3. Bony framework of the
body.
It includes the skull,
vertebral column,
collarbone, shoulder
blades, rib cage, pelvic
girdle and the bones of the
hands, arms, feet, and legs.
The skeleton supports the
body and protects its
internal organs. It is held
together by ligaments and
moved at the joints by the
muscles, which are
attached to it. The skeletal
system includes both
bones and cartilage.

4. Skeletal framework of the head.
With the exception of the lower
jaw, its bones meet in immovable
joints (sutures) to form a unit that
encloses and protects the brain and
sense organs and gives shape to the
face. The cranium, the upper part
enclosing the brain, comprising
the frontal, parietal, occipital,
temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
bones, is globular and relatively
large compared to the facial
portion. Its base has an opening
through which the spinal cord
connects to the brain. The skull sits
on the top vertebra (atlas), which
permits back-and-forth motion.
For side-to-side motion, the atlas
turns on the next vertebra (axis)

5. In vertebrates, the body's major nerve tract.
In humans it is about 18 in. (45 cm) long,
running from the base of the brain through the
vertebral column. It is covered by the meninges
and cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid. It
connects the peripheral nervous system
(outside the brain and spinal cord) to the brain.
The spinal cord and the brain constitute the
central nervous system. Sensory impulses reach
the brain via the spinal cord, and impulses from
the brain travel down the spinal cord to motor
neurons, which reach the body's muscles and
glands via the peripheral nerves. The peripheral
nerves are connected to the spinal cord via the
spinal nerves. In humans there are 31 pairs of
spinal nerves containing both sensory and
motor fibres, which originate in the spinal cord
and pass out between the vertebrae. These
nerves branch and relay motor impulses to all
parts of the body. Injury to the spinal cord may
result in loss of communication between the
brain and outlying parts and cause paralysis,
loss of sensation, or weakness in the parts of the
body served by areas below the injured region.
Because nerve cells and fibres are unable to
regenerate themselves, the effects are usually
permanent.

6. There are 12 pairs of ribs
that form rib cage,
attached to the
backbone at the back.
The first ten pairs of ribs
are connected to the
breast bone or sternum
in the front. The last two
pairs of ribe that are not
joined to the sternum
are called floating ribs.
The rib cage protects the
heart and lungs.

7. A limb (from the Old English lim),
or extremity, is a jointed, or
prehensile (as octopus tentacles or
new world monkey tails),
appendage of the human or other
animal body. In the human body,
the upper and lower limbs are
commonly called the arms and the
legs.
Human legs and feet are
specialized for two-legged
locomotion – most other mammals
walk and run on all four limbs.
Human arms are weaker, but very
mobile allowing us to reach at a
wide range of distances and angles,
and end in specialized hands
capable of grasping and fine
manipulation of objects.

8. Structure connecting two or
more bones.
Most joints, including synovial
(fluid-containing) joints and
those between vertebrae,
which incorporate a disk, can
move. Immovable joints
include the sutures of the
skull. Ligaments connect the
bones of a joint, but muscles
keep them in place. Joint
disorders include various
forms of arthritis, injuries
(e.g., sprains, fractures, and
dislocations), congenital
disorders, and vitamin
deficiencies.

9. 1. These joints do not allow
movement of bones, they simply connect bones. They
found in the bones of the skull and pelvic.
2. These joints allow free movement of
bones and are of four types.
-Hinge joint
-Ball &Socket joint
-Gliding Joint
-Pivot Joint

12. Major muscles of the human body. (1) frontalis,
(2) occipitalis, (3) temporalis, (4) orbicularis of
eye, (5) nasalis, (6) orbicularis of mouth, (7)
mentalis, (8) masseter, (9) platysma, (10)
sternocleidomastoid, (11) trapezius, (12) pectoralis
major, (13) deltoid, (14) latissimus dorsi, (15)
anterior serratus, (16) external oblique, (17) rectus
abdominis, (18) internal oblique, (19)
infraspinatus, (20) teres minor, (21) teres major,
(22) biceps, (23) triceps, (24) brachialis, (25) long
radial extensor of wrist, (26) short palmaris, (27)
pronator quadratus, (28) annular ligament of the
carpus, (29) common extensor of digits, (30)
ulnar extensor of wrist, (31) tendons of extensors
of digits and wrists, (32) palmar aponeurosis, (33)
gluteus medius, (34) tensor of the fascia lata, (35)
rectus femoris, (36) pectineus, (37) sartorius, (38)
long adductor of thigh, (39) gracilis, (40) vastus
lateralis, (41) vastus medialis, (42) patella, (43)
anterior tibialis, (44) medial head of
gastrocnemius, (45) soleus, (46) annular ligament
of ankle, (47) short extensor, (48) gluteus
maximus, (49) biceps of thigh, (50)
semitendinosus, (51) plantaris, (52) lateral head
of gastrocnemius, (53) Achilles' tendon.

13. Any of the muscles of the front and side walls of the
abdominal cavity.
Three flat layers—the external oblique, internal oblique, and
transverse abdominis muscles—extend from each side of
the spine between the lower ribs and the hipbone. The
abdominal muscles attach to aponeuroses, connective
tissue sheaths that merge toward the midline, sheathing
the rectus abdominis muscle on each side of the midline.
The abdominal muscles support and protect the internal
organs and take part in exhaling, coughing, urinating,
defecating, childbirth, and motion of the trunk, groin, and
lower limbs.

14. Abnormal tissue growth in or originating from muscle tissue.
There are three major types. Leiomyomas are tumours of
smooth muscles, seen most often in the uterus but also in
the digestive, urinary, and female genital systems. Part of
the tumour may become malignant, but it usually does not
spread or recur. Rhabdomyomas occur most often in
cardiac muscle. Some forms spread, and it may remain
contained in tissue or become diffuse and hard to remove.
Rhabdomyomas involving both smooth and striated
muscle are often malignant and may grow very large. The
several types of rhabdomyosarcoma are rare; they arise in
skeletal muscle, usually in the leg or arm, and are
extremely malignant.

15. Inherited disease that causes progressive weakness in the skeletal (and occasionally
heart) muscle.
Muscle tissue degenerates and regenerates randomly and is replaced by scar tissue
and fat. There is no specific treatment. Physical therapy, braces, and corrective
surgery may help. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common, strikes only
males. Symptoms, including frequent falls and difficulty in standing up, start in
boys 3–7 years old; muscle wasting progresses from the legs to the arms and then
the diaphragm. Pulmonary infection or respiratory failure usually causes death
before age 20. The gene can now be detected in female carriers and male fetuses.
Becker dystrophy, also sex-linked, is less severe and begins later. Patients remain
able to walk and usually survive into their 30s and 40s. Myotonic muscular
dystrophy affects adults of both sexes, with myotonia and degeneration two to
three years later, along with cataracts, baldness, and gonadal atrophy. Limb-girdle
dystrophy affects the pelvic or shoulder muscles in both sexes.
Facioscapulohumeral (face, shoulder-blade, and upper-arm) dystrophy starts in
childhood or adolescence and affects both sexes; after initial symptoms of
difficulty raising the arms, the legs and pelvic muscles can be affected; the main
facial effect is difficulty in closing the eyes. Life expectancy is normal.