two major types of communication noise; channel
noise and semantic noise.
Channel noise includes any disturbance which interferes
with the fidelity of the physical transmission of the message.
In mass communication channel noise includes such diverse
disturbances as static on the radio, smeared ink on paper, a
rolling screen on television, or too small types in print.
In short all distractions between source and audience may be
termed channel noise. (e.g. cross talk on telephone is a
channel noise).

18. Type of Noise
Semantic noise is the type of noise that occurs when a
message is misunderstood even though it is received exactly
as it was transmitted. This happens when the senders and
receivers have no common frame of reference, or have
divergent field of experience.
Sources of semantic noise include: words or subjects too
difficult to grasp; differences in denotative or connotative
meaning of words between sender and receiver; cultural
differences between the message-sender and the message-
receiver.

19. Feedback
• Feedback is the receiver's reaction to the message.
It may be favourable or unfavourable. But feedback
is necessary to know if the communication has been
effective or not.
• The element of feedback gets gradually diluted
when the number of participants in communication
activity increases.
• Feedback includes questionnaire, letters to the
editor, opinion, forums, comments etc.

20. Encoding & Decoding
Encoding: Transfer of thoughts and feelings
into widely accepted, agreeable and
understandable verbal or non verbal signs and
symbols.
Decoding: Conversion of verbal or non verbal
signs and symbols in to understandable
thoughts that intended by the sender is known
as decoding.

21. Classification of Communication
Communication is classified on the basis of people
involved. The types of communication are as follows;
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Interpersonal Communication
• Group Communication
• Mass Communication
Further it may be classified on the basis of medium
into two;
• Verbal Communication

22. Intrapersonal Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication
is the communication that
occurs in our own mind. It is
the basis of our feelings, biases,
prejudices, beliefs etc.
• E.g. When we make any kind of
decision-what to eat or wear,
what do we want to do on the
weekend or when we think
about another person.

23. Interpersonal Communication
• Interpersonal
Communication is the
communication occurs
between two people. E.g.
• When you talk to your friend,
• teacher discusses the
assignment with a student,
• employer talks to potential
employee during a meeting.

24. Group Communication
• As the name suggests, when people communicate in
group situations, this is known as group
communication.
• This is an extension of interpersonal
communication where more than two individuals
are involved in the process of communication.
• The groups can be both formal as well as informal
depending on the type and objectives of
communication but generally they have common
interests and goals. The group dynamics can be

25. Group Communication
When number of receivers are more than, such type
of communication is known as group communication.
It is classifies into two;
• One to group Communication
• Small group Communication
The communication process in a group depends on its
size, nature, objectives and dynamics.

26. Examples of Group Communication
• For example, communication in a small group with
members at the same place will be close to interpersonal
communication as the receiver can see the sender of the
message closely and follow his/her facial expressions, body
language etc. S/he can pose questions and get the doubts
clarified and thus obtain feedback.
• However, when the size of the group increases, there is less
scope for understanding and deciphering the movements,
body language and other such things about the speaker.
The sender may not follow the response of the individual
receiver and thus the feedback is reduced.

27. One to Group Communication

28. Small Group Communication

29. Mass Communication
Mass communication is the
process of imparting and
exchanging information
through mass media to large
segments of the population.
It is usually understood for
relating to various forms of
media, as these technologies
are used for the dissemination
of information, of which
journalism and advertising
are part of.

30. Mediums of Mass communication
• Radio
• Television
• Social Networking
• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Film
• Internet

31. Advantages of Mass Communication
• Quick Transmission of
Information
• Cover Numerous
Receivers
• Access to Remote area

32. Types of Communication
People communicate with each other in a number of
ways such as speech, writing, signs etc. The
classification of communication on the basis of
medium involved are as follows
• Verbal Communication
• Non-verbal Communication
Objective of each communication type is to have
people understanding of the message what we are
trying to convey.

33. Verbal Communication
Verbal communication
refers to a form of
communication in which
message is transmitted
verbally; communication is
done by word of mouth and
a piece of writing.

34. Classification of Verbal Communication
• Oral Communication
In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It
includes face-to-face conversations, speech,
telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice
over internet.
• Written Communication
In written communication, written signs or symbols
are used to communicate. A written message may be
printed or hand written. In written communication
message can be transmitted via email, letter, report,
memo etc.

35. Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral
communication
Advantages
• It brings quick feedback.
• In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial
expression and body language one can guess
whether he/she should be trustworthy or not.
Disadvantage
• In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to think
deeply about what s/he is delivering.
• Not in the position to alter or modify his thoughts.

36. Advantages of written communication
• Messages can be edited and revised many
time before it is actually sent.
• Written communication provide record for
every message sent and can be saved for later
study.
• A written message enables receiver to fully
understand it and send appropriate feedback.

37. Disadvantages of written communication
• Unlike oral communication, written
communication doesn’t bring instant
feedback.
• It takes more time in composing a written
message as compared to word-of-mouth.
• It is not good enough for those who have poor
writing skills.

38. Non-verbal Communication
The Non-verbal communication is
the process of conveying meaning
without the use of words either
written or spoken.
In other words, any communication
made between two or more persons
through the use of facial
expressions, hand movements, body
language, postures, and gestures is
called as non-verbal
communication.

39. Salient features of Non-verbal Communication
• Appearance
Speaker: clothing, hairstyle,
neatness, use of cosmetics
Surrounding: room size,
lighting, decorations,
• Body Language
facial expressions, gestures,
postures
• Sounds
Voice Tone, Volume,
Speech rate

40. Classroom Communication
It is a communication between teacher and learner.
Teacher deliver the content to students through
communication. Teaching is a collaborative
experience which depends act of communication. Two
types of Communication occurs in the classroom i.e.
• Verbal Communication
• Non-verbal Communication

41. Classroom Verbal Communication
• One way Communication
Lecture
Seminar
Individual Presentation
• Two way Communication
Between Teacher and Student
Between Student and Student
Tutorials
• Group Discussion

42. Classroom Non-verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication involves the following;
• Postures
• Gestures
• Body Language

43. Thanks a lot!
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