The ppt was presented during a one day workshop organised by Directorate SKUAST-K for field veterinarian of Animal and Sheep Husbandry department of Jammu and Kashmir.

1. Lumpy Skin Disease: Prophyltic
Vaccination and Biosecurity
Control Measures
Dr Pervaiz Dar
Scientist, KVK Ganderbal

2. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

3. Outbreaks
marked with
blue dots were
reported in
2006–2013,
yellow in 2014–
2018, and red
in 2019–2021.
Lumpy skin
disease
was first seen
as an
epidemic in
Zambia in
1929

4. Indian Scenario of LSD
Introduction and spread of LSD closely related to livestock trade with the neighboring countries and stray cattle
populations

5. Control Strategies
• Stamping out: Quick stamping out of infected animals and offering
farmer compensation: fair and timely
• Stamping out policy is not feasible in India due to religious beliefs and cultural
traditions as well as economical considerations
• Slaughter campaigns: Slaughtering and processing of the carcass for
consumption is an option to reduce virus load and virus spread
without culling. This will reduce economic losses and improve
reporting
• Vaccination: vaccination is the only effective measure against the
disease especially prophylactic vaccination

6. Vaccine against LSD
• Live Attenuated Homologous Vaccines
• South African Neethling strain
• Confers immunity after 3 weeks up to 3 years
• Neethling response
• Heterologous Vaccines
• Goatpox Virus-Based Vaccines
• Gorgan goatpox strain
• Sheeppox Virus-Based Vaccines
• SPPV RM65 strain
• Romanian SPPV strain
Require higher dose
Not recommended in Sheep/goat pox free areas
Do not provide complete immunity especially SPPV

7. Most commonly used vaccines registered for use in cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD).
First indigenous vaccine launched by
NRCE in collaboration with IVRI

8. Vaccination of animals
• Vaccination of susceptible populations with >80 percent coverage
• In non-vaccinated herds - Vaccination of bovines of all ages
• In previously vaccinated herds-Vaccination of calves at 3 - 4 months of
age
• Annual vaccination (at least three years)
• The best is to vaccinate before the start of the vector activity.

9. Vaccinations Strategy to be adopted for LSD
Control
• Pre-emptive vaccination in high-risk regions
• Zone or buffer vaccination
• Emergency vaccination in outbreak situation.
• barrier vaccination
• blanket vaccination
• ring vaccination
• targeted vaccination

10. • Efficacy of the vaccine product
• Efficient delivery (transport, cold chain, suitable equipment, correct
dosage, application and biosecurity)
• Vaccination coverage (80–100 percent)
• Sufficient trained personnel for the veterinary services to carry out
the vaccination campaign/surveillance programs.
Factors decisive for efficient vaccination
outcome

11. Biosecurity measures
against LSDV

12. Biosecurity measures should be based on Epidemiology of LSDV

13. MOVEMENT CONTROL
• Strict border control
• Quarantine
• Restriction of movement to communal sharing of watering and grazing
areas
• Restriction to trade activities of live bovine animals, their products
(hides, carcasses, semen), animal by- products
• 28 day post vaccination standstill: Animals not allowed to move outside
vaccination area with 28 days (3 weeks to full disease protection +1
week to cover the maximum disease incubation period)
• Zoning around the outbreak area

14. Vector control
• Understanding vector ecology
• Clearing or limiting vector breeding sites, such as standing water
sources, slurry and manure and improved drainage
• Repellents and insecticides by dipping, spraying or spot on
• Netting in animal houses especially Insecticide-impregnated
netting

15. Disposal of carcass
• Composting
• Above ground burial
• Deep burial
• Incineration

16. Disinfection of premises
LSDV is Susceptible to:
• Ether (20%)
• Chloroform (20%)
• Formalin (1%)
• Detergents ( sodium dodecyl sulphate and detergents containing lipid solvents)
• Phenol (2% for 15 minutes)
• Bleach (sodium hypochlorite 2%–3%)
• Virkon® (2%)
Can survive up to 35 days in the environment in desiccated scabs
The virus is stable for extended periods of time for at least 10 years in
skin lesions that are frozen at −80 °C

17. Semen transmission
• LSDV can be shed in bull semen following infection so bull need to be
tested for LSDV before natural breeding or Artificial insemination
• Artificial insemination (AI) poses a biosecurity risk
• Iatrogenic Transmission:
• intra- or inter-herd transmission may occur via contaminated needles during
vaccination or other injections if needles are not changed between animals or
herds

18. Surveillance
Passive and Active surveillance
• clinical examination, PCR, and ELISA
Preferred sample types are
• skin lesions and scabs
• saliva or nasal swabs
• EDTA blood for PCR assay
• whole blood for serology
Surveillance should take place both outside (in a 20–50 km zone
starting from the borders of the vaccination zone) and inside the
vaccination zone, before and after vaccination

19. Awareness
• Awareness campaigns should be targeted at official and private
veterinarians, Veterinary students, farmers, herders, cattle traders,
cattle truck drivers and artificial inseminators about signs of clinical
diseases, biosecurity risks, prevention and control measures

20. Recommendations
• Control movement of susceptible animals, set up road check points
and establish authorized, trained units to enforce these measures.
• Perform a mass vaccination programmed targeting all susceptible
animals, with regular post-vaccination monitoring to evaluate the
programme’s effectiveness.
• Improved biosecurity at all levels of the cattle/buffalo production and
value chain, as well as cleaning, disinfection and vector control.
• Active clinical surveillance and awareness campaigns on clinical
disease signs, prevention and control among practitioners and
government and private veterinarians and paraprofessionals

21. Thank you