Learn the formation of organisms from cells

1. FROM CELLS TO
ORGANISMS
BY : J AWA R I A S A L M A N

2. OBJECTIVES:
• What are cells?
• Unicellular and Multicellular organisms.
• Size and types of cells.
• Use of microscope:
• Cell theory.
• Plant and animal cell.
• Parts of cells and their function.
• Cell division.
• Different types of cells.
• From cells to organisms

3. W H AT A R E C E L L S ?
Each of the houses on the left
are made up of bricks. Bricks of
different types, colours and
numbers. The bricks are the
building blocks of the houses.
Similarly, cells are the building
blocks of living organism. A cell
is the basic unit of life. It is the
smallest thing which is capable
of carrying out basic life
processes.
All organisms ranging from the
smallest microbe to the largest
elephant are made of one or
more cells.
More than 300 years ago,
a scientist Robert Hooke
used a microscope to
observe thin slices of cork
and identified the first
cells.

4. UNICELLUL AR AND
MULTICELLUL AR
ORGANISMS
Unicellular organisms are
the ones made up of
only one cell and mainly
include bacteria and
other organisms.
Multicellular organisms
are the ones made up of
more than one cell. E.g.
humans, plants.

5. SIZES AND TYPES OF CELLS
SIZE
To find out the size of a
cell observe a hair strand.
Even the largest human
cell has the diameter same
as to that of the strand.
Most other cells are ten
times smaller.
TYPE

6. USE OF MICROSCOPE
As most cells are tiny, we have to use a
microscope to observe them. An
ordinary microscope can make things
appear bigger up to several hundred
times through the use of lens.

7. CELL THEORY:
In 1839, two scientists, Scheiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory stating:

8. PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

9. PARTS OF CELL AND THEIR
FUNCTION:
These parts are similar in plant and animal cell:
• Nucleus: controls all the cell’s activities.
• Cytoplasm: contains other organelles and
chemical reactions take place in it.
• Cell membrane: is a thin layer that controls the
movement of materials.

10. STRUCTURE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL:

11. CELL DIVISION
Cell division is the process by which a cell,
called the parent cell, divides into two cells,
called daughter cells. When the cell divides,
everything inside it divides also. The nucleus
and the chromosomes divide, and the
mitochondria divide also.

12. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS SPECIALIZE IN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS. THIS IS CALLED
DIVISION OF LABOR.
S O M E K I N D S O F C E L L S I N A N I M A L B O D Y A N D
T H E I R F U N C T I O N S A R E A S F O L LO W S :
1. Nerve cell: The neuron has
branched endings to receive
messages and a long fiber to pass
messages.
2. Red blood cell: They carry
hemoglobin and are flattened from
the middle on both sides enabling it
to take up and transport oxygen
quickly.
S O M E K I N D S O F C E L L S I N P L A N T S A N D T H E I R
F U N C T I O N S A R E A S F O L LO W S :
1. Palisade cell: It is a cylindrical
shaped cell found on the upper side
of the cell containing chloroplasts to
enable photosynthesis.
2. Plant guard cell: They occur in pairs
and are found on the underside of a
leaf. They control the opening and
closing of stomata.

13. FROM CELLS TO ORGANISMS:
1) Different or same cells are organized to
form functional units called tissues. E.g.
nerve cells arrange in nerve tissues.
2) Different or same tissues arrange to form
organs. E.g. Muscle and nerve tissues are
organized to form the brain.
3) Different organs combine to form systems.
The brain along with other organs
combines to form the nervous system.
4) Systems are put together to form
organisms.