includes resin and resin combinations, crude drugs containing resin and resin combinations

1. RESINS AND RESIN
COMBINATION
By Faseeha Mudassir
3rd
Prof, Pharm-D

2. RESINS
The term ‘resin’ is applied to more or less solid, amorphous
products of complex chemical nature. These are amorphous
mixtures of essential oils, oxygenated products of terpenes
and carboxylic acids.
Resins and related resinous products are produced in plants
during normal growth or secreted as a result of injury to the
plants.
They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous
cavities or ducts.
They are end product of metabolism.

3. GENERAL
PROPERTIES
Physical Nature,
Chemical Nature

4. PHYSICAL NATURE
Brittle, amorphous solids
Hard, transparent or translucent.
Insoluble in water.
Dissolve in alcohol or other organic solvents.
When heated, they become soft and finally melt.
On evaporation, these solutions deposit resin as a varnish-like
film.
Burn with a characteristic smoky flame.

5. CHEMICAL NATURE
Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids, resin
alcohols, resinotannols, esters, and resenes.
Resins do not contain nitrogen elements (Non nitrogenous
compounds).
Many resins ,when boiled with alkalis yield soaps.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF
RESINS

7. CLASSIFICATION OF
RESINS
Resins are classified in three different ways:
i.Taxonomical classification, i.e. according to botanical origin,
e.g. Be rbe ridace ae resins.
ii.Classification according to predominating chemical
constituent; e.g. acid resins, resene resins, glycosidal resins;
etc.
iii.Resins may be classified according to the portion of the main
constituents of the resin or resin combination; e.g. resins,

8. CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
PREDOMINATING CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTSa. Acid Resin:
Contain a Large proportion of oxyacids.
Having both properties of carboxylic acids and phenols.
Occur both in free state and as esters.
Soluble in aqueous solution of alkalis, forming soap like
solutions or colloidal suspensions.
Their metallic known as resinates, Used in manufacture of
soaps and varnishes.
Examples:
a.Abietic acids in rose or colophony
b.Copaivic acid in copaiba
c.Commiphoric acid myrrh

9. CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
PREDOMINATING CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
b. Ester Resin:
This group contains esters as the chief constituents of the
resins- Examples -
 Benzoin and Storax ,
 Benzoin contains benzyl benzoate,
 Storax contains cinnamyl cinnamate

10. CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
PREDOMINATING CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
c. Resin Alcohols:
Occur in free state or in combined state as esters.
Examples –
Balsam of peru with perru resino tannol
Guaiaccum resin with guaic resinol

11. RESINS MAY BE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO THE
PORTION OF THE MAIN
CONSTITUENTS OF THE
RESIN OR RESIN
COMBINATIONThey are also further classified into –
 Resins: colophony, cannabis.
Oleoresins: copaiba, ginger.
Oleo-gum-resins: asafoetida, myrrh.
Balsams: balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru.
Glycoresins: jalap

12. DIFFERENCES B/W
Glycoresins, Oleoresin,
Oleo-gum resins and
balsams

13. GLYCORESINS
Resins in combination with glycosides are known as
glucoresins or glycoresins.
These are complex mixtures.
On hydrolysis, they yield sugars and complex resin acids.
EXAMPLES:
a.Jalap
b.Podophyllum

14. OLEORESIN
Resin often occur in more or less homogenous mixtures with
volatile oils and these mixtures are known as oleoresin.
EXAMPLES:
a.Turpentine
b.copaiba

15. OLEO-GUM RESIN
Oleo resin occur in mixtures with gums and these mixtures are
called gum-oleo resins.
Gums can be separated easily from oleoresins because gums
are water-soluble carbohydrate derivatives.
EXAMPLES:
a.Asafoetida
b.Myrrh

16. BALSAMS
Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain cinnamic acid,
benzoic acid, or both, or esters of these acids.
EXAMPLES:
a.Benzoin
b.Peru balsam
c.Tolu balsam
d.Styrax

17. CRUDE DRUGS
CONTAINING RESINS
AND RESIN
COMBINATIONS
resins, glycoresins,
oleoresins, oleo-gum
resins and balsam
containing plants

18. RESINS Rosin and cannabis

19. ROSIN
SYNONYMS:
Rosin
Colophony
Chir
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Pinus palustris
FAMILY:
Pinaceae
PART USED:
Solid Resin

20. PROPERTIES OF ROSIN
Hard and brittle
Soluble in alcohol, ether and other organic solvents
Odor is faint, piny.

21.  CONSTITUENTS:
• Anhydrides of abietic acid
• Sylvic acid
• Sapinic acid
• Pimaric acid
• Resene etc.
 USES:
i. As stiffening agent in cerates, plasters, and ointments
ii. As a diuretic in veterinary medicine.
iii. Manufacture of varnishes, varnish and paint dyers, printing inks, soaps,
sealing wax, floor coverings etc.
iv. As an adulterant of other resinous products.

