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EL2093
MTH
Rangkaian Orde Satu
Bab7
1
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Terjadi bila sistem dengan energi potersial mapan
mengalami gangguan dan mencari kesetimbangan baru
• Contoh, dua tanki dihubungkan dengan keran yang
dibuka pada t=0
• Apa yang menentukan kecepatan aliran?
2
h1(t)
h2(t)
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Kapasitor yang mempunyai beda potensial V, pada t=0
dihubungkan ke resistor
3
• t=0
• muatan Q = Cv
• arus i = v/R
• arus i mengurangi Q
• kapasitansi tetap C
• arus i menurunkan v
• turunnya v menurunkan
arus i
• Arus i dan tegangan v turun
• Perubahan arus i dan v mengecil sejalan dengan waktu
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Perhatikan rangkaian berikut
• Dari rangkaian diketahui juga
• Dengan demikian
atau sehingga
4
v(t)
Q(t)=Cv(t)
iR(t)=v(t)/R
R
C1
iR(t)
+
-
iC(t)
iC(t)=-iR(t)
iC(t)=-v(t)/R
iC(t)=dQ(t)/dt v(t)=Q(t)/C
dQ/dt=-Q(t)/CR
v(t) = V0exp(-t/CR)
Cdv/dt=-Cv/CR
dv/dt=-v/CR
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Solusi
pada t=0
pada t=∞
5
v(t)
Q(t)=Cv(t)
R
C1
iR(t)
+
-
iC(t)
v(t) = v0exp(-t/CR)
v(0) = v0
v(∞) = 0
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Bagaimana dengan rangkaian berikut vC(0+)=V0
6
vC(t)
vS
Q(t)
R
C
iR(t) iR(t)=vR(t)/R
iC(t)=-iR(t)
iC(t)=-(vC(t)-VS)/R
iC(t)=dQ(t)/dt vC(t)=Q(t)/C
dQ/dt=-Q(t)/CR + VS/R
iR(t)=(vC(t)-VS)/R
Cd(vC(t)) /dt=-CvC(t) /CR + VS/R
d(vC(t)) /dt=-vC(t) /CR + VS/CR
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Dari hasil sebelumnya
• Solusi
pada t=0
pada t=∞
7
d(vC(t)) /dt – dVS /dt =(-vC(t)-VS)/CR
d(vC(t)) /dt=-vC(t) /CR + VS/CR
d(vC(t)-VS) /dt =-(VS-vC(t))/CR
vC(t) - VS = (vC(0) - VS) exp(-t/CR)
vC(t) = (V0- VS) exp(-t/CR) - VS
vC(0) = V0
vC(∞) = VS
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Bentuk Solusi
8
R
C
+
-
VS
R
C
v(t)
v(t)=V0exp(-t/CR) v(t)=(V0 -VS)exp(-t/CR)+VS
v(t)=(V0-0)exp(-t/CR)+0
+
-
v(t)
pada t=0 awal perubahan
pada t=∞ akhir perubahan
fungsi transisi exp(-t/CR)
v(0) = V0
v(∞)= 0
v(0) = V0
v(∞)= VS
v (0+)=V0
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Bagaimana dengan rangkaian berikut
• Arus mengalir bila tegangan v1≠v2
• Muatan DQ keluar C1 sama dengan DQ diterima C2
9
v1(t) v2(t)
Q1(t) Q2(t)
R
C1 C2
iR(t)
EL2093
MTHTransient
• Susun ulang ekivalennya
• Bentuk solusi dapat dipastikan
• Pertanyaannya Vawal dan Vakhir
10
v1(t)
v2(t)
Q1(t)
Q2(t)
R
C1
C2
iR(t)
+
-
+
-
v(t)
Q(t)
R
C
iR(t)
+
-
v(t)=(Vawal -Vakhir)exp(-t/CR)+Vakhir
EL2093
MTHAnalisis Transient (Orde 1)
• Persamaan diferensial orde saru
– dari persamaan muatan
– dari KCL
• Solusi langsung persamaan tiga
– Tegangan awal
– Tegangan akhir
– Konstanta waktu
• Transformasi Laplace
11
EL2093
MTHTransient Tanpa Sumber
Untuk rangkaian RC tanpa sumber solusi berbentuk:
12
1. Tegangan awal kapasitor v(0) = V0.
2. Konstanta waktu  = RC.
/
0)( t
eVtv 
 CRdimana
EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 1
Refer to the circuit below, determine vC, vx, and io for t ≥
0.
Assume that vC(0) = 30 V.
13
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: vC = 30e–0.25t V ; vx = 10e–0.25t ; io = –2.5e–0.25t A
EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 2
The switch in circuit below is opened at t = 0, find v(t)
for t ≥ 0.
14
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: V(t) = 8e–2t V
EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
• A first-order RL circuit consists of a inductor L (or its
equivalent) and a resistor (or its equivalent)
15
0 RL vvBy KVL
0 iR
dt
di
L
I-V induktor Hukum Ohm
dt
L
R
i
di

