The document discusses various topics related to bacterial growth, including the growth phases (lag, log, stationary, death), factors that affect growth, and different types of growth patterns. It explains that bacteria multiply through binary fission and outlines the characteristics of each growth phase. Diauxic growth occurs when bacteria utilize two different carbon sources sequentially, exhibiting two growth curves. Synchronous and continuous growth are also summarized, with continuous growth maintaining a constant cell density through continuous addition of nutrients and removal of waste.
A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Inf...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
Defination,growth curve, types and kinetics of growth curve, applications and advantages and disadvantages . Environmental factors affecting the cell growth.
The main purpose of these slides is to convey information to the Professors, Lecturers, and Students. These slides contain authentic information about this topic which is mentioned in that.
The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time. There are four distinct phases of the growth curve: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Inf...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
Defination,growth curve, types and kinetics of growth curve, applications and advantages and disadvantages . Environmental factors affecting the cell growth.
The main purpose of these slides is to convey information to the Professors, Lecturers, and Students. These slides contain authentic information about this topic which is mentioned in that.
The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time. There are four distinct phases of the growth curve: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
3. Growth of bacterial cultures is defined as an increase in the number
of bacteria in a population rather than in the size of individual cells.
The growth of a bacterial division cycle (generation), one cell gives
rise to 2 cells, then 4 cells, then 8 cells, then 16, then 32, and so
forth.
The time required for the formation of a generation.
4. ⦿ Bacteria grow only when environment is suitable;
1. In the lab, we have determined the stage of growth (closed
system).
2. Need a continuous supply of nutrients (closed system).
5. INTRINSIC FACTORS EXTRINSIC FACTORS
⦿ Moisture content
⦿ Water activity
⦿ pH
⦿ Redox potential
⦿ Available nutrients
⦿ Temperature
⦿ Relative humidity
⦿ Co2 (or) O2
⦿Number of organisms in the
culture
6. Lag Phase:
⦿ This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth.
⦿ A small group of cell are placed in a nutrient rich medium that allows
them to synthesize protein and other molecules necessary for
replication.
⦿ These cells increase in size, but no cell divition occurs in the phase.
7. Exponential (Log) Phase:
⦿ After the lag phase, bacterial cells enter the exponential or log
phase.
⦿ This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and
doubling in numbers after each generation time.
⦿ Metabolic activity is high as DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and
other substances necessary for growth are generated for division.
⦿ It is in this growth phase that antibiotics and disinfectants are most
effective as these substances typically target bacteria cell walls or
the protein synthesis processes of DNA transcription and RNA
translation.
8. Stationary Phase:
⦿ Eventually, the population growth experienced in the log phase begins
to decline as the available nutrients become depleted and waste
products start to accumulate.
⦿ Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the
number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells.
⦿ This results in no overall population growth.
⦿ Under the less favorable conditions, competition for nutrients increases
and the cells become less metabolically active.
⦿ Spores forming bacteria produce endospores in this phase and
pathogenic bacteria begin to generate substances that help them
survive harsh conditions and consequently cause disease.
9. Death Phase:
⦿ As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the
number of dying cells continues to rise.
⦿ In the death phase, the number of living cells decreases exponentially
and population growth experiences a sharp decline.
⦿ As dying cells lyse or break open, they spill their contents into the
environment making these nutrients available to other bacteria.
⦿
⦿ This helps spore producing bacteria to survive long enough for spore
production.
⦿ Spores are able to survive the harsh conditions of the death phase and
become growing bacteria when placed in an environment that supports
life.
10.
11. ⦿ Diauxic growth is a diphasic growth represented by two growth
curves intervened by a short lag phase produced by an organism
utilizing two different substrates, one of which is glucose.
⦿ When E. coli grows in a medium containing both glucose and
lactose, it uses glucose preferentially until the glucose is exhausted.
⦿ Then after a short lag phase during which bacterium synthesizes the
enzymes needed for lactose use, growth resumes with lactose as a
carbon source.
⦿ If this diphasic growth of E. coli is plotted in respect to bacterial
density against time, two growth curves follow one after the other
intervened by a short lag phase to produce a diauxic growth curve.
12. ⦿ The enzyme needed for lactose use is β-galactosidase, which splits
lactose into glucose and galactose, and the bacterium utilizes
glucose for growth.
⦿ Galactose can also be utilized, but only after it is converted to
glucose.
⦿ It has been demonstrated that E. coli growing in a medium
containing both glucose and galactose produces a diauxic (diphasic)
growth curve as in case of glucose and lactose.
⦿ Similar response has been found in case of other sugars such as
arabinose, maltose, sorbitol, etc.
⦿ when they are used in combination with glucose by E. coli. Each of
these sugars is utilized only after glucose has been used up in the
growth medium.
13. ⦿ The cause of diauxic growth is complex
and not completely understood, it is
considered that catabolite repression or
the glucose effect probably plays a part
in it.
⦿ In catabolite repression of the lac-
operon of E. coli, glucose exerts an
inhibitory effect on the transcription of
the lac genes.
⦿ As a result, lactose- utilization enzymes
are not synthesized, even if lactose is
present in the medium.
⦿ When glucose is completely consumed
by E. coli, the bacterium is now
competent to transcribe the lac-operon
genes resulting in production of
necessary enzymes that help
metabolise lactose.
14. Synchronous growth is the growth of
Bacteria such as that all the bacteria
are a the same stage in their growth
cycle.
Ex; 1. exponential phase.
2. stationary phase.
“in a normal batch culture of fluid, or on
an a gas plate bacteria in the
population exhibit a range of sizes,
ages and growth rates”
15. It means situation in a cell culture when all the cell are divide at
the same time.
Important in the study of genetic and metabolism.
The easiest way to synchronize bacterial growth is to add some
cytostatic agents so that cells don’t divide and they all maintain
the same state of metabolism and cell cycle.
When the cytostatic agent is removed,all cells starts to divide at
the same time.
16. A process where inputs and
outputs flow continuously
through duration of process.
In continuous processing he
reactions are continuous
added a one end of he
reaction vessel and he
produces are removed at the
other end.
17. Also called as open system of cultivation.
In this technique fresh sterile medium is added.
In this technique bacterial grow continuously heir log phase.
This growth of the cell density in continuous culture remains contain.
It is achieved b maintaining consan dilution and flow rate.
18. Advantages :
1. Growth rate can be controlled and maintained.
2. Biomass concentrations can maintained.
3. Effect of changes in physical & chemical parameter can be examined.
4. High productivity of biomass.
5. Good utilization of reactors.
6. Automation may be very appealing.
7. Constant product quality.
8. To study the microbial growth at low nutrient level.
19. Conjugation of limiting nutrient.
Products do not accumulates.
Nutrients are no completely depleted these forms bacterial never reach
in stationary phase because fresh nutrients are supplied continuously
and end products are removed continuously.
21. Types of continuous growth
1. Chemosat
(Growth rate is determined Externally, vigorous mixing )
2. Turbidosat
( Growth rate is determined Internally)
22. Addition of fresh medium to the
vessel – exponential growth.
Medium is substrate limited.
Over flow devises – added
medium displaces equal volume
of culture for continuous
production of cell.
Formation of new biomass
balanced by loss of cells from
vessel.
23. In turbidosat, a photoelectric
device is used to monitor the
cell density.
The culture in the vessel.
Flow rate is adjusted to
maintain contain cell density in
the culture.