22. CANNABIS
SYNONYMS:
Indian hemp
Marijuana
Pot
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Cannabis sativa
FAMILY:
Moraceae
PART USED:
Dried flowering parts of the pistillate plants of Cannabis

23. CONSTITUENTS:
•15-20% of resin, which contain major active principle 1,3,4 Tetra hydro
cannabinol (Commonly known as Δ THC). Other constituents include:
•Cannabinol
•Cannabidiol
•Cannabidiolic acid etc.
USES:
Though it is a drug of abuse, medicinal marijuana is used as
i.Sedative
ii.Hypnotic
iii.Narcotic analgesic
iv.Antibacterial agent
v.It has psychotropic properties due to 1,3,4 Tetra hydro cannabinol.

24. GLYCORESINS Podophyllum, jalap,
ipomoea, colocynth

25. PODOPHYLLUM
SYNONYMS:
May Apple
Mandrake
BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN:
Po do phyllum pe ltatum
Po do phyllum e m o di
FAMILY:
Berberidaceae
PART USED:
Dried rhizome and root

26. PREPARATION OF
PODOPHYLLUM RESIN
Podophyllum resin is also called podophyllin.
Powdered mixture of resin is extracted by percolation with
alcohol followed by precipitation of concentrated percolate with
acidified water.
Precipitated resin is washed twice with water.
Then dried and powdered.

27. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
3.5-6% resin whose active principles are lignans. These include:
•Podophyllotoxin
•Alpha- peltatin
•Beta- peltatin
USES:
i.Possess purgative properties.
ii.Resin is antimitotic and caustic.
iii.As a bitter tonic.

28. JALAP
SYNONYMS:
Jalap
Jalap root
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Exo g o nium purg a
FAMILY:
Convolvulaceae
PART USED:
Dried, tuberous root.

29. PREPARATION OF JALAP
RESIN
Extracting the powdered jalap with an alcohol-water mixture.
Percolate is concentrated and then slowly poured into water
and constantly stirred.
Precipitated resin is washed with hot water, collected and
dried.
Jalap resin occurs as yellowish brown masses or powder.

30. CONSTITUENTS:
Resins including glycosides such as:
•Ipurganol
•Jalapin
In addition to this it contains:
•Volatile oil
•Starch
•Gum
•Sugar
USES:
i.Cathartic
ii.Hydragogue
iii.Purgative

31. IPOMOEA
SYNONYMS:
Orizaba jalap
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Ipo m o e a o riz abe nsis
FAMILY:
Convolvulaceae
PART USED:
The dried root

32. CONSTITUENTS:
Glucosidal resins containing:
•Glucoside and methyl pentoside of jalapinolic acid and its methyl
ester
Also
•Fat
•Phytosterol
•Calcium oxalate
USES:
i.Hydragogue
ii.Cathartic
iii.Source of resina ipomoea

33. COLOCYNTH
SYNONYMS:
Colocynth apple
Bitter apple
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Citrullus co lo cynthis
FAMILY:
Cucurbitaceae
PART USED:
Dried pulp of the unripe but fully grown fruit

34. CONSTITUENTS:
•Principle active constituent is glycoresin colocynthin.
In addition, it contains:
•Alkaloid
•Gum etc.
USES:
i.Hydragogue
ii.Cathartic

35. OLEORESINS Turpentine, capsicum,
and ginger

36. TURPENTINE
SYNONYMS:
Gum turpentine
Gum thus
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Pinus palustris
FAMILY:
Pinaceae
PART USED:
Turpentine is concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus species
The oleoresin is secreted in ducts located directly beneath the
cambium in the sap-wood.

37. PROPERTIES OF
TURPENTINE
Odor and taste are characteristic.
Soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid.

38. CONSTITUENTS:
The drug constituents are
•Volatile oil
•Resin
USES:
i.Employed externally as counter-irritant.

39. CAPSICUM
SYNONYMS:
Capsicum
Chillies
Cayenne pepper
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Capsicum frute sce ns (African chillies)
Capsicum annum (tabasco pepper)
FAMILY:
Solanaceae
PART USED:
Dried, ripe fruit

40. CONSTITUENTS:
•Capsaicin, extremely pungent principle
•Red coloring matter Capsanthin
•Volatile oils
•Fixed oils
•Carotenoids
•Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
USES:
i.Irritant and carminative
ii.Rubefacient
iii.As a nerve stimulant and condiment.
iv.As a source of vitamin- C.
v.As an appetizer.
vi.As a stomachic

41. GINGER
SYNONYMS:
Ginger
Adrak
Zingiber
African ginger
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Zing ibe r o fficinale
FAMILY:
Zingiberaceae
PART USED:
Dried rhizome

42. PROPERTIES OF GINGER
Odor is Pleasant aromatic
Taste is Pungent

43. CONSTITUENTS:
Aroma is due to volatile oil whose principle constituents are 3
sesquiterpenes:
•Bisabolene
•Zingiberene
•Zingiberol
Pungency is due to ginger oleo resins which has 2 ketones:
•Zingerone
•Shogaol
•In addition it contains 50% starch.
USES:
i.As a flavoring agent.
ii.As a condiment.
iii.Aromatic stimulant and carminative.
iv. As stomachic.

