dedicated to zoologists

1. Group Members:
1. Asim Khan 2. Ayesha Bibi
3. Eman Fatima 4. Farasat Bibi

2. Presenter #01
Asim Khan

3. Mammals of Pakistan
Up to 174 mammal species have been
reported to occur in Pakistan. There are
at least three endemic species & a
number of endemic and near-endemic
subspecies.

4. Species belonging to the Palaearctic
realm occur largely in the Himalayan
and Baluchistan uplands; those
belonging to the Indo-Malayan realm
occur primarily in the Indus plains
including the Thar desert and
Himalayan foothills.

5. In addition, species with
affinities to the Ethiopian region
occur in the dry southwest and
along the Makran coast and
Thar desert of Pakistan (Roberts
1997).

6. Primates:
1.Rhesus Macaque
2. Hanuman Langur

7. 1. Rhesus Macaque(Macaca Mulatta)
Description and Biology:
APPEARANCE:
Rhesus macaques are brown and adults have a red
face and rump. The underparts are lighter brown.
The tail is medium lenght and the hair on the top of
the head is short. The locomotion is quadrupedal.

8. SIZE:
Rhesus monkeys weigh 5.6-10.9kg
(males), 4-10.9kg (females), and
the body length is 470-531mm for
females and 483-635mm for
males.

9. REPRODUCTION:
The mating season is variable, usually
March-Jun. The female's bright red bottom
indicates estrus. Subadults males have a
pink scrotum: adult males have a red
scrotum. The monkeys reach sexual
maturity at 48-72months and the gestation
period is 164 days.

10. SOCIAL SYSTEM:
The Rhesus monkey has a multimale-
multifemale social structure. They usually have
a 2-tiered class system. A female associates
with and supports the family and class in a
strict female-bonded matrilineal hierarchy.
Males are dominant to females but are
peripheral to the group and change groups
every few years. The group size varies from 10-
50.

11. DIET:
The main diet is fruits, seeds,
leaves, gums, buds, grass, clover,
roots, bark, resin, and small
invertebrates. Rhesus monkeys
raid crops. In the dry season they
drink 3-4 times per day

12. Habitat and Distribution:
This species of primate can live in a
variety of habitats. This animal mostly
inhabits mountainous regions of the
moist temperate forest and also found
in dry temperate forest.

13. 2.Hanuman or Grey Langur( Semnopithecus
Entellus)
Description and Biology:
APPEARANCE:
The Hanuman Langur's coloration varies
across subspecies, from gray to dark brown to
golden, with varying amounts of black. The
locomotion is quadrupedal.

14. SIZE:
Langurs weigh 18.3kg (males),
11.2kg (females), and the body
length is 406-680mm for females
and 510-780mm for males.

15. REPRODUCTION:
The monkeys reach sexual
maturity at 46.5-47 months and
the gestation period is 168-200
days.

16. SOCIAL SYSTEM:
Langurs have variable socail structure. 1-
male-multifemale, multimale-mutifemale.
Larger groups may break into subgroups in
some seasons. The male defends his mates:
females defend their resources. Average
group size is 11-64 individuals.

17. DIET:
The Hanuman Langur eats mature leaves,
fruit, buds, flowers, young leaves, animal
prey, exudates, bark, soil, herbs. The
Himalayan subspecies rely on pinecones,
bark and twigs during snowy winter
months These langurs will raid gardens and
crops.

18. Habitat and Distribution:
The Hanuman Langur prefers tropical,
subtropical, pine, alpine forests and urban
areas. This animal is very adaptable species
and is distributed in dry savannah country and
tropical rain forests in different parts of the
sub-continent. In Pakistan, however, it is
confined to Azad Kashmir and Siran Valleys of
Mansehra and Kohistan districts.

19. 2.Bears:
Eurasian Brown Bear
Asiatic Black Bear

20. 1.Eurasian Brown Bear(Ursus Arctos)
Discription and Biology:
APPEARANCE:
The brown bear is a large animal, usually dark brown in color,
though it can vary from a light creamy shade through to black.
The long guard hairs over the shoulders and back are often
tipped with white which, from a distance, gives a grizzled
appearance. The brown bear is characterized by a distinctive
hump on the shoulders, a slightly dished profile to the face, and
long claws on the front paws.

