The Presentation was delivered during a training to the sheep breeder

1. Current Status of Small
Ruminant Vaccines in J&K
Pervaiz A Dar
Subject Matter Specialist (AS), KVK Ganderbal

2. Vaccines

3. Experiment that
changed our world
• Variolation practised
in ancient China
• Variolation against
smallpox popularised
by Lady Mary
Montagu
• Edward Jenner used
cowpox against
smallpox
Edward Jenner vaccinating James Phipps
Historical Perspective

4. Luis Pasteur
• Made key discoveries that led to
the development of vaccines
against infectious agents
• Discovered germ theory of
diseases and Principles of
vaccination
• Made first vaccine against
rabies and anthrax
• Small Pox in humans
eradicated in 1979 and
Rinerpest in animals in 2011
Pasteurs Fowl Cholera Experiment

5. Vaccine Immunity
Vaccine Antigen

9. Advantage Disadvantage
Live attenuated PPR, Capripox
• Induce broad immune
responses (humoral and
CMI)
• Low dose needed to elicit
immunity
• Long lasting immunity
induced
• Adverse reaction
• Safety issue
• Reversion to wild form
Killed Vaccine FMD
• Safe in
immunocompromised and
pregnant animals
• Multiple doses needed
• Elicit low CMI responses
• High antigenic
concentration needed
Subunit Vaccines
Subunit FMD vaccine
(Contain Vp1 protein)
• Relatively easy to
produce
• Better tolerated
• Induce little CMI
Toxoid Vaccine Tetanus
• Safe and no possibility of
reversion
• Stable and long lasting
• Need adjuvant
• Several booster doses
Type of Vaccines

10. Clostridial Vaccine
• Universally recommended vaccine for sheep and goat
• Three way vaccine for Clostridium perfrengens C & D and Tetanus
toxoid
• 7 way and 8-way vaccine available but usually not required
Vaccination Schedule
• Ewes and Does should be vaccinated 2 to 4 weeks prior to
parturition to confer passive immunity in newborn
• Females giving birth for the first time should be vaccinated twice in
late pregnancy, about four weeks apart.
• Lambs/kids from vaccinated dams should receive their first CDT at
4 months.
• Offspring from non-vaccinated dams are vaccinated at 1 to 3 weeks,
with a booster 3 to 4 weeks later.

11. Capripox vaccine
• Both Live and inactivated vaccines are used
• Live attenuated contains various strains (Romanian, Uttarkashi)
which confer immunity that lasts up to 2 years
• Inactivated only provide short term immunity
Vaccination Schedule
• The primary vaccination is carried out at 4 months of age or older
• Regular vaccination is carried out annually (live) or biannually
(killed)
• It is advisable to vaccinate after kidding season or before onset of
breeding season
• Animals in advance pregnancy should not be vaccinated with live
vaccine.

12. PPR Vaccine
• Live vaccine are mostly used against PPR which is derived from cell
cultures infected with attenuated Sungri/96 strain
• It confers protection for 3 years
Vaccination Schedule
• This vaccine is recommended for use as at 4 months of age or
older.
• It is advisable to vaccinate after lambing season or before onset
of breeding season.
• Vaccination of animals in advanced stage of pregnancy is not
recommended

13. Bluetongue Virus Vaccine
• Both Live attenuated and killed vaccine are available
• Attenuated vaccines are cheap and easy to produce but have
teratogenicity and risk of reversion of virulence
• Killed vaccines have been shown to be efficacious and cannot be
transmitted to other animals, but more expensive to produce t and
require at least 2 doses with adjuvant to elicit an immune response.
Vaccination Schedule
• Lambs should be vaccinated after 3 months or close to
weaning time as this is the time when maternal antibodies
disappear.
• Herd should be vaccinated annually approximately three
weeks prior to breeding or after lambing

14. Foot-and-mouth Disease Vaccine
• Clinically not important only cause mild lesion in foot (pedal lesions)
and less likely in mouth (buccal lesion).
• Vaccination is needed to prevent transmission of the virus to cattle
which is highly susceptible to the clinical disease.
• Vaccination of small ruminant is mandatory for FMD control
program.
• Only killed vaccine are available.
Vaccination Schedule
• The primary vaccination is carried at 4 months of age or above.
Booster 3-4 weeks apart
• The regular vaccination is carried biannually in March and
september.

15. Rabies Vaccine
• Rabies vaccination may be considered if the flock is located in a
rabies-infected area and livestock have access to wooded areas or
areas frequented by carriers of rabies.
• The cost of the rabies vaccine relative to the value of the animals
should be considered as well.
• Only inactivated vaccine are licensed for use
Vaccination Schedule
• The primary vaccination is carried out at age 3 months or above.
Booster 3 weeks apart
• Immunity is conferred for 36 months. However, annual vaccination
is recommended in endemic areas.

16. Vaccine Failures

17. Vaccine related adverse reactions

18. Vaccine related adverse reactions

19. Thank you