2. Cell
Cells are basic units of life. All living organisms are
composed of many blocks of cells. Each single cell
has all the characteristics of life.
A cell is defined as structural and functional unit of
life or living body.
3. Extracellular space
• The space outside the cell is called extracellular
space. Extracellular space is divided into two
spaces;
• Interstitial or Tissue space:
Space between the cells in a tissue.
• Vascular space:
Extracellular portion of circulation.
4.
5. Extracellular Fluid
• All the body fluid present outside the cells
includes interstitial fluid, plasma etc.
6. Extracellular matrix
• Complex meshwork of components secreted by
the cells and present in interstitial space.
• Major components are glycoproteins,
poteoglycans and fibrous proteins (such as
collagen and elastin).
• Extracellular matrix helps cells to bind together
and regulates a number of cellular functions.
7.
8.
9. General Characteristics of Cell
Each cell in the body:
• Needs nutrition and oxygen
• Produces its own energy necessary for its
growth, repair and other activities.
• Eliminate carbon dioxide and other metabolic
wastes.
• Maintains the medium, i.e. the environment for
its survival.
10. General Characteristics of Cell
• Shows immediate response to the entry of
invaders such as bacteria or toxic substances
into the body.
11. TISSUE
• Tissue is defined as the group of of cells having
similar function. There are many types of tissues
in the body. All the tissues are classified into
four major types which are called the primary
tissues.
12. Primary Tissues
• Muscle tissue: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle.
• Nervous tissue: Neurons and supporting cells.
• Epithelial tissue: Squamous, columnar and
cuboidal epithelial cells.
• Connective tissue: Connective tissue proper,
cartilage, bone and blood.
13.
14. ORGAN
• An organ is defined as the structure that is
formed by two or more types of primary tissues,
which execute the function of organ. Some
organs are composed of all four types of primary
tissues.
15. Types of Organs
Organs are of two types:
• Tubular or hollow
• Compact or parenchymal organs
Some of the organs in the body are brain, heart,
lungs, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, kidneys and endocrine glands.
16. ORGAN SYSTEM
The organ system is defined as group of organs
that work together to carry out specific functions
of the body. Each system performs a specific
function.
• Digestive system is concerned with digestion of
food particles.
• Excretory system eliminates unwanted
substances.
• Cardiovascular system is responsible for
transport of substances between the organs.
17. ORGAN SYSTEM
• Respiratory system is concerned with the supply
of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.
• Reproductive system is involved in the
reproduction of species.
• Endocrine system is concerned with growth of
the body and regulation and maintenance of
normal life.
• Musculoskeletal system is responsible for
stability and movements of the body.
18. ORGAN SYSTEM
• Nervous system controls the locomotion and
other activities including the intellectual
functions.
