1. Grammar pp. 15-17
Indefinite and definite articles – masculine nouns
Ending in a labial consonant:
ien kripp (a child) krippin (the child)
ien wep (a puppy) wepin (the puppy)
Ending in ‘k’ or consonant plus ‘g’, which softens:
ien korg (a basket) kordjin (the basket)
ien påyk (a boy) påytjin (the boy)
Ending in a vowel (eri); ending in a dental, alveolar or retroflex consonant:
ien eri (a hare, rabbit) erin (the hare, rabbit)
ien kall (a man) kalln (the man)
ien såmår (a summer) såmårn (the summer)
ien uott (a mitten) uottn (the mitten)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
ig I
du you (singular)
an, -n he, it (masculine noun)
ą̊ she, it (feminine noun)
eð it (neuter noun)
wįð we
ið you (plural)
dier they

2. Demonstrative pronouns:
isn, isn-jär this, this here (masc.) an-dar that, that there (masc.)
isų, isų-jär this, this here (fem.) ą̊-dar that, that there (fem.)
ittað, ittað-jär this, this here (neut.) eð-dar that, that there (neut.)
Indefinite articles (a, an)
masculine ien
feminine įe
neuter iet
Verbs
The dalska/spilå group (A1)
In Elfdalian, one often cannot (automatically) know the forms of a verb, other than its infinitive.
Compare the same relationship in Swedish:
infinitive preterite (simple past)
tala talde
läsa läsade
binda bindade
Because of this, in this compendium1, it is stated for each verb which group it belongs to. From
the verb group, we are able to conjugate the actual verb.
Like Swedish (and English), Elfdalian has weak and strong verbs. The weak verbs (A group) is
divided here into five groups. The largest of these groups is A1, the dalska/spilå group (see also
appendix 3). Verbs of the dalska type are long-syllable, those of the spilå group are short-
syllable. Essentially, the following rules apply:
 Long-syllable verbs have the ending –a in the infinitive and the ending –er in present
singular.
 Short-syllable verbs have the ending –å and the ending –är in present singular.
 3rd person plural in present tense is identical with the infinitive, for example:
infinitive 3rd person plural – present tense
dalska dier dalska
1
compilation (of Elfdalian grammar)

3. Ending in ‘-a’, example: dalska
ig, du, an, ą̊, eð dalsker
(wįð) dalskum
(ið) dalskið
dier dalska
Other verbs using this pattern are bruka (to use) and ietta (to be called).
Ending in ‘-å’, example: spilå
ig, du, an, ą̊, eð spilär
(wįð) spilum
(ið) spilið
dier spilå
Other verbs using this pattern are kuoga (to look) and luvå (to promise).
Irregular verbs
wårå (to be)
ig, du, an, ą̊, eð ir
(wįð) irum
(ið) irið
dier irå
åvå (to have)
ig, du, an, ą̊, eð ar
(wįð) amme
(ið) avið
dier åvå