Growth of bacteria
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Bacterial growth occurs in four phases: lag phase, where bacteria adjust to the new environment; log/exponential phase, where growth is rapid as nutrients are utilized; stationary phase, where growth slows as nutrients are depleted and waste accumulates; and death phase, where death outpaces growth due to lack of nutrients and toxic waste buildup. Diauxic growth can also occur when bacteria sequentially utilize multiple nutrients in the media.
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Bacterial growth curve - Characteristics
Bacterial growth occurs in four distinct phases:
1. Lag phase: Bacteria adapt to their environment and produce enzymes needed for growth. No cell division occurs.
2. Log/exponential phase: Bacteria divide rapidly in a geometric progression. The population doubles at regular intervals.
3. Stationary phase: Growth slows as nutrients become scarce and waste builds up. The growth rate equals the death rate.
4. Death phase: As nutrients are depleted, the death rate exceeds the growth rate and the population declines.
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases:
1. Lag phase where bacteria adjust to new environment and do not divide.
2. Exponential or log phase where bacteria divide rapidly and population increases exponentially.
3. Stationary phase where growth rate equals death rate resulting in constant population size.
4. Decline or death phase where population decreases as number of dying cells exceeds reproducing cells due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
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- Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell number through cell division rather than an increase in cell size. Growth requires both physical factors like temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure as well as chemical nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace elements, and vitamins.
- Bacteria are cultured in growth media that provide necessary nutrients. Growth is studied using growth curves that track changes in cell number over time through lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases as nutrients are consumed in a closed system. Exponential phase shows maximum growth rate until stationary phase when growth ceases due to nutrient depletion or waste accumulation.
Bacterial growth curve
The document describes the typical bacterial growth curve that occurs in a batch culture. It consists of four phases: 1) Lag phase, where bacteria acclimate to their environment and do not multiply; 2) Log or exponential phase, where bacteria multiply rapidly through binary fission in a logarithmic pattern; 3) Stationary phase, where growth levels off due to a lack of nutrients and buildup of waste; and 4) Decline phase, where the bacterial population declines due to a accumulation of toxic products and starvation. The growth curve plots the logarithm of bacterial numbers over time and provides insight into how bacteria proliferate and are affected by their environment.
Growth curve of bacteria
1. Bacteria growing in batch culture produce a growth curve with up to four distinct phases: lag, log, stationary, and death.
2. During the lag phase, bacteria are adjusting to their new medium and preparing for active growth.
3. The log phase is when bacteria grow exponentially as cell division occurs rapidly under favorable conditions.
4. As nutrients become depleted and waste accumulates, bacteria enter the stationary phase where growth stops.
5. In the death phase, cell numbers decline as bacteria can no longer survive due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Microbial growth
Microbial growth refers to the growth of a microbial population through cell division, not the growth of individual cells. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, nutrients, and oxygen levels influence the growth rate. Bacteria divide through binary fission and the population increases exponentially over time. A bacterial growth curve shows four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Microbes require water, carbon sources, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, minerals, and optimal pH and temperature to grow. Their oxygen requirements classify them as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative. Batch, continuous, synchronous, and diauxic growth describe different patterns of microbial population growth over time. Physical and chemical antimicrobial agents
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Bacterial growth curve - Characteristics
Bacterial growth occurs in four distinct phases:
1. Lag phase: Bacteria adapt to their environment and produce enzymes needed for growth. No cell division occurs.
2. Log/exponential phase: Bacteria divide rapidly in a geometric progression. The population doubles at regular intervals.
3. Stationary phase: Growth slows as nutrients become scarce and waste builds up. The growth rate equals the death rate.
4. Death phase: As nutrients are depleted, the death rate exceeds the growth rate and the population declines.
Bacterial growth curve
Bacterial growth curve consists of four phases:
1. Lag phase where bacteria adjust to new environment and do not divide.
2. Exponential or log phase where bacteria divide rapidly and population increases exponentially.
3. Stationary phase where growth rate equals death rate resulting in constant population size.
4. Decline or death phase where population decreases as number of dying cells exceeds reproducing cells due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
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- Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell number through cell division rather than an increase in cell size. Growth requires both physical factors like temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure as well as chemical nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace elements, and vitamins.
