Different stages of human development

1. Eight Stages of
Development
Nohochem Sangtam
Assistant Professor
Sao Chang Govt,College
Tuensang, Nagaland
M.Sc,B.Ed, PGDCA
M.ED reader
nohochem1988@gmail.com

2. Contents
Stages of Development 1 – 4 (Rocky stage)
Stages of Development 5 – 8 (Dan stage)
11
22

3. Psychosocial Development
“Children love and want to be loved and
they very much prefer the joy of
accomplishment to the triumph of hateful
failure. Do not mistake a child for his
symptom”

4. ELEMENTS
• Ego Identity
• Ego Strength
• Conflict

5. Ego Identity
• Ego identity is developed by human
interaction and how an individual
becomes more conscious of themselves
and their surrounding.

6. Ego Strength
• Ego strength deals with an individual
becoming competent in different areas of
life, by becoming competent in life they
feel more important.

7. Conflict
• Conflict is a turning point during which an
individual struggles to attain some
psychological quality. Sometimes referred
to as a psychosocial crisis, this can be a
time of both vulnerability and strength,
as the individual works toward
success or failure.

9. 8 Stages of Human
Development
• Personality and development.
• Personality develops in a series of
predetermined stages.
• Psychosocial, and not psychosexual.
• In each stage of development
conflicts acts as turning points in life.

10. Personality
• Personality consists of all the relatively
stable and distinctive styles of thought,
behavior, and emotional responses that
characterize a person’s adaptations to
surrounding situations

11. Why Do we Study Personality?
• Identify patterns in the way people
behave.
• Explain the differences between
people.
• Explore how people function in life (The
good and bad).
• How to improve life.

12. Psychosexual Stages of
Development-Sigmund Freud
• Oral Stage (Birth to 1) Sucking/Pleasure With Mouth
• Anal Stage (1 to 3)
• Controlling Bowel Movements
• Phallic Stage (3 to 6)
• Discovery of reproductive organs
• Latency Period (6 to 13)
• Cognitive skills learned while interest in sexuality is
in the background
• Genital Phase (adolescence)
• Sexual interests arise

13. Psychosocial Development
• Refers to the emotional and psychological
changes across the life cycle that occurs
in the context of the individual’s social
environment.

14. Psychosocial Development
• Each part of the personality has a
particular time in the life span when it must
develop, if it is going to develop at all. If it
failed to developed on schedule, the rest
of the development is unfavorably
altered. The individual is then
hindered from dealing effectively with
reality.

15. Psychosocial Stages
• Stage 1- Trust vs. Mistrust
• Stage 2- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
• Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt
• Stage 4- Industry vs. Inferiority
• Stage 5- Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Stage 6- Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Stage 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Stage 8- Integrity vs. Despair

16. Stage 1-Trust vs. Mistrust
• Age- Birth to 18 months
• Conflict- Trust vs. Mistrust
• Relationship- Mother
• Strength- Hopes
• Question- Can I trust the world?
• Key Event- Feeding

17. Stage 1-Trust vs. Mistrust
• Children are completely dependent on others
• Trust: Established when babies given
adequate warmth, touching, love, and
physical care-Dependable & Reliable.
• Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or
unpredictable care and by cold,
indifferent, and rejecting parents-
Undependable, Unpredictable &
Dangerous.

18. Stage 2-
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
• Age- 18 month to 3 years
• Conflict- Autonomy vs. Shame
• Relationship- Parents
• Strength- Will
• Question- Is it ok to be me?
• Key Event- Toilet Training

19. Stage 2-
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
• Autonomy: Doing things for themselves
such as body control & making choices.
- Secure and confident self.
• Shame: Overprotective or ridiculing parents
may cause children to doubt abilities
and feel shameful about their
actions- Inadequacy & self doubt.

20. Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt
• Age- 3 years to 6 years
• Conflict- Initiative vs. Guilt
• Relationship- Family
• Strength- Purpose
• Question- Is it okay for me to do,
move & act?
• Key Event- Independence

21. Stage 3- Initiative vs. Guilt
• Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving
children freedom to play, use imagination,
and ask questions- Creative, Constructive.
• Guilt: May occur if parents criticize,
prevent play, or discourage a child’s
questions- Always being wrong, Failed
to explore world.
• Initiative and Guilt should be balanced
in order to have moral judgment.

22. Stage 4- Industry vs. Inferiority
• Age- 6 years to 12 years
• Conflict- Industry vs. Inferiority
• Relationship- Neighbors, School
• Strength- Competence
• Question- Can I make it in the world
of people and things?
• Key Event- School

23. Stage 4- Industry vs. Inferiority
• Children's have to cope with new social
and academic demands
• Industry: Occurs when child is praised for
productive activities, such as painting and
building- Sense of competence
• Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are
regarded as messy or inadequate-
Weak sense of self, Incapable to take
responsibility

24. Stage 5-
Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Age- 12 years to 18 years
• Conflict- Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Relationship- Peers, Role Model
• Strength- Fidelity
• Question- Who am I? what can I be?
• Key Event- Peer relationships

25. Stage 5-
Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Children learn a number of different roles.
• Identity: One’s organization of individual
drives, abilities, beliefs, and experience
into consistent image of self. Who we are.
• Role Confusion: Failure to establish
an individual identity separate from
the family and having no peer
relationships and plans for an
occupation- Ego diffusion

26. Stage 6-Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Age- 19 years to 40 years
• Conflict- Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Relationship- Friends, Partners
• Strength- Love
• Question- Can I love?
• Key Event- Love relationships

27. Stage 6-Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Start of families
• Intimacy: Ability to care about others and
to share experiences with them-
Strong relationship
• Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared
for in life- Loneliness

28. Stage 7-
Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Age- 40 years to 65 years
• Conflict- Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Relationship- Household, Workmates
• Strength- Care
• Question- Can I make my life count?
• Key Event- Parenting

29. Stage 7-
Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Primary developmental task is one of
contributing to society and helping to
guide future generation.
• Generativity: Interest in guiding the next
generation- Social involvement, Parenting
• Stagnation: When one is only
concerned with one’s own needs and
comforts- Material possession,
Physical well being, Non productive

30. Stage 8-Integrity vs. Despair
• Age- 65 years to Death
• Conflict- Integrity vs. Despair
• Relationship- Mankind, My kind
• Strength- Wisdom
• Question- Is it ok to have been me?
• Key Event-Reflecting on and
acceptance of one’s life

31. Stage 8-Integrity vs. Despair
• In the last stages of life individuals look
back over their lives and judge them.
• Integrity: Self-respect; developed when
people have lived richly and responsibly-
Feeling of wisdom and meaning
• Despair: Occurs when previous life
events are viewed with regret;
experiences heartache and remorse-
Regret, Bitterness

32. Psychosocial Development
Age
(Years)
Stage Psychosocial
Crisis
Psychosocial
Strength
Environmental
Influence
1 Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Maternal
2-3 Early childhood Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
Willpower Both parents or
adult substitutes
4-5 Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Parents, family and
friends
6-11 Middle Childhood Industry vs.
Inferiority
Competence School
12-18 Adolescence Identity vs. Role
confusion
Fidelity Peers
18-35 Young adulthood Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Love Spouse, lover,
friends
35-65 Middle age Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Care Family, society
Over 65 Old age Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom All humans

33. Assessment in human
development
• Psycho historical Analysis
– Application of lifespan theory to lives of
historical figures
• Psychological Tests:
– Instruments based on crisis in stages

34. Research in development
Theory
• Generativity
– Evokes need to feel closer to others
– Correlated with extraversion, openness to
new experiences
– Likely to be involved in community, social
relationships

35. Research in development
Theory
• Maturity
– High ego integrity: spent much time reviewing
their lives
• Ethnic Identity
– Ethnic minorities: ethnic identity significant
factor in determining sense of self