21. SIZE:
There is considerable variability in the size of brown
bears from different populations, depending on the
food available. SIZE: There is considerable variability
in the size of brown bears from different
populations, depending on the food available. Adult
males may weigh 135 to 390 kilograms (300 to 860
pounds) compared with 95 to 205 kilograms (205 to
455 pounds) for females. At birth, cubs weigh 340 to
680 grams (11 ounces to 1 pound 6 ounces).

22. REPRODUCTION:
Female brown bears reach sexual maturity at four-
and-a-half to seven years of age. Males may become
sexually mature at a similar age but are probably
not large enough to be able to enter the breeding
population until they a re eight to ten years old.
Mating takes place from early May to the middle of
July but implantation does not occur until about
October or November. The young are born from
about January to March.

23. SOCIAL SYSTEM:
Under most circumstances, brown bears live
as lone individuals, except for females
accompanied by their cubs. During the
breeding season, a male may attend a female
for up to two weeks for mating. Brown bears
are distribut ed in overlapping home ranges
and male home ranges are larger than those
occupied by females.

24. DIET:
Brown bears mainly eat vegetation such as
grasses, sedges, bulbs, and roots. They also
eat insects such as ants, fish, and small
mammals. In some areas they have
become significant predators of large
hoofed mammals such as Marcopole
Sheep, Ibex and Bharal.

25. Habitat and Distribution:
Their preferred habitat includes mountain forests, open
meadows and large river. The Brown Bear in Pakistan is
now very rare due to constant persecution by local
villagers and by hunting. But the main threat to this bears
survival is from local gypsies or "Kalandars", who earn
their living from dancing bears and bear baiting . These
bears are caught after their mother is shot. It is sad to see
more bears on the streets of the big cities of Pakistan
than in the wild .

26. 2.Asiatic Black Bear(Ursus Thibetanus)
Discription and Biology:
APPEARANCE:
This medium-sized, black-colored bear has a lightish
muzzle and ears which appear large in proportion to the
rest of its head, especially when compared with other
species of bears. There is a distinct white patch on the
chest , which is sometimes in the shape of a V, and white
on the chin. A brown color phase also occurs.

27. SIZE:
There is limited information available on
these bears, but total length of adults is
130 to 190 centimeters (50 to 75 inches).
Adult males range from 100 to 200
kilograms (220 to 440 pounds) and adult
females from 50 to 125 kilogra ms (110 to
275 pounds).

28. REPRODUCTION:
There is little detailed information on
reproduction in Asiatic black bears. Sexual
maturity of females is thought to occur at three
to four years of age. In Pakistan, mating has
been reported to occur in October, with young
being born in February. Cubs are weaned at
less than six months old, but may stay with
their mothers for two to three years.

29. SOCIAL SYSTEM:
In Russia, the home range is reported to be 10
to 20 square kilometers (4 to 8 square miles).
Little information is available on social
organization. The bears are reported to be
mainly nocturnal, sleeping in trees or caves
during the day. The Baluchistan black bear is
usually sighted in the rainy season from
August to November.

30. DIET:
Asiatic black bears have been reported
to feed on a wide range of foods,
including fruits, bees' nests, insects,
invertebrates, small vertebrates, and
carrion. In fall they frequently make
crude leafy feeding platforms in nut-
bearing trees.

31. Habitat and Distribution:
Asiatic black bears live predominantly in
forested areas, especially in hills and
mountainous areas. In summer, they have been
reported at altitudes over 3,000 meters (9,900
feet), descending to lower elevations during
winter. Apparently, they den for winter sleep in
the northern parts of their range.

32. THANKS

33. Presenter #02
Ayesha Bibi

34. Pallas Cat(Otocolobus Manul)
Description and Biology:
Peter Pallas, who first described the manul,
erroneously suggested that it was the
ancestor of the long-haired Persian breeds of
domestic cat, because of its long fur, stocky
build and flattened face.

35. The hair on its underparts and tail
is nearly twice as long as on the
top and sides. Like the snow
leopard, this presumably helps
keep the animal warm when it
hunts on snow, cold rock or frozen
ground.

