2. SOCIAL
LEARNING
THEORY
BY ALBERT
BANDURA
• Social theories of learning In general highlight
the important role played by social
experiances to which children are exposed, in
shaping their behaviour styles in Various
domains of life
• Of these important is social Learning Theory
of Albert Bandura
• It’s a kind of imitative learning or modeling
• Pioneers in Thid area are Dollard and Miller
who wrote a book titled SOCIAL LEARNING
AND IMITATION(1941)
3. ALBERT
BANDURA
• Albert Bandura was Canadian American
psychologist born in 1925
• Social learning theory was developed by
Albert Bandura
• Albert Bandura and his Disciple Richard
Walters developed the idea and jointly
published a book titled SOCIAL LEARNING
AND PERSONALITY DEVELEPMENT(1963)
• In this book he introduced the concept of
social Learning In his own perspectives
• Principles of behaviour modification- (1969)
• Psychological modelling – (1971)
4. • Imitation itself is a learned type of behaviour .
• Children imitates teacher unconsciously
• During early period of a child’s life, besides maturation imitation
and social simulation influences their style of behaviour and
performance in Various areas – eg social manners such as
greeting, thanksgiving, appreciating etc, How ti walk and talk are all
learned through imitation.
• The elders might display or demonstrate such behaviours,
encourage children to imitate and reinforce acceptable responses
or emitted behaviours. It is a identification with a personal model
5. • It also known as observational learning (animal’s behavioural
changes)
• Observational learning is simpler and easier compared to
deliberate, conscious learning. When children attempt to learn
anything purposefully they tend to have a kind of pressure and
compulsion , which is absent in observational learning.
6. LEARNING
AND
PERFORMIN
G
Bandura makes a
distinction between
learning and
performing
Learning- refers to
such activities that are
deliberately planned to
produce behaviours
that are valuable and
purposeful. There is a
element of volition and
compulsion associated
with it
Performing- is
something that is
vicarious. It’s a kind of
experiential learning
Eg- coach – basketball
Imitative performance
is termed by Bandura
as “No – trail learning “
7. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL
LEARNING
• performance of observed behaviour is influenced by three kinds of
incentives. They are:1-Direct reinforcement 2-
vicarious reinforcement 3-self-administered reinforcement
• Direct Reinforcement –Occurs wben an individual watches a model
perform, imitates that behaviour and is reinforced or punished by
some individual. With appropriate reinforcement imitative behaviour
could be made to occur with a higher frequency than before
• Vicarious Reinforcement – The observer anticipates receiving a
reward for behaving in a given way because the model has been
rewarded
• Model-The person whose behavior one Observe and try ti imitate is
called model. Midels are categories 1.Real life models 2- symbolic
models
• self-administered Reinforcement – In many Situations the individual
sets a standard of self-reinforcement eg-a boy saying “I would play
like sachin”and trying for that is an example
8. STEPS/PROCESS IN
OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING
• Four inter-related steps
• 1-attention
• 2-Retention
• 3-Reproduction
• 4-Motivation /Reinforcement
• Attention-The learners has to pay attention to the distinctive features
of the model. This is Important for effective sensory registration
• Retention-We must able to remember the observed behaviour
• Reproduction – We must be able to replicate the behaviour
demonstrated
• Motivation – Appreciation, encouragement and other rewards
facilitates activation of overt performance
9. C ON C LU SION S
D R AW N
R EGAR D IN G
C ON D ITION IN G
OF
OBSERVATION A
L LEAR N IN G
• 1-Warm and nurturant adult model tend to be
imitated more than models who are less
nurturant
• 2-Male model tend to be more readily imitated
than the female model
• 3-Higher status model tend to elicit greater
observational learning than lower status
model
• 4-peer groups and institutions and
organisations have powerful effects on
imitation
• 5-Symbolic and verbal depictions of model
behaviour have been shown to have potency
for affecting imitative learning almost equal to
thatof live situations
10. PRINCIPLES
OF SOCIAL
LEARNING AS
APPLIED IN
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
• Bandura and walters have applied the
principle of observational learning in the
development ntof personalitY
• From the ver beginning of his life, the child
learn a number of activities through
observation of other’s behaviour
• Male child imitate-father
• Female child-mother
• Child-mother
• By observation one might learn and exhibit a
variety of new undesirable forms of responses
als. for exampleAggression, dependecy, sexy
behaviour, etc. From model.