LtR
eIti /
0)( 

EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
16

 /
0)( t
eIti
R
L

Bentuk umum solusi RL tanpa
sumber
dimana
EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
17

 /
0)( t
eIti
R
L

RL tanpa sumber
dimana /
0)( t
eVtv 
 RC
RC tanpa sumber
dimana
Perbandingan rangkaian RL dan RC tanpa sumber
EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
Bentuk solusi rangkaian RL tanpa sumber:
18
1. Arus awal induktor i(0) = I0.
2. Konstanta waktu  = L/R.
/
0)( t
eIti 

R
L
dimana
EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu
• Menyatakan waktu perpindahan energi
• Faktor menentukan
– Jumlah energi
– Laju perpindahan
19
EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (1)
• Kapasitor: energi W=½
CV2
– di simpan dalam medan
listrik – polaritas muatan
– sebanding dengan
kapasitasi: semakin besar
kapasitansi semakin besar
energi tersimpan
– lama perpindahan
sebanding dengan
kapasitansi
• Induktor: energi
W=½ LI2
– di simpan dalam medan
magnit – fluks magnit
– sebanding dengan
induktansi: semakin besar
kapasitansi semakin besar
energi tersimpan
– lama perpindahan
sebanding dengan
induktansi
20
EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (2)
• Kapasitor:
– besaran energi berubah bila bila muatan listrik
berubah
– arus sebanding dengan perubahan muatan (i=dq/dt):
semakin besar arus semakin cepat besaran energi
berubah
– arus berbanding terbalik dengan resistansi (i=V/R):
perubahan muatan cepat untuk arus besar atau
resistansi kecil
– konstanta waktu kecil (cepat) bila resistansi kecil atau
konstanta waktu sebanding dengan resistansi
21
EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (3)
• Induktor:
– besaran energi berubah bila bila fluks magnet
berubah
– tegangan sebanding dengan perubahan fluks
(v=df/dt): semakin besar tegangan semakin cepat
besaran energi berubah
– Tegangan sebanding dengan resistansi (v=iR):
perubahan fluks cepat untuk tegangan besar atau
resistansi besar
– konstanta waktu kecil (cepat) bila resistansi besar
atau konstanta waktu berbanding terbalik dengan
resistansi
22
EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (4)
RC
• Jumlah energi
– W sebanding C
–  sebanding C
• Laju perubahan
–  berbanding terbalik DQ
– DQ sebanding i
– i berbanding terbalik R
–  sebanding R
• Konstanta Waktu: CR
RL
• Jumlah energi
– W sebanding L
–  sebanding L
• Laju perubahan
–  berbanding terbalik Df
– Df sebanding v
– v sebanding R
–  berbanding terbalik R
• Kontanta waktu: L/R
23
EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 3
Find i and vx in the circuit.
Assume that i(0) = 5 A.
24
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: i(t) = 5e–53t A
EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 4
For the circuit, find i(t) for t > 0.
25
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: i(t) = 2e–2t A
EL2093
MTH7.3 Unit-Step Function (1)
• The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of
t and 1 for positive values of t.
26






0,1
0,0
)(
t
t
tu






o
o
o
tt
tt
ttu
,1
,0
)(






o
o
o
tt
tt
ttu
,1
,0
)(
EL2093
MTH7.3 Unit-Step Function (2)
1. voltage source.
2. for current source:
27
Represent an abrupt change for:
EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (1)
• The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation
is the step function, which may be a voltage or a current source.
28
• Initial condition:
v(0-) = v(0+) = V0
• Applying KCL,
or
• Where u(t) is the unit-step function
0
)(



