Fire and explosion

1. FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Prepared by:
Sapana Jain
Shraddha Kachare
Prachi Kharate
Guided By:
Prof. Mukesh Subhash Patil
Shri D. D. Vispute College of Pharmacy and Research Center,
New Panvel
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2. Fire and Explosion
 Hazard is a situation that posses a level of threat to life, health, property or
environment
 Industrial hazards may be defined as any condition produced by Industries that
may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property
 Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss.
 Industrial safety refers to reduce the risk of injury or loss and danger to persons,
property from the industrial hazards
Over the past decades, successive major accidents,
 More than two thousand deaths from the deadly toxic gas release in Bhopal, India in
1984 ,
 The Bunce field fire in the United Kingdom in 2005,
 The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, and
 The Bento Rodriguez dam disaster in Brazil in 2015, have caused deaths, numerous
injuries, significant environmental pollution and massive economic loss, drew world
attention to serious chemical hazards in the industry .
Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in
reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and sicknesses and their
related costs 2

3. ROUTES OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS ENTRY INTO BODY
There are three main routes by which hazardous chemicals enter into body:
 Absorption through respiratory tract through inhalation
 Absorption or injection through skin or eyes.
 Absorption through digestive tract. This can occur through eating or smoking
with contaminated hands or work area.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
1. Biological hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Mechanical hazards
4. Physical hazards
5. Electrical hazards
6. Fire and dust hazards
3

4. Hazard categories
FIRE:
Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at a certain
temperature.
It’s is the most frequent of hazards however the consequences are generally
less.
People affected to fire usually take the form of skin burns and is usually
dependent on exposure time and intensity of heat.
Physical structures can be damaged either by intensity of heat or combustion
How to Prevent Workplace Fire Accidents
 Create numerous fire exits in the workplace. Fire exits should complement
the size and composition of your building.
 Install fire alarms and extinguishing systems.
 Do not place inflammable materials near ignition sources like circuits and
electrical outlets.
 Organize compulsory fire drills regularly.
 Promptly inform your employer about fire hazards using the Formplus
incident report form.
 Do not overload power circuits.
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5. Explosion
The explosion mainly happens due to the rapid combustion of a flammable
material however may be led to the chemical reactions they release a large amount
of energy [heat]. Examples of these chemical reactions are polymerizations, the
decomposition of unstable substances and exothermic interactions of many kinds
.There are various types of explosions which include gas explosions and dust
explosions. Gas explosions occur when a flammable gas mixes with air and is
exposed to a combustion source. Dust explosions occur when flammable solids,
especially metals, in the form of fine powders are intensively mixed with air and
ignited .
Factors affecting an explosion are
1. Partical size
2. Chemical properties
3. moisture content,
4. cloud dispersion
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6. Chemical hazard
Several volatile and flammable liquids are employed in chemical industries.
These liquids are vaporized when exposed to at room temperature or above
causing air pollution. Sudden releases of toxic vapors have the potential to
cause death and severe injuries several miles from the discharge point. They
are carried by water and air. The vapour gets combusted causing fire accidents
and explosions. Further, they spread rapidly into the surrounding area and
result in the loss of life and property
Combustible gases
Explosion hazard
Must maintain below lower explosive limit
Toxic gases
Hazardous to human health.
Employee exposure must be limited
Oxygen displacing gases
Indirect human health hazard.
Deficiency of breathing oxygen
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7. Workplace Safety Tips to Prevent Exposure to Dangerous
Chemicals
 Wear personal protective equipment while handling chemicals
in the workplace
.
 Limit individual employees' exposure to chemicals by creating
a work roaster.
 Monitor daily employee safety using the Formplus employee
safety review form
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8. Electrical hazard
 Electrical hazards occur when a person comes in contact with the conductor
carrying current . Current level probable effect on human body 1mA slight
tingling sensation. 5mA slight shock felt not painful but disturbing. 6-30mA
painful shock, muscular control is lost. 50-150mA extreme pain, respiratory
arrest, severe muscular contraction, and death are feasible, 1000-4300mA
muscular contraction and nerve damage occurs and death is presumably.
10,000mA cardiac arrest, severe burns and probable death .
Sources of Electrical Hazards are.
 Short circuits
 Electrostatic hazards
 Arcs and spark hazards
 Combustible and explosive materials
 Improper wiring
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9. Workplace Safety Tips to Prevent Electrical Hazards
 Always inspect the working area for uninsulated wires, broken cord, and
exposed electrical circuits beforehand.
 Do not make use of faulty electrical equipment at all times.
 Workers must wear personal protective equipment.
 Isolate electrical equipment before working on them.
 Have a prompt system for reporting and documenting electrical shock
incidents in the workplace. You can make use of the Formplus Incident
Report Form for noticing, reporting, and investigating electrical hazards.
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10. Mechanical Hazards
 Large number of equipments
 Crowded work place conditions
 Frequent interaction between worker and equipment
 Insecurely fixed machines
 Worn and teared parts
 Failure of SOP
 Dangerous parts
 Negligence
 Improper maintenance of equipment 10