36. The background color of its fur varies from grey
in the north of its range to fox-red in some
parts of the south(Roberts 1977), although
greyish animals are also found in the south.
The hairs have white tips, producing a silvery,
frosted appearance in all but the reddest
specimens. The body is compact, with short
legs marked with indistinct black bands, and a
thick, short, black-tipped tail.

37. Weight ranges from 2-4.5 kg. The forehead is patterned
with small black spots.
Its ears are small and rounded and set low on the sides of
the head.
The auditory bullae are enlarged, similar to those of the
sand cat.
Weight ranges from 2-4.5 kg. The forehead is patterned
with small black spots.
Its ears are small and rounded and set low on the sides of
the head. The auditory bullae are enlarged, similar to
those of the sand cat.

38. The barking call of the manul is
similar also to that of the sand cat
and, likewise, the low profile of its
head is an adaptation to hunting
in open country where there is
little cover.

39. Habitat and Distribution:
The manul is adapted to cold arid
environments, but is relatively specialized
in its habitat requirements. It is found in
stony alpine desert and grassland habitats,
but is generally absent from lowland sandy
desert basins, although it may penetrate
these areas along river courses.

40. The small southern populations in
Baluchistan, isolated from the main
population, occur in montane juniper
steppe (Roberts 1977). This cat is also
found in Baltistan, but there is no
information about its status there.
This cat is rare in Pakistan.

41. Common Leopard( Panthera Pardus )
Description and Biology:
The leopard is most easily recognised by its
rosette patterned coat and extremely long,
darker tail.

42. This large cat is sometimes
confused in appearance with the
South American Jaguar - the
leopard though is less stocky and
unlike the jaguar, its rosette
markings are generally smaller and
have no internal spots.

43. The overall size of the leopard
depends very much on the subspecies
and location, with the largest animals
growing to a length of nearly 5 feet
with an additional tail length of some
3 feet - generally the male is between
20-40% larger than the female.

44. The base coloration of the coat
also varies greatly depending upon
location, ranging from
golden/yellow in open grasslands,
through yellow/cream in desert
areas to deep gold in mountain
and forest regions.

45. All black or melanistic leopards,
sometimes commonly called
‘Black Panthers", are born in the
same litter as normally marked
cats and also carry the rosette
markings, although these are
masked by the darkness of the fur.

46. It has been observed that the
melantistic leopard is most
generally found in the dense, wet
forested areas of India and south
east Asia, where the coloration
advantages the cat in its hunting.

47. The leopard is a versatile hunter
and generally nocturnal in its
pursuit of prey - however the
increased frequency of hunting
found in the female raising young
often leads to more opportunist
hunting during daylight hours.

48. Habitat and Distribution:
The common leopard frequents
Himalayan mountains upto the tree
limit in the forest of chir, kail, deodar
and fir. It also inhabits broken arid
mountainous country in association
with scrub and thorn forest.

49. The Leopards in Pakistan are
mainly found in the
highlands of Baluchistan and
Sind, and the mountain
forests of Punjab, KPK and
Azad Kashmir.

50. THANKS

51. Presenter #03
Eman Fatima

52. Markhor ( Capra Falconeri )
Size:
Body Length: 132-186 cm / 4.4-6.2 ft.
Shoulder Height: 65-115 cm / 2.1-3.8 ft.
Tail Length: 8-20 cm / 3.2-8 in.
Weight: 32-110 kg / 70-242 lb.

53. Description:
The most distinctively-horned member of
the genus Capra, the markhor was officially
described in 1839 by Wagner. In Pakistan 4
distinct subspecies are found.
1. Kashmir Markhor (C. f. cashmirensis)
2. Astor Markhor (C. f. falconeri )
3. The Kabul Markhor ( C. f. megaceros)
4. The Suleiman Markhor (C. f. jerdoni ).

54. These are differentiated mainly by
the shape of their horns. The
Kashmir and Astor Markhor have
flared spiral horns, while the
Suleiman and Kabul Markhor have
straight spiral horns.