R
tuVv
dt
dv
c s
)(tu
RC
Vv
dt
dv s

EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (2)
• Integrating both sides and considering the initial
conditions, the solution of the equation is:
29





 
0)(
0
)( /
0
0
teVVV
tV
tv t
ss

Final value
at t -> ∞
Initial value
at t = 0
Source-free
Response
Complete Response = Natural response + Forced Response
(stored energy) (independent source)
= V0e–t/τ + Vs(1–e–t/τ)
EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (3)
Three steps to find out the step response of an
RC circuit:
30
1. The initial capacitor voltage v(0).
2. The final capacitor voltage v() — DC
voltage across C.
3. The time constant .
/
)]()0([)()( t
evvvtv 

Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also
determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly
using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws.
EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (4)
Example 5
Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below. Assume the
switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t
= 0.
Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5.
31
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: and v(0.5) = 0.5182V515)( 2
  t
etv
EL2093
MTH
7.5 The Step-response
of a RL Circuit (1)
• The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation
is the step function, which may be a voltage or a current source.
32
• Initial current
i(0-) = i(0+) = Io
• Final inductor current
i(∞) = Vs/R
• Time constant  = L/R
)()()( tue
R
V
I
R
V
ti
t
s
o
s 


EL2093
MTH
7.5 The Step-Response
of a RL Circuit (2)
Three steps to find out the step response of an
RL circuit:
33
1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0+.
2. The final inductor current i().
3. The time constant .
Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also
determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly
using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws.
/
)]()0([)()( t
eiiiti 

EL2093
MTH
7.5 The Step-Response
of a RL Circuit (4)
Example 6
The switch in the circuit shown below has been closed
for a long time. It opens at t = 0.
Find i(t) for t > 0.
34
• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: t
eti 10
2)( 