11. Workplaces Safety Tips to Prevent Machine and Tool Accidents
 Organizations must carry out frequent risk assessments.
 Tools and machinery should be maintained regularly and replaced when due.
 Use the Form plus incident report form to swiftly file reports of any
machinery and tools to prevent accident
.
 Appropriate protective equipment must be worn in the workplace.
 Employees must undergo training on how to make use of machinery and
tools.
 Safety guards must be fitted into workplace equipment.
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12. Fire protection system
Introduction:
Fire is the process of burning. It is infact a chemical reaction initiated by presence
of heat energy in which a substance combines with oxygen in the air and the process
is accompanied by emission of energy in the form of heat, light and sound.
Therefore, three elements are essential for combustion i.e
A combustible matter i.e. fuel
Oxygen
Source of heat
The concept of fire protection is based upon keeping these elements separate.
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13. Types of fires
Class A : Ordinary material such as wood, paper, cloth
Class B : Flammable liquids or combustible liquids such as gasoline, paint,
propane, kerosene
Class C : Electrical equipments, appliances, switches, panels
Class D : Certain materials such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium and
aluminum
Class K : Fires involving cooking appliances like vegetable oil, animal oil or fats at
high temperatures
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14. Fire protection and prevention
Fire protection includes procedures for preventing, detecting, extinguishing
fire
The procedures in these areas of fire prevention aim to protect employees and
property and to assure the continuity of a plant’s operations.
To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to develop a plant wide fire
protection program
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15. Inspections
 Set up a system of periodic fire inspections for every operation
 Buildings that are well designed and provided with protective devices and
construction elements intended to act as fire safety features still need a periodic,
detailed inspection program
Inspections of fire equipment should cover the following items
 Control valves in piping that supplies water for protection
 Hydrants
 Fire pumps
 Hose houses and associated equipment
 Sprinkler system water supplies includes tanks
 Automatic sprinkler system
 Portable fire extinguishers
 Fire doors,exits
 Alarm and communication systems and routines
 Communication to fire department 15

16. Prevention Of Fire Hazards
 Well planned design and layout
 Proper ventilated system
 Chemical data sheets
 Proper training of personnel
 Proper maintenance of surroundings
 Use of fire extinguishers, alarms, sensors, detectors
 Fire fighting equipment
 Sprinkler systems
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17. Fire Fighting Equipments
 Standpipe and hose system
 Fire alarm
 Fire extinguisher
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. ABC dry powder
4. Wet chemical
5. Foam based extinguisher
6. Clean agent fire extinguisher
7. Other extinguisher
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18. Standpipe systems are a series of pipes which connect a water supply to hose
connections, basically an extension of the fire hydrant system. They are
designed to provide a pre-piped water system for building occupants or the
fire department.
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19. Standpipe types
• Automatic–Dry. This standpipe type is connected to a permanent water supply
capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It is filled with air under
pressure. It uses a valve (similar to a dry pipe sprinkler valve) that releases water
into the standpipe system when a hose station outlet is opened.
• Automatic–Wet. This standpipe type is connected to a permanent water supply
capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It is filled with water at all
times.
• Semi-automatic–Dry. This standpipe type is connected to a permanent water
supply capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It employs a valve
(similar to a deluge valve) that releases water into the standpipe system when a
remote operating device is operated.
• Manual–Dry. This standpipe type is not connected to a permanent water
supply. The fire department connects to a hydrant and supplies the system.
• Manual–Wet. This standpipe type is not connected to a permanent water
supply. The fire department connects to a hydrant and supplies the system. The
standpipe is filled with “priming water” to reduce the time it takes to get water to
the hose station outlets.
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20. Fire alarm
 It is a set of equipment working together to detect and alert people through
visual and audio appliances when smoke or fire present
 Active from smoke , heat detector, water flow sensors, which are automatic or
from manual fire alarm full station
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21. Fire extinguisher
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22. Explosion
Introduction
An explosion is the rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme
manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases
There are three fundamental types
1. Mechanical
2. Nuclear
3. Chemical
A mechanical explosive is one that depends on a physical reaction, such as
overloading a container with compressed air.
A nuclear explosive is one in which a sustained nuclear reaction can be made to
take place with almost instant rapidity, releasing large amounts of energy.
A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat
or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas
and heat.
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23. Mechanical explosion
Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, e.g., the bursting
of a sealed or