Muscular system anatomy and physiology

1. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.
2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control.
3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.
4. Your heart is a muscle.
5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.
6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much.
7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker
8. You don’t need more than 30 min. of physical activity every
day.
9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play
through the pain and it will go away.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

2. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
STARTER – Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
10. A balanced diet:
a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-
free or low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese, and
yogurt.
b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood,
beans, eggs, and nuts.
c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt
(sodium), added sugars, and refined grains.
d) All of the above
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

3. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.
-False. There are over 600 muscles in the body.
2. Skeletal, or voluntary muscles are the muscles you can
control.
True. You can control your skeletal muscles to walk, run,
pick up things, play an instrument, throw a baseball, kick a
soccer ball, push a lawnmower, or ride a bicycle
3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.
False. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Tendons
connect muscles to bones.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

4. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
4. Your heart is a muscle.
True. The heart is a special muscle called “cardiac muscle.”
It works constantly to pump blood through your body.
5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.
True. Muscles can be strained by stretching them too much,
as when you lift something that is too heavy.
6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much.
False. Sprains happen when ligaments (which connect bones
to bones) are stretched too much. A stretching injury to a
tendon (which connects a muscle to a bone) is called a strain.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

5. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker
True. If a muscle is not used, it will get smaller and weaker.
This is known as atrophy.
8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity
every day.
False. You should get at least 60 minutes of exercise every
day. It doesn’t have to be a whole hour all at once, but it does
need to be in at least 10-minute increments to count toward
your 60 minutes of physical activity per day.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

6. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play
through the pain and it will go away.
False. If something starts to hurt, stop playing or exercising.
You might just need to rest the injured part, or you might need
to see a doctor.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

7. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Starter-Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Topic 1
Anatomy
10. A balanced diet:
a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or
low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt.
b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans,
eggs, and nuts.
c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt
(sodium), added sugars, and refined grains.
d) All of the above
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

8. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics
common to muscle tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Distinguish between the different types of muscle
Outline the general characteristics common to muscle
tissue
Most will
Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of
the body
Some might
Explain the need for antogonistic pairs
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

9. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
 Smooth
 Cardiac
 Skeletal
DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

10. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Different types muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscles (striated
and voluntary muscles)
are those which attach to
bones and have the main
function of contracting to
facilitate movement of our
skeletons.
Striated-appearance of
light and dark stripes
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Now complete the Types of Muscles section
in your workbook!

11. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Different types muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscles
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Now complete the Types of
Muscles section in your workbook!

12. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Different types muscle tissue
Smooth muscle
(Unstriated) Involuntary
muscle due to our
inability to control its
movements.
Found in the walls of
hollow organs such as
the stomach, esophagus,
bronchi and in the walls
of blood vessels.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Now complete the Types of
Muscles section in your workbook!

13. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Different types muscle tissue
Smooth muscle
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Now complete the Types of
Muscles section in your workbook!

14. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Different types muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle only in the
walls of the heart.
Similar to:
skeletal muscle -striated
smooth muscle-
involuntarily controlled
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Now complete the Types of
Muscles section in your workbook!

15. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Different types muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Now complete the Types of
Muscles section in your workbook!

16. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

17. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Group Thought
What do we use our muscles for?
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
• Skeletal muscles
contract exerting
forces on the tendons
• Tendons then pull on
the bones causing
joint movement
• Generating body heat

18. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Group Thought
What do we use our muscles for?
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
• Postural muscles
stabilize and maintain
body positions

19. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Group Thought
What do we use our muscles for?
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
• Movement of
substances within
the body e.g.
peristalsis
Now complete the Functions of Muscles
section in your workbook!

20. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics
common to muscle tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
• Contractility: ability to receive and respond to
stimuli via generation of an electrical pulse which
causes contraction of the muscle cells
• Excitability: ability to shorten.
• Extensibility: ability of muscle to lengthen.
• Elasticity: ability of muscle to return to normal
size.
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

21. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics
common to muscle tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
 Atrophy: is the wasting of muscle tissue
 Hypertrophy: is the increase in size of muscle
tissue.
 Controlled by nerve stimuli.
 Fed by capillaries.
DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

22. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics
common to muscle tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
Can you write a definition for the words below without
using your notes?
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Term Definition
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
Atrophy
Hypertrophy

23. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Muscle Structure

24. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
 Epimysium: This is the
connective tissue wrap just
under the deep fascia that
surrounds the entire
muscle
 Perimysium: This
connective tissue surrounds
each individual fascicle
(bundle of muscle fibers).
 Endomysium: This is the
connective tissue
wrapped around each
individual muscle cell
(fiber).
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

25. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Individual Activity
Carry out the investigation in your
workbook “The effect of temperature on
muscle function”

26. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
 Muscle fibers are made up of a group of
myofibrils.
 Myofibril: the muscle cells are filled with
cylindrical structures called myofibrils.
These contain the myofilaments whose action is
responsible for the contraction of the myofibrils
and therefore the muscle as a whole.
Solomon & Davis
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

27. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

28. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
Muscle Structure
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

29. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
epi - upon or on
peri - around
endo - within
myo - muscle
Now annotate the diagram in
your work book

30. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
 There are 2 kinds of
myofilaments:
(Thick and Thin)
 Myosin: thick filaments
 Actin: thin filaments
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
A unit of thick and thin filaments is known as a
Sarcomere.
These structures hold the key to muscle
contraction. Because of the staggered thin and
thick filaments it has the effect as one might pull
a rope towards oneself hand over hand.
Solomon & Davis
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

31. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

32. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

33. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

34. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhgDb
jrrmFg

35. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of
skeletal muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

36. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of
skeletal muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

37. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
The Origin and Insertion
• When a muscle contracts, only one bone
moves leaving the other stationary. The points
at which the tendons are attached to the bone
are known as the origin and the insertion.
•
• The origin is where the tendon of the muscle
joins the stationary bone(s).
• The insertion is where the tendon of the
muscle joins the moving bone(s)
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

38. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
Now complete the
section in your
workbook
Arm is
being
flexed
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Origin
Insertion
The radius and ulna are the moving bones- INSERTION
The humerus and scapula are stationary bones- ORIGIN

39. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and insertion of
muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
 Origin: the point where the tendon
attaches to the bone which does not
move during muscle action.
 Insertion: the point where the tendon
attaches to the bone which moves during
an action.
 e.g. Action of biceps muscle: Scapula is
origin (Proximal point) and radius is the
insertion. (distal point)
DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

40. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Antagonistic Muscles
• Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are
attached to the bones by strong cords known as
tendons.
• They work in pairs, each contracting or
relaxing in turn to create movement.
Ex.Biceps brachii and triceps
brachii work in what is called
Antagonistic Muscle Action.
As one muscle shortens the other
one lengthens.

41. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Flexion (Bending) of the Arm
• The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating
the movement is called the agonist.
• The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement
take place is called the antagonist.
Agonist
(The biceps
contract)
Antagonist
(The triceps
relaxes)
• Other muscles support the agonist in creating movement and these are
called synergist (neutralizer).
• Fixator (stabilizer) muscles that allow the agonist to work, stabilizing
the origin

42. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
STARTER – Label the diagram
Using the muscles listed below
* Transverse abdominus
* External
Oblique
* Rectus abdominus
* Internal Oblique
* Pectoralis
Major

43. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

44. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Anterior muscles
Rectus Abdominus
External obliques
Internal obliques
Transverse Abdominis
Deltoid
Pectoralis major & minor
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Quadriceps group
(rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis,
vastus lateralis.)
Tibialis anterior
Biceps brachii

45. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Exercise: Crunches

46. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
External Obliques
Movement: Flexion
Origin: Lower eight ribs
Insertion: Ilium
Exercise: Russian Twist
http://videos.bodybuilding.com/video/30361/Exercise-Guides-
Russian-Twist-MaleShort-Clip

47. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Internal Oblique
Movement: Flexion and
rotation of the spine
Origin: Ilium,
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Insertion: Ribs 8-12
Exercise: Twisting Crunches

48. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Transverse Abdominus
Movement: Compresses abdomen
Origin: Iliac Crest, Ribs 12-16, Inguinal Ligement
Insertion: Xiphoid Process and Pubic Symphasis
Exercises: Flutter Kicks,
Superman, Bicycles

49. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Deltoid
Movement: Flexion, Extension
and Abduction of the shoulders
Origin: Clavicle and Scapula
Insertion: Lateral Humerus
Exercise: Back press
Military press
Overhead press

50. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Pectoralis Major
Movement: Flexion, Adduction of the shoulder
Origin: Clavicle,
Sternum, Anterior Ribs
Insertion: Humerus
Exercise: Bench press

51. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Pectoralis Minor
Movement: Assists serratus anterior and Adduction of
the Scapula
Origin: Anterior Ribs
Insertion: Scapula
Exercise: Bench press

52. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Iliopsoas
Movement: Flexion of the hip
Origin: Ilium and Lumbar Vertebrae
Insertion: Inner Femur
Exercise: Sit-ups

53. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Sartorius
Movement: Flexion, Abduction and lateral rotation of
the hip.
Origin: Ilium
Insertion: Medial Tibia
Exercise: Walking Lunges
Jump lunges
http://www.builtlean.com/2011/09/29/j
ump-lunges-plyometric-leg-exercise/

54. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Quadriceps
Movement: Flexion at the hip
Extension at the knee
Muscle Origin Insertion
Rectus femoris Ilium Tibia
Vastus lateralis Femur Tibia
Vastus medialis Femur Tibia
Vastus intermedius Femur Tibia
Exercise: Squats

55. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

56. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Tibialis Anterior
Movement: Dorsiflexion
Origin: Lateral tibia
Insertion: 1st metatarsal and 1st
cuneiform
Exercise: Toe raises

57. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii
Flexion Extension
Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and
Humerus
Insertion: Radius and Ulna Insertion: Ulna
Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps
Exercise: Biceps curls
Triceps extensions

58. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Body Draw
• Draw around one of your
group members on butcher
paper.
• Without looking at your
notes, shade in and label all
the muscles you can remember
from last lesson!

59. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Posterior Muscles
Triceps brachii
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings group
(biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Erector spinae

60. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii
Flexion Extension
Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and
Humerus
Insertion: Radius and Ulna Insertion: Ulna
Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps
Exercise: Biceps curls
Triceps extensions

61. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Trapezius
Movement: Extension and adduction of the shoulder
Origin: Cervical and thoracic
vertebrae, base of the skull
Insertion: Clavicle and Scapula
Exercise: Shrugs, Seated Row

62. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Latissimus Dorsi
Movement: Adduction and
internal rotation of the shoulder
joint.
Origin: Sacrum, Ileum, Thoracic
and Lumbar Vertebrae
Insertion: Humerus
Exercise: Chin-ups. Pull-downs

63. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Latissimus Dorsi

64. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Gluteus Maximus
Movement: Extension and rotation
of the hip
Origin: Posterior Ilium, Sacrum
and Coccx
Insertion: Femur and IT band
Exercise: Deadlift

65. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Gluteus Maximus

66. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Hamstrings
Movement: Flexion of the knee and extension of the hip
Muscle Origin Insertion
Biceps Femoris Ischium,
Femur
Fibula, Lateral
Tibia
Semitendinosus Ischium Medial Tibia
Smimembranosus Ischium Medial Tibia
Exercise: Leg Curls

67. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

68. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Gastrocnemius
Movement: Knee Flexion and Plantarflexion
Origin: Posterior Femur
Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles
Tendon
Exercise: Calf Raises

69. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Soleus
Exercise: Seated
calf raises

70. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Erector Spinae
Movement: Extension
Origin: ribs, Vertebrae, Ilium
Insertion: Ribs and Vertebrae
Exercise: Chest raise

71. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Body Draw
• On the other side of your
first drawing, make a duplicate
body.
• Without looking at your
notes, shade in and label all
the muscles you can remember
from last lesson!

72. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of
skeletal muscle
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471
393878/instructor/animations/actin_myo
sin/actin_myosin.swf
Homework:
Go to the following site and go through the discussion.
Pay close attention to the parts on Actin and Myosin.
In your notebooks write an explanation of how Actin
and Myosin function within muscle cells.

73. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Load
Frequency of recruitment
Inactivity
Controls
Continuum of Physical Activity
Endurance
Trained
Strength
Trained
Muscle “adapts”
to meet the
habitual level of
demand placed
on it, i.e. level of
physical activity.
This results in
muscular
hypertrophy
which is a result
in an increase
of myofibrils as a
result of
increased
exercise.
Adapted from Faulkner, Green and White In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health, Ed.
Bouchard, Shephard and Stephens Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994

74. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Level of physical activity determined by the
frequency of recruitment and the load.
Increase muscle use
• endurance training
• strength training
(cannot be optimally trained for both strength and endurance)
Decrease muscle use
• prolonged bed rest
• limb casting
• denervation
• space flight.

75. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Endurance training
Little hypertrophy but major biochemical adaptations within
muscle fibers.
Increased numbers of
mitochondria;
concentration and
activities of oxidative
enzymes (e.g.
succinate
dehydrogenase, see
below).
Control 12 week Treadmill
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity:
Low activity light High activity dark

76. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Disuse causes atrophy -- USE IT OR LOSE IT!
Muscular Atrophy is a result of decrease in myofibrils
through disuse
Individual fiber atrophy (loss of myofibrils) with no
loss in fibers.
Effect more pronounced in Type II fibers.
“Completely reversible” (in young healthy
individuals).
Control Cast for 6 weeks

77. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Aging and Muscle Performance
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Performance Declines with Aging
Despite maintenance of physical activity
Performance
(%
of
Peak)
100
80
60
40
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Ages (years)
Shotput/Discus
Marathon Basketball (rebounds/game)
Write a CONCLUSION for this graph
Try and explain what you see not just describe

78. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Aging and Muscle Performance
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Age-related changes in muscle
Muscle loses size and strength as we get older, which
can contribute to fatigue, weakness and reduced
tolerance to exercise. This is caused by a number of
factors working in combination, including:
•Muscle fibers reduce in number and shrink in size.
•Muscle tissue is replaced more slowly and lost muscle
tissue is replaced with a tough, fibrous tissue.
•Changes in the nervous system cause muscles to have
reduced tone and ability to contract.

79. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Aging and Muscle Performance
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Age-related changes in bone
Bone is living tissue. As we age, the structure of bone
changes and this results in loss of bone tissue. Low bone mass
means bones are weaker and places people at risk of breaks
from a sudden bump or fall.
Bones become less dense as we age for a number of
reasons, including:
•An inactive lifestyle causes bone wastage.
•Hormonal changes – in women, menopause triggers the loss
of minerals in bone tissue. In men, the gradual decline in sex
hormones leads to the later development of osteoporosis.
•Bones lose calcium and other minerals.

80. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
Aging and Muscle Performance
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Age-related changes in joints
In a joint, bones are cushioned by cartilage that lines
your joints (articular cartilage), synovial membranes around the
joint and a lubricating fluid inside your joints (synovial fluid). As
you age, joint movement becomes stiffer and less flexible
because the amount of lubricating fluid inside your joints
decreases and the cartilage becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend
to shorten and lose some flexibility, making joints feel stiff.
Many of these age-related changes to joints are caused
by lack of exercise. Movement of the joint, and the associated
‘stress’ of movement, helps keep the fluid moving. Being
inactive causes the cartilage to shrink and stiffen, reducing joint
mobility.

81. Use your “Design Check list” to complete this design internal
assessment.
Investigate the effects of sensory deprivation on performance.
Using the general aim given above, design (D) your own
scientific investigation to answer this question.
Design Lab

82. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Group Activity

83. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

84. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Myosin ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase)
is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical
reaction:
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
ATP hydrolysis provides energy for actomyosin
contraction.
Myoglobin
is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle
tissue.

85. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
Glycogen
is a multi-branched polysaccharide of
glucose that serves as a form of energy
storage in animals. The polysaccharide
structure represents the main storage
form of glucose in the body.

86. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System
In humans, glycogen is made and
stored primarily in the cells of the
liver and the muscles, and funtions as
the secondary long-term energy
storage (with the primary energy
stores being fat cells found in adipose
tissue. Muscle glycogen is converted
into glucose by muscle cells.

87. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System

88. IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Sub-topics
Anatomy
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and
insertion of muscles
Topic 1
Anatomy
1. The Skeletal
System
2. The Muscular
System