- Bacteria are cultured in growth media that provide necessary nutrients. Growth is studied using growth curves that track changes in cell number over time through lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases as nutrients are consumed in a closed system. Exponential phase shows maximum growth rate until stationary phase when growth ceases due to nutrient depletion or waste accumulation.
Bacterial growth curve
The document describes the typical bacterial growth curve that occurs in a batch culture. It consists of four phases: 1) Lag phase, where bacteria acclimate to their environment and do not multiply; 2) Log or exponential phase, where bacteria multiply rapidly through binary fission in a logarithmic pattern; 3) Stationary phase, where growth levels off due to a lack of nutrients and buildup of waste; and 4) Decline phase, where the bacterial population declines due to a accumulation of toxic products and starvation. The growth curve plots the logarithm of bacterial numbers over time and provides insight into how bacteria proliferate and are affected by their environment.
Growth curve of bacteria
1. Bacteria growing in batch culture produce a growth curve with up to four distinct phases: lag, log, stationary, and death.
2. During the lag phase, bacteria are adjusting to their new medium and preparing for active growth.
3. The log phase is when bacteria grow exponentially as cell division occurs rapidly under favorable conditions.
4. As nutrients become depleted and waste accumulates, bacteria enter the stationary phase where growth stops.
5. In the death phase, cell numbers decline as bacteria can no longer survive due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
Microbial growth
Microbial growth refers to the growth of a microbial population through cell division, not the growth of individual cells. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, nutrients, and oxygen levels influence the growth rate. Bacteria divide through binary fission and the population increases exponentially over time. A bacterial growth curve shows four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Microbes require water, carbon sources, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, minerals, and optimal pH and temperature to grow. Their oxygen requirements classify them as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative. Batch, continuous, synchronous, and diauxic growth describe different patterns of microbial population growth over time. Physical and chemical antimicrobial agents
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Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size or population numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are two levels of growth - increasing cell size through synthesis of new components, and increasing population size through cell division. Microbiologists study population growth curves, which typically have four phases: lag phase as cells adapt, exponential or log phase of rapid growth, stationary phase as resources are depleted, and death phase. Growth is measured by counting cell numbers directly under a microscope or using counting chambers, or indirectly by culturing cells on agar plates and counting colonies. Environmental factors like nutrients, oxygen, pH, and temperature affect microbial growth rates.
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If you like my video
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#comment
#subscribe my channel
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Assistant Professor
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This document discusses breeding crops for improved quality traits like protein and oil content. It covers topics like:
- Quality traits can be morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, or biological.
- Protein efficiency ratio and biological value are measures of protein quality in foods.
- Breeding maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content led to the development of Quality Protein Maize varieties.
- A case study describes using in vitro mutagenesis and selection with hydroxyproline to develop peanut varieties with over 55% oil content in kernels.
- Breeding objectives for sunflower include seed yield, oil content, and modifying oil quality traits like fatty acid composition.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis
1) Artificial intelligence can help detect and identify plant diseases by analyzing images of infected plants. Advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning are being used for accurate disease identification.
2) IoT sensors are being used to monitor crop health and send data to the cloud for analysis. This allows early detection of diseases.
3) While AI has benefits like precision and speed, challenges remain in applying these new technologies at large scale in agriculture due to lack of familiarity, data and infrastructure requirements, and uncertainty around external growing conditions.