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1st order transient circuit

  • 2. EL2093 MTHTransient • Terjadi bila sistem dengan energi potersial mapan mengalami gangguan dan mencari kesetimbangan baru • Contoh, dua tanki dihubungkan dengan keran yang dibuka pada t=0 • Apa yang menentukan kecepatan aliran? 2 h1(t) h2(t)
  • 3. EL2093 MTHTransient • Kapasitor yang mempunyai beda potensial V, pada t=0 dihubungkan ke resistor 3 • t=0 • muatan Q = Cv • arus i = v/R • arus i mengurangi Q • kapasitansi tetap C • arus i menurunkan v • turunnya v menurunkan arus i • Arus i dan tegangan v turun • Perubahan arus i dan v mengecil sejalan dengan waktu
  • 4. EL2093 MTHTransient • Perhatikan rangkaian berikut • Dari rangkaian diketahui juga • Dengan demikian atau sehingga 4 v(t) Q(t)=Cv(t) iR(t)=v(t)/R R C1 iR(t) + - iC(t) iC(t)=-iR(t) iC(t)=-v(t)/R iC(t)=dQ(t)/dt v(t)=Q(t)/C dQ/dt=-Q(t)/CR v(t) = V0exp(-t/CR) Cdv/dt=-Cv/CR dv/dt=-v/CR
  • 5. EL2093 MTHTransient • Solusi pada t=0 pada t=∞ 5 v(t) Q(t)=Cv(t) R C1 iR(t) + - iC(t) v(t) = v0exp(-t/CR) v(0) = v0 v(∞) = 0
  • 6. EL2093 MTHTransient • Bagaimana dengan rangkaian berikut vC(0+)=V0 6 vC(t) vS Q(t) R C iR(t) iR(t)=vR(t)/R iC(t)=-iR(t) iC(t)=-(vC(t)-VS)/R iC(t)=dQ(t)/dt vC(t)=Q(t)/C dQ/dt=-Q(t)/CR + VS/R iR(t)=(vC(t)-VS)/R Cd(vC(t)) /dt=-CvC(t) /CR + VS/R d(vC(t)) /dt=-vC(t) /CR + VS/CR
  • 7. EL2093 MTHTransient • Dari hasil sebelumnya • Solusi pada t=0 pada t=∞ 7 d(vC(t)) /dt – dVS /dt =(-vC(t)-VS)/CR d(vC(t)) /dt=-vC(t) /CR + VS/CR d(vC(t)-VS) /dt =-(VS-vC(t))/CR vC(t) - VS = (vC(0) - VS) exp(-t/CR) vC(t) = (V0- VS) exp(-t/CR) - VS vC(0) = V0 vC(∞) = VS
  • 8. EL2093 MTHTransient • Bentuk Solusi 8 R C + - VS R C v(t) v(t)=V0exp(-t/CR) v(t)=(V0 -VS)exp(-t/CR)+VS v(t)=(V0-0)exp(-t/CR)+0 + - v(t) pada t=0 awal perubahan pada t=∞ akhir perubahan fungsi transisi exp(-t/CR) v(0) = V0 v(∞)= 0 v(0) = V0 v(∞)= VS v (0+)=V0
  • 9. EL2093 MTHTransient • Bagaimana dengan rangkaian berikut • Arus mengalir bila tegangan v1≠v2 • Muatan DQ keluar C1 sama dengan DQ diterima C2 9 v1(t) v2(t) Q1(t) Q2(t) R C1 C2 iR(t)
  • 10. EL2093 MTHTransient • Susun ulang ekivalennya • Bentuk solusi dapat dipastikan • Pertanyaannya Vawal dan Vakhir 10 v1(t) v2(t) Q1(t) Q2(t) R C1 C2 iR(t) + - + - v(t) Q(t) R C iR(t) + - v(t)=(Vawal -Vakhir)exp(-t/CR)+Vakhir
  • 11. EL2093 MTHAnalisis Transient (Orde 1) • Persamaan diferensial orde saru – dari persamaan muatan – dari KCL • Solusi langsung persamaan tiga – Tegangan awal – Tegangan akhir – Konstanta waktu • Transformasi Laplace 11
  • 12. EL2093 MTHTransient Tanpa Sumber Untuk rangkaian RC tanpa sumber solusi berbentuk: 12 1. Tegangan awal kapasitor v(0) = V0. 2. Konstanta waktu  = RC. / 0)( t eVtv   CRdimana
  • 13. EL2093 MTHContoh Example 1 Refer to the circuit below, determine vC, vx, and io for t ≥ 0. Assume that vC(0) = 30 V. 13 • Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration. Answer: vC = 30e–0.25t V ; vx = 10e–0.25t ; io = –2.5e–0.25t A
  • 14. EL2093 MTHContoh Example 2 The switch in circuit below is opened at t = 0, find v(t) for t ≥ 0. 14 • Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration. Answer: V(t) = 8e–2t V
  • 15. EL2093 MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber • A first-order RL circuit consists of a inductor L (or its equivalent) and a resistor (or its equivalent) 15 0 RL vvBy KVL 0 iR dt di L I-V induktor Hukum Ohm dt L R i di  LtR eIti / 0)(  
  • 16. EL2093 MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber 16   / 0)( t eIti R L  Bentuk umum solusi RL tanpa sumber dimana
  • 17. EL2093 MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber 17   / 0)( t eIti R L  RL tanpa sumber dimana / 0)( t eVtv   RC RC tanpa sumber dimana Perbandingan rangkaian RL dan RC tanpa sumber
  • 18. EL2093 MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber Bentuk solusi rangkaian RL tanpa sumber: 18 1. Arus awal induktor i(0) = I0. 2. Konstanta waktu  = L/R. / 0)( t eIti   R L dimana
  • 19. EL2093 MTHKonstanta Waktu • Menyatakan waktu perpindahan energi • Faktor menentukan – Jumlah energi – Laju perpindahan 19
  • 20. EL2093 MTHKonstanta Waktu (1) • Kapasitor: energi W=½ CV2 – di simpan dalam medan listrik – polaritas muatan – sebanding dengan kapasitasi: semakin besar kapasitansi semakin besar energi tersimpan – lama perpindahan sebanding dengan kapasitansi • Induktor: energi W=½ LI2 – di simpan dalam medan magnit – fluks magnit – sebanding dengan induktansi: semakin besar kapasitansi semakin besar energi tersimpan – lama perpindahan sebanding dengan induktansi 20
  • 21. EL2093 MTHKonstanta Waktu (2) • Kapasitor: – besaran energi berubah bila bila muatan listrik berubah – arus sebanding dengan perubahan muatan (i=dq/dt): semakin besar arus semakin cepat besaran energi berubah – arus berbanding terbalik dengan resistansi (i=V/R): perubahan muatan cepat untuk arus besar atau resistansi kecil – konstanta waktu kecil (cepat) bila resistansi kecil atau konstanta waktu sebanding dengan resistansi 21
  • 22. EL2093 MTHKonstanta Waktu (3) • Induktor: – besaran energi berubah bila bila fluks magnet berubah – tegangan sebanding dengan perubahan fluks (v=df/dt): semakin besar tegangan semakin cepat besaran energi berubah – Tegangan sebanding dengan resistansi (v=iR): perubahan fluks cepat untuk tegangan besar atau resistansi besar – konstanta waktu kecil (cepat) bila resistansi besar atau konstanta waktu berbanding terbalik dengan resistansi 22
  • 23. EL2093 MTHKonstanta Waktu (4) RC • Jumlah energi – W sebanding C –  sebanding C • Laju perubahan –  berbanding terbalik DQ – DQ sebanding i – i berbanding terbalik R –  sebanding R • Konstanta Waktu: CR RL • Jumlah energi – W sebanding L –  sebanding L • Laju perubahan –  berbanding terbalik Df – Df sebanding v – v sebanding R –  berbanding terbalik R • Kontanta waktu: L/R 23
  • 24. EL2093 MTHContoh Example 3 Find i and vx in the circuit. Assume that i(0) = 5 A. 24 • Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration. Answer: i(t) = 5e–53t A
  • 25. EL2093 MTHContoh Example 4 For the circuit, find i(t) for t > 0. 25 • Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration. Answer: i(t) = 2e–2t A
  • 26. EL2093 MTH7.3 Unit-Step Function (1) • The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of t and 1 for positive values of t. 26       0,1 0,0 )( t t tu       o o o tt tt ttu ,1 ,0 )(       o o o tt tt ttu ,1 ,0 )(
  • 27. EL2093 MTH7.3 Unit-Step Function (2) 1. voltage source. 2. for current source: 27 Represent an abrupt change for:
  • 28. EL2093 MTH 7.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (1) • The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage or a current source. 28 • Initial condition: v(0-) = v(0+) = V0 • Applying KCL, or • Where u(t) is the unit-step function 0 )(    R tuVv dt dv c s )(tu RC Vv dt dv s 
  • 29. EL2093 MTH 7.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (2) • Integrating both sides and considering the initial conditions, the solution of the equation is: 29        0)( 0 )( / 0 0 teVVV tV tv t ss  Final value at t -> ∞ Initial value at t = 0 Source-free Response Complete Response = Natural response + Forced Response (stored energy) (independent source) = V0e–t/τ + Vs(1–e–t/τ)
  • 30. EL2093 MTH 7.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (3) Three steps to find out the step response of an RC circuit: 30 1. The initial capacitor voltage v(0). 2. The final capacitor voltage v() — DC voltage across C. 3. The time constant . / )]()0([)()( t evvvtv   Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws.
  • 31. EL2093 MTH 7.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit (4) Example 5 Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below. Assume the switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t = 0. Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5. 31 • Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration. Answer: and v(0.5) = 0.5182V515)( 2   t etv
  • 32. EL2093 MTH 7.5 The Step-response of a RL Circuit (1) • The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage or a current source. 32 • Initial current i(0-) = i(0+) = Io • Final inductor current i(∞) = Vs/R • Time constant  = L/R )()()( tue R V I R V ti t s o s   
  • 33. EL2093 MTH 7.5 The Step-Response of a RL Circuit (2) Three steps to find out the step response of an RL circuit: 33 1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0+. 2. The final inductor current i(). 3. The time constant . Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws. / )]()0([)()( t eiiiti  
  • 34. EL2093 MTH 7.5 The Step-Response of a RL Circuit (4) Example 6 The switch in the circuit shown below has been closed for a long time. It opens at t = 0. Find i(t) for t > 0. 34 • Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration. Answer: t eti 10 2)(  