Vaccines history types of vaccines Vaccine used in protozoal disease in animals animal vaccines Animal disease vaccines Babesia,anaplasma, coccidia, giardia, plasmodium,etc

1. PREPARED BY
Urusha Ghimire
&
Umesh Acharya
Recent developments in
the preparation of
protozoan vaccines for
field use

2. Vaccines
A vac c in e is any p rep aration th at h elps to p rovid e
immunity to a disease by stimulating the
p rod u c tion of antib od y.
• To p rod u c e a vac c in e on e mu st kn ow th e life
c yc le of th e p rotozoa to fin d ou t th e b est target
stage.
• Understand immune mechanism stimulated by
p rotozoa - h u moral or c ellu lar resp on se
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History
• During the late 1760s, Edward Jenner found that in a
rural areas dairy workers would never have small pox
because they already had cowpox, which has a very
mild effects in human.
• In 1796,he took a pus from the hand of a milk maid with
cowpox, and scratched into the arm of 8 year old boy
• Six weeks later inoculated the boy with smallpox, after
observing that he didn’t catch the small pox
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4. • For this contribution, Edward Jenner
was considered as the father of
immunology
• The second generation vaccine was
introduced by Louis Pasteur who
developed vaccines for chicken
cholera and so on…….
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• Live vaccines
• In ac tivated vac c in es
• S u b u n it vac c in es
• Toxoid vac c in es
• Conjugate vaccines
• DNA vac c in es
• Recomb in ant Vec tor vac c in es
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TYPES OF VACCINE

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Live/ attenuated vaccines
It contains a version of living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so
it can’t cause disease but retain its ability to induce antibody response.
Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters. However, the disease
agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain. Harder to make this type for
bacteria
E.g. Vaccine against measles, chicken pox, mumps, etc.
It is made by killing the disease causing microbes with chemicals, heat or
radiation. Such vaccines are more safe and stable but less effective than live
vaccines and requires multiple doses. E.g. Polio, rabies, influenza, etc.
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Inactivated vaccines

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Sub unit vaccines
• A "subunit" vaccine doesn't contain the whole pathogen, unlike
live attenuated or inactivated vaccines, but contains only the antigenic
parts such as proteins or peptides.
• Because the vaccine doesn't contain "live" components of the
pathogen, there is no risk of introducing the disease, and is safer and
more stable than vaccine containing whole pathogens
• Subunit vaccines consist of a small amount of virus particles, which
induces protective immunity in patients.
• Disadvantages include being relatively complex to manufacture
compared to some vaccines

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Toxoid vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines are modified toxins made non-toxic to
stimulate the formation of an antitoxin, such as those
produced to protect against the toxins of tetanus,
diphtheria, snake venom, etc.
• Scientists found out that they can inactivate the toxins
by treating them with formalin. Such detoxified toxins
are called toxoids, which can be used in vaccines

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Conjugate vaccines
• A conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen
with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger
response to the weak antigen.
• The immature immune system of babies have difficulties in recognizing certain
antigen, so vaccines can be ineffective for certain diseases
• So a conjugate vaccine consists of a polysaccharide antigen combined with a carrier
protein, this combination creates a substance that is easily recognized by WBC,
resulting in stronger immune system

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DNA Vaccines
• DNA vaccines are third-generation vaccines. They contain DNA that codes for
specific proteins (antigens) from a pathogen
• The basic working principle behind any DNA vaccine involves the use of a DNA
plasmid that encodes for a protein that originated from the pathogen in which the
vaccine will be targeted.
• At present, human trials are under way with several DNA vaccines, including those
for malaria, AIDS, influenza, Ebola, etc.

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Recombinant Vector Vaccines
• They are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccines
• Recombinant vaccines are created by utilizing bacteria or yeast to produce
large quantities of a single viral or bacterial protein. This protein is then
purified and injected into the patient, and the patient's immune system makes
antibodies to the disease agent's protein, protecting the patient from natural
disease .
• Eg Human insulin, HUMAN PAPPILOMA VIRUS VACCINE(HPV),BCG(Bacille Calmette
Guerin)

12. Protozoal Vaccines

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• Leishmanization: It is inoculation of exudates from the active lesion of an infected person to
non-infected person to give an immunization.
• Leishmune: It blocks the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis .This vaccine has 76-
80% efficacy.
• Leish111f: It is the recombinant protein. Vaccine efficacy is very high reaching up to 99.6%
Leishmaniasis Vaccine
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• Coccivac®-B: It is a live, sporulated oocyst vaccine. It is prepared
from anticoccidial-sensitive strains of Eimeria acervulina, E.
mivati, E. maxima and E. tenella.
• Coccivac®-D: It is a live, sporulated oocyst vaccine containing
different species of Eimeria.
• Immucox: Oral coccidiosis vaccine of live oocysts of Eimeria spp.
• Paracox®-8: It is a live attenuated oral vaccine used for the active
immunization of chickens against different Eimeria spp. The dose of
vaccine is 0.1 mL per chicken, administered orally either by spray on
feed or in drinking.
Vaccines against Coccidia
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• Anaplaz: It is the first anaplasmosis vaccine manufactured for cattle . Dose
rate of 1 mL and repeated after 3-4 week and revaccinate annually by single
dose, 1 mL.
• Anavac: It is a modified live vaccine. Dose rate of 2 mL i/v and is given at 6-12
month of age. Booster doses are recommended every 1-2 years depending
on herd history
Vaccines for anaplasma
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Pirodog/Nobivac® Piro: It is a Soluble Parasite Antigen
(SPA) of supernatants of invitro cultures (B. canis and B.
rossi) gives 80% protection and immunity last for about
6 months.
Vaccines against babesia
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• Beta-tubulin: It is important for cellular structure and physical functions.
• TSA (T. brucei DNA vaccine encoding TSA Protein): The DNA vaccination process
was able to protect 60% of mice
Vaccine against Trypanosoma
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• GiardiaVax: The vaccine is derived from G.
duodenalis isolated from sheep. Dose of vaccine
is 1ml by subcutaneous route. First dose at 8
weeks of age and second after 2-4 weeks and
then repeated annually.
Vaccines against Giardia
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• EPM vaccine: It consists of invitro cultured merozoites,
obtained from the spinal cord of horse. It is given@ 1 mL
intramuscularly and booster vaccination 3 to 6 weeks
after the first dose, then revaccination annually.
• S. neurona SAG1 protein vaccine: It is subunit vaccine
prepared from major Surface Antigen Gene 1
(SAG1].Horses were vaccinated on days 0 and 21 with 1ml
by intramuscular injection.
Vaccines for Sarcocystis
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• S48 strain (Toxovax): It is a live vaccine containing originally
isolated tachyzoite. It should be given @ 2 mL
intramuscularly. Re-vaccination after 2 years with a single
dose at least 3 weeks prior to mating is recommended.
• T263: It is a bradyzoite of live mutant T. gondii that does not
formed an oocyst
Vaccines against toxoplasma
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• Trichguard: It is killed protozoan vaccine. It is given to cattle
@ 1-2 mL subcutaneously, booster vaccination 2-4 weeks
after first dose and then revaccination annually
Vaccine against Tritrichomonas
Foetus
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• The only approved vaccine, as of 2021, is RTS,S, is the
most recently developed recombinant vaccine known
by the brand name Mosquirix.
Plasmodium vaccines
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So No Question Please
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