44. OLEO-GUM RESINS Asafoetida, myrrh

45. ASAFOETIDA
SYNONYMS:
Hing
Devil’s dung
Gum asafoetida
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Fe rula fo e tida
FAMILY:
Umbelliferae
PART USED:
Oleo gum resin obtained by incising the living rhizomes and

46. CONSTITUENTS:
Odor is because of Volatile oil which contains:
•Pinene
•organic disulphide (isobutylpropenyl disulphide)
Resins which contains:
•free asaresinotannaol and in combination with ferulic acid.
USES:
i.As a carminative.
ii.As expectorant.
iii.As antispasmodic
iv.As a laxative
v. As tonic

47. MYRRH
SYNONYMS:
Myrrh
Gum myrrh
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Co m m ipho ra m o lo m o l
Co m m ipho ra abyssinica
FAMILY:
Burseraceae
PART USED:
Oleo gum resin obtained from incisions made in the bark.

48. CONSTITUENTS:
•Odor of myrrh is due to presence of volatile oil.
Resin composed of:
•Resin acids (alpha, beta, and gamma-Commiphoric acids)
•Resenes
•Phenolic compounds, one of which yields protocatechuic acid and
pyrocatechin.
•Gum that forms mucilage and yield arabinose on hydrolysis.
USES:
i.Is a protective.
ii.As stimulant and stomachic
iii.In mouth washes as astringent

49. BALSAMS
Storax, Peruvian
balsam, tolu balsam,
benzoin

50. STORAX
SYNONYMS:
Liquid storax
Styrax
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Liq uidam bar o rie ntalis (Levant storax)
Liq uidam bar styraciflua (American storax)
FAMILY:
Hammamelidaceae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained from trunk

51. CONSTITUENTS:
Levant storax consist of:
•2 resin alcohol (alpha-storesin and beta-storesin)
•Storesin cinnamate
•Styracin or cinnamyl cinnamate
•Phenyl-propyl cinnamate
•Volatile oil
•A trace of vanillin
•Free cinnamic acid
USES:
i.Pharmaceutic aid for benzoin tincture
ii.As stimulant
iii.Expectorant
iv.As an antiseptic

52. PERUVIAN BALSAM
SYNONYMS:
Peruvian balsam
Peru balsam
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Myro xylo n pe re irae
FAMILY:
Leguminosae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained from exposed wood of trees.

53. CONSTITUENTS:
Volatile oil, cinnamein which consists of:
•Benzyl cinnamate
•Benzyl benzoate
Resin esters composed of:
•Peruresinotannol
•Cinnamte
•Benzoate
In addition it also contains:
•Vanillin
•Free cinnamic acid
•Peruviol
USES:
i.Local protectant and Rubefacient
ii.As parasiticide in skin conditions
iii.As antiseptic and vulnerary
iv.Applied externally either alone, in
alcoholic solution or in the form of
ointment.

54. TOLU BALSAM
SYNONYMS:
Tolu balsam
Balsam of Tolu
BOTANICAL ORIGIN:
Myro xylo n balsam um
FAMILY:
Leguminosae
PART USED:
Balsam obtained by incising the barks and sap wood of tree of
M. balsam um

55. PROPERTIES OF TOLU
BALSAM
Odor is agreeable aromatic resembling to that of vanilla.
Taste is aromatic and slightly pungent.

56. CONSTITUENTS:
•Esters, chiefly toluresinotannol cinnamte
Small amounts of:
•Benzoate
•Volatile oil, chiefly benzyl benzoate
•Free cinnamic acid
•Free benzoic acid
•vanillin
USES:
i.Pharmaceutical aid for benzoin tincture.
ii.As an expectorant
iii.Pleasant flavoring in medicinal syrups, confectionery,
chewing gums and perfumery.

57. BENZOIN
SYNONYMS:
Gum benzoin
Luban
BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN:
Styrax be nzo in (Sumatra benzoin)
Styrax to nkine nsis (Siam benzoin)
FAMILY:
Styraceae
PART USED:
Balsamic resin obtained from Styrax species.

58. CONSTITUENTS:
•Free balsamic acids, chiefly cinnamic and benzoic acids and esters
derived from them.
Triterpene acids, especially:
•19-hydroxyoleanolic
•6-hydroxyoleanolic
Small traces of:
•Vanillin
•Phenylpropyl cinnamate
•Cinnamyl cinnamate
•Phenylethylene
USES:
i.Antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant and
diuretic properties.
ii.Benzoin tincture is used as topical
protectant.
iii.Benzoic acid and its salts are used
as preservatives of food, drinks, fats,
pharmaceutic preparations etc.
iv.Medicinally, benzoic acid is used as
antifungal agent.
v.It is an ingredient in benzoic and
salicylic acid ointment which is
effective in the treatment of athlete's
foot.

59. REFERENCES
Pharmacognosy- 9th
edition by Varro. E. Tyler – Lynn. R. Brady
– James. E. Robbers.
Textbook of Pharmacognosy- 6th
edition by Heber. W.
Youngken.
https://www.google.com./images