Towards managing of soil borne plant pathogens in India
Managing soil-borne plant pathogens by means of biological agents is become widely popular and practical nowadays to avoid getting problems from synthetic control measures, this ppt clear describes various important bioagents in the management of soil-borne plant pathogens
CRISPR, cas9 in plant disease resistance
CRISPR/Cas9 is an advanced genome editing technology that can be used to develop plant disease resistance. It involves a Cas9 enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific locations guided by CRISPR RNA. This triggers DNA repair that can introduce changes to genes. Researchers have used CRISPR/Cas9 to develop resistance in plants against viruses, fungi, and bacteria by editing genes involved in host-pathogen interaction and disease susceptibility. It provides a precise and efficient way to edit plant genomes to improve crop resistance compared to previous tools. Scientists continue working to enhance the specificity and control of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing applications in agriculture.
Biosensors in plant pathogen detection
Biosensors in plant pathogen detection is one of the recent advancements in plant pathology for the detection of plant pathogens
Phenomic approaches for plant disease detection
This document discusses various phenomic approaches for plant disease detection, including chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and image processing techniques. It provides details on how each approach works, such as using chlorophyll fluorescence to detect changes in photosynthesis before visual disease symptoms appear. The document also discusses the analysis of data collected from these approaches and how they can be used to rapidly screen large numbers of plant varieties for disease resistance and improve over traditional visual ratings.
Role of antimicrobial peptides in plant disease management
It is one of the advanced topics in plant disease management, detailed information about antimicrobial peptides and their role in plant disease management is furnished clearly.
Quarantine regulation and impact of modern detection methods
Detailed descriptions about quarantine and regulations, new laws, and new techniques are using in plant quarantine for the detection of plant pathogens are described
Bacteriophages and prions
This document discusses bacteriophages and prions. It defines bacteriophage as a virus that infects bacteria, and notes their discovery by Twort and d'Herelle. It describes the structure of bacteriophages like T4, including their DNA-containing heads and helical tails. The document outlines the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages and how they can be used to control plant diseases. Finally, it defines prions as infectious particles composed of misfolded protein that can induce normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape, and lists some animal diseases caused by prions.
Cross protection
Cross protection occurs when infection of a plant with a mild or attenuated virus strain protects the plant from later infection by a more severe strain of the same virus. This was first demonstrated in 1929 with tobacco mosaic virus. It has since been used successfully to control diseases caused by citrus tristeza virus and papaya ringspot virus. There are two main mechanisms of cross protection - coat protein-mediated resistance, which involves blocking virus uncoating or replication, and RNA-mediated resistance, where excess mild strain RNA hybridizes to block replication of the challenge virus. While cross protection has proven effective for some diseases, there are also limitations such as yield loss, incomplete protection, and genetic instability of the protector virus.
Production of disease free planting materials
Thermotherapy, tissue culture, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy are methods used to produce disease-free planting materials. Thermotherapy involves growing plants at high temperatures of 30-40°C for 2-3 months to eliminate viruses. Tissue culture techniques like callus culture, meristem tip culture, and protoplast culture can also produce virus-free plants. Chemotherapy uses antiviral chemicals or growth promoters during meristem tip culture. Electrotherapy applies electrical pulses to eliminate viruses. The document provides details on each method and examples of viruses eliminated from crops like banana, potato, and citrus using these approaches.
Anti viral principles
This document discusses antiviral principles (AVP) found in certain plant leaves and extracts. AVPs are compounds that have inhibitory effects against viruses. The document provides details on preparing an AVP extract from sorghum leaves and using it to manage pathogens. It explains that AVP extracts from various plants like sorghum, prosopis, and bougainvillea have been shown to effectively reduce different viruses in crops like groundnuts, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The mechanism of action of AVPs is that they contain proteins that interfere with viral replication and movement between host cells.
Principles of management of virus diseases
This document summarizes conventional and biotechnological approaches for managing viral plant diseases. Conventional approaches include using virus-free planting materials, cultural practices, vector management, heat therapy, meristem tip culture, and barrier crops. Biotechnological approaches involve pathogen-derived resistance through expression of viral coat proteins or RNA interference mechanisms to inhibit viral genes. The document provides examples and details of various conventional and biotechnological techniques for eliminating viruses from infected plants.