55. The grizzled light brown to black coat
is smooth and short in summer,
growing longer and thicker in winter.
Males have long hair on the chin,
throat, chest, and shanks, while
females have smaller fringes. The
lower legs have a black and white
pattern.

56. The tightly curled, corkscrew-like
horns are present in both
sexes,starting close together at the
head, but spreading towards the tips.
In males, they can grow up to 160 cm
/64 inches long, and up to 25 cm / 10
inches in females.

57. Reproduction:
Gestation Period: 135-170 days. Young
per Birth: 1 or 2, rarely 3. Mating
occurs during winter, with the
subsequent births occuring from late
April to early June. Sexual Maturity: At
18-30 months.

58. Diet:
Grasses, leaves. The name markhor is
derived from the Persian mar, a snake,
and khor, eating. This is a very peculiar
name, as they are vegetarians, though
they have been known to kill snakes.

59. Habitat and Distribution:
The Markhor mainly inhabits the sparsely
wooded mountainous regions in Northern
and Western Pakistan, at an elevation of
600-3,600 m / 1,900-11,500 ft. The total
world population is mainly found in
Pakistan.

60. Urial Sheep( Ovis Vignei )
Size:
Shoulder Height: 76.15-91.5cm / 30-36in.
Horn Lenght: 63.5-105.5cm / 25-41.5in.

61. Description:
Similar to the Marco Polo Sheep in general
body proportions and colouring but
averaging considerably smaller in size with
shorter, less massive horns. The face is
generally greyish, the long slender legs and
belly are creamy-white and the body fur is
a reddis-grey colour.

62. There is no extensive white area in the
caudal region. The tail is always the same
color as teh dorsal hair and lacks any longer
hair or terminal tuft. The sub-orbital glands
are deep and conspicuous often exurding a
viscous substance which mats the hair. The
iris is pale yellowich-grey with the retina
contracting to a horizontal slot.

63. Adult rams develop a conspicuous chest
ruff of long straight coarse hairs which
starts at the angle of the jaws and
termintes abruptly between the forelegs.
This ruff is predominantly white in the
throat region and black as it extends down
to the sternum. In summer moult this ruff
is much shorter but still conspicuous.

64. Females have slender upward curving
horns about 12.7cm(5in) long. The horns in
mature of mature rams are comparatively
slender and angular when contrasted with
other wild sheep species but they describe
a very symmetrical arc when viewed from
the side and curve out widely from the
body,

65. So that it is a strinking looking animal
especially if encountered in the first rays
of the morning sun, when its coat glows
an almost pinkish-red color and the
black chest-ruff stands out in sharp
contrast. Older rams also develop traces
of a greyish-white saddle mark in the
winter coat.

66. Reproduction:
Gestation Period: 150-180 days. Young per
Birth: Single or occasional twin lambs being
born in mid-April to early May in Punjab and
often as early as late March in Kirthar Range in
Sind. Rut: Rams show no sign of sexual interest
or rut until their third autumn when they are
two and a half years of age. Sexual Maturity: At
4-5 years. Life Span: 10-11 years.

67. Diet:
Their preferred food is grasses.
They will in time of fodder
scarcity, browse the leaves of
Acacia Modesta and sometimes
pink mucilaginous fruits.

68. Habitat and Distribution:
In Baluchistan and Waziristan, the
Urial inhabits the gentler slopes of
the higher mountain ranges and
will occur up to 2,750m(9,000ft).

69. Nilgai Antelope ( Boselaphus Tragocamelus )
Size:
Body Length: 180-200 cm / 6-6.6 ft.
Shoulder Height: 120-150 cm / 4-5 ft.
Tail Length: 40-45 cm / 16-22 in.
Weight: 120-240 kg / 264-528 lb.

70. Description:
The largest of the asian antelope, the
nilgai was first described by Pallas in
1766. The short coat is yellow-brown
in females, and gradually turns blue-
grey in males as they mature.

71. There is an erectable mane on the nape
and back and a "hair pennant" in the
middle of the underside of the neck. There
are white markings in the form of cheek
spots, edges of the lips, and a throat bib.
Along the underside is a thin white stripe,
which "balloons" at the rear.

