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1. TURKISH
LANGUAGE
HOME
TURKISH LANGUAGE
COURSE
Class 2
•Vowel Harmony
•Sentence Structure
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2. VOCABULARY
EV HOUSE
Bir ev a house
KİTAP BOOK
Bir kitap a book
ADAM MAN
Bir adam a man
SEPET BASKET
Bir sepet a basket
ÖĞRENCİ STUDENT
Bir öğrenci a student
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3. VOCABULARY
DEFTER NOTEBOOK
Bir defter a notebook
BİR A , AN
Bir çocuk A child
BU THIS
Bu okul This school
ŞU THAT
Şu adam That man
O THAT
O masa That table
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4. VOCABULARY
GÖZ EYE
Bir göz an eye
SÖZLÜK DICTIONARY
Bir sözlük a dictionary
GÜL ROSE
Bir gül a rose
-- DIR (-dır, -dir, -dur, -dür) IS
O bir okuldur That is a school
KALEM PENCIL
Bir kalem a pencil
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5. VOWEL
HARMONY
Turkish is a suffix based language. The root does
not change but takes suffixes.
The suffixes indicate things like ;
•Verb Tenses
•Personal Pronouns
•Plurals
•Negatives
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6. VOWEL
HARMONY
In this lesson we will look at the ‘ be-
suffix ‘. The English verb ‘ to be ‘can
be translated by the Turkish ‘ olmak ‘.
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7. VOWEL
HARMONY
In the third-person singular, the be-suffix
may be –d(t)ir, --d(t)ır, --d(t)ur, --d(t)ür.
Which of these is used follows certain
rules “ The Vowel Harmony”.
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8. VOWEL
HARMONY
Vowel harmony is one of the most imporant
features of Turkish, unlike anything in
English. It is the character of the eight
vowels which establishes the rules, these
eight vowels being divided into two basic
groups:
•The back vowels : a , ı , o , u
•The front vowels : e , i , ö , ü
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9. VOWEL HARMONY
When adding suffixes to roots the
vowels used in the suffixes are
determined by the last vowel of the
root.
If the last vowel of the root is a front
vowel, then all suffix vowels will also be
front vowels , and vice versa.
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10. VOWEL HARMONY
Example :
Masa Masa - dır
last vowel is ‘ a ‘ which is a back vowel. So
the vowel of the suffix also be a back vowel ‘
dır ‘.
Root Suffix
After e or i --dir is used.
After a or ı --dır is used.
After ö or ü --dür is used.
After o or u --dur is used.
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11. VOWEL
HARMONY
In the examples below, because the root
words have front vowels ( as the last
vowels ), sufixes also have front vowels.
Ev e i = dir Bu bir evdir.
Öğrenci i i = dir O bir
öğrencidir.
Göz ö ü = dür Bu bir gözdür.
Gül ü ü = dür Şu bir güldür.
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12. VOWEL
HARMONY
In the examples below, because the root
words have back vowels ( as the last vowels
), sufixes also use back vowels.
Masa a ı = dır Bu bir masadır.
Kapı ı ı = dır O bir kapıdır.
Salon o u = dur Şu bir salondur.
Okul u u = dur Bu bir okuldur.
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13. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Having looked at Vowel Harmony, Let’s see
basic sentence structure.
Bu bir evdir. This is a house.
Bu This
bir a
ev house
-dir is
As shown above English and Turkish have
different sentence structures.
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14. VOWEL HARMONY
Using ‘ t ‘ instead of ‘ d ‘ in
suffixes.f – h – k – p – s – ş
When the root ends in ‘ ç –
or t ‘ and the first suffixes begins with ‘ d ‘ , this ‘d’
is changed into ‘t’.
For example the root word ‘kitap’ ends with
‘p’ so the –dır suffix becomes –tır.
Kitap Bu bir kitap-tır.
Çocuk O bir çocuk-tur.
Sepet O bir sepet-tir.
Sözlük Şu bir sözlük-tür.

15. SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
Let’s study the similarities and the
differences in sentence patterns between
Turkish and English Languages.
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16. SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
1.In both languages the subject comes at the
beginning of the sentence. Bir ( a , one )
may come before the noun and after the
subject. In English, however, ‘is’ comes
before the object, whereas in Turkish the
verb ( in this example –dir, the be suffix )
comes after.
Bu bir …. This … a … This is a
….
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Bu bir ev… This is a house.

17. SENTENCE
VOWEL HARMONY
STRUCTURE -dir, -dur, -
2. Turkish sentences take -dır,
dür according to vowel harmony.
Bu bir evdir This is a house.
Bu bir öğrencidir. This is a student.
Bu bir gözdür. This is an
eye.
Bu bir güldür. This a rose.
Bu bir masadır. This is a
table. www.study-turkish.com

18. SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
Bu bir salondur. This is a hall.
Bu bir okuldur. This is a
school.
Bu bir kitaptır. This is a
book.
Bu bir sepettir. This is a
basket.
Bu bir cocuktur. This is a
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child.

19. SENTENCE
BU – ŞU - O
STRUCTURE
In Turkish to talk about nearby things, bu
(this) is used, and for far away things şu or
o (that) are used.
Bu bir defterdir. This is a
notebook.
Şu ( O ) bir kedidir. That is a cat.
O ( Şu ) bir kalemdir. That is a
pencil.
Bu bir öğrencidir. This is a
student. www.study-turkish.com
Şu ( O ) bir sepettir. That is a basket.