Movement of viruses, physiology of virus infected plants
This document summarizes the movement and physiology of virus-infected plants. It discusses three types of virus movement: intracellular, intercellular, and long-distance. Intracellular movement relies on the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton, while intercellular movement occurs through plasmodesmata connecting adjacent cells. Long-distance movement involves viruses entering the vascular system and moving systemically through the plant. It also examines effects on the infected plant's photosynthesis, respiration, membrane permeability, translocation, and transcription/translation, such as reduced chlorophyll and sucrose content as well as increased respiration and permeability.
Virus infection and replication
Virus infection and replication occurs in several steps:
1. The virus attaches to and enters the host plant cells, usually through wounds caused by vectors like insects or mechanical damage.
2. Once inside the cell, the viral genome is released from its protein coat through uncoating.
3. The viral genome then hijacks the host cell machinery to replicate, transcribe mRNA, and translate proteins.
New viral genomes and capsids are assembled and the mature virions are released to infect new cells.
Origin of viruses and virus strains
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses. It begins by defining key terms like isolate, variant, and strain. It then presents three main hypotheses for the origin of viruses: 1) the virus first hypothesis which proposes viruses evolved independently from self-replicating RNA, 2) the reduction hypothesis which suggests viruses originated from reduced cellular organisms, and 3) the escape hypothesis where genetic material escaped cellular control and became parasitic. The document also discusses types of virus variation like mutation, hybridization, and pseudorecombination, as well as microevolution and macroevolution. It provides an example of how plant viruses can overcome Muller's Ratchet, which is the loss of critical functions in a population.
Serological detection techniques of plant viruses
This document discusses techniques for serologically detecting plant viruses. It begins by defining serology and its use in agriculture for detecting pathogens with variable or latent symptoms. It then describes the basics of antigen-antibody reactions and the types of antigens, antibodies, and reactions. The rest of the document focuses on specific serological tests used in plant virology, including liquid phase tests like precipitation, agglutination, and immunodiffusion assays as well as solid phase tests like ELISA, SDS-PAGE, ISEM, western blotting, and dot/tissue immunobinding assays. These tests allow detection of plant viruses through the reaction of viral coat proteins or antigens with specific antibodies.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be produced through different methods. Monoclonal antibodies are produced using hybridoma technology, which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody-producing B cells to create immortal hybridoma cell lines. Kohler and Milstein developed this technique in 1975. Polyclonal antibodies involve immunizing an animal to produce a mixture of antibodies against various epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies detect multiple epitopes but with less specificity. Monoclonal antibodies provide an unlimited supply of consistent, specific antibodies and are widely used in research and therapeutic applications.
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Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
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Growth of bacteria
- 1. Growth of bacteria N.H. SHANKAR REDDY 2ND PH.D. PLANT PATHOLOGY ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
- 2. Lag phase • Very little or no bacterial growth (or) multiplication occurs, due to new environmental conditions and pH, temperature and nutrients, starts to adjust the new environment, but size of the bacterium will be increased.
- 3. Log phage/ Exponential phase • After initial lag page, the bacterial cell starts to grow very rapidly at an exponential rate. • This is due to maximum utilisation of available nutrients for their growth from the adapted/ adjusted environment. • In this phase population growing at a constant rate and it is represents the maximum rate and minimum generation time (20 min) for the prevailing conditions.
- 4. Stationary phase • Due to exhaustion of nutrients along with accumulation of toxic products, growth rate is slow down. At this phase the growth rate is equal to death rate.
- 5. Death phase • Due to lack of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products the number of death cells exceeds the number of living cells. • If death of cells followed by autolysis then there will be decrees in total count as well as viable count. • Whereas death is not followed by autolysis of cells the total count remains same, but viable count decreases.
- 6. • Diauxic growth – Two growth curves occur when a bacterium provide different substrates, this is due to the presence of two sugars on culture growth media, in which the bacteria 1st utilises simple sugar and then complex sugar