72. The slender legs support a stocky
body, which slopes downwards
towards the rear. The head is long
and slender. Males have 20-25 cm /
8-10 inch long horns which are
straight and tilted slightly forwards.

73. Reproduction:
Weaning: By 10 months. Sexual Maturity:
Around 18 months. Life span: Up to 21 years.
Gestation Period: About 8 months. Young per
Birth: Generally 2 (over 60% of births),
sometimes 1 or 3. Breeding occurs throughout
the year, but the peak of mating is December-
March, with the resulting calves born in
September and October.

74. Diet:
Leaves, buds, grasses and
fruit.

75. Habitat and Distribution:
The Nilgai's preferred habitat is
grassy steppe and woodlands
area.

76. In Pakistan this Antelope is mainly
found in extensive Desert regions,
such as Cholistan in Punjab and Thar
in Sind. Today the Nilgai is mainly
found along the Indo-Pak border in
the eastern part of the country.

77. Here they are normaly found solitary. The
Nilgai is also found in Changa Manga
Plantation near Lahore. Unconfirmed
report also come from Azad Kashmir, but
the numbers here are thought to be very
low. 220 Nilgai were counted in 1999 by the
Sind Wildlife Department in the district of
Tharparkar.

78. THANKS

79. Presenter #04
Farasat Bibi

80. Indus Blind Dolphin (Platanista minor)
Description:
The specific name, minor, refers to the dolphins'
supposedly smaller size. Until the 1970s, this
species was thought to be the same as the Ganges
River Dolphin.The Indus River Dolphin has a long
beak which thickens toward the tip, revealing the
large teeth; the mouthline curves upward.

81. The body is stocky with a rounded
belly, the flippers are large and
paddle-shaped, and there is a low
triangular hump in place of a 'true'
dorsal. The forehead is steep and the
blowhole is on the left of the head,
above the tiny, poorly-seeing eye.

82. The tail flukes are broad in relation to
the body size. Indus River Dolphins are
grey-brown in colour, sometimes with
a pinkish belly, and measure between
1.5 and 2.5m in length, weighing a
maximum of 90kg.

83. Diet:
These dolphins take fish
and crustaceans.

84. Habitat and Distribution:
The Indus River Dolphin is the only
cetacean to inhabit the Indus river.
These dolphins favour the silt-laden,
turbid waters of the Indus river
system, at temperatures between 8°C
and 33°C.

85. Size:
Body Length: 90-200 cm / 3-6.6 ft.
Shoulder Height: 55-110 cm / 1.8-3.6 ft.
Tail Length: 15-40 cm / 6-16 in.
Weight: 44-320 kg / 91-711 lb.

86. Description:
The brownish coat is coarse and bristly,
usually turning greyish with age. The face,
cheeks, and throat are slightly grizzled with
whitish hairs. The back is rounded and the
legs are relatively long, especially in
northern subspecies.

87. Young are born with a pattern of
light stripes along their torso,
known as livery. These fade
between the second and sixth
month, reaching adult colouration
at one year of age. The wartless
head is long and pointed.

88. The upper canines form tusks
which curve out and upwards. The
lower canines are like razors, self-
sharpening by rubbing against the
upper canines. The tail is long with
a simple tuft.

89. Reproduction:
Gestation Period: 112-130 days,
Young per Birth: 4-8, rarely up to
13. Weaning: At 3-4 months.
Sexual Maturity: Usually at 18
months. Life span: 21 years.

90. Breeding occurs year-round in the
tropics, although in more
temperate zone the young are
born primarily in the spring. Just
prior to giving birth, the female
isolates herself and builds a large
nest lined with vegetation

91. Within two weeks of birth, each
piglet has its "own" nipple from
which it drinks from exclusively.
The yound become independent
at 7 months of age.

92. Diet:
Seeds, roots, tubers, fruit,
nuts, carrion, eggs,
insects. In short -
ANYTHING.

93. Habitat and Distribution:
The Indian Wild boar prefers
area with thick vegetation.

94. They are found in reed beds as well as
scrub and forest areas and are often found
living in the vicinity of larger cities of
Pakistan. In Pakistan the wild boar is
common in the indus riverian forest of river
Indus throughout the provinces of Punjab
and Sind.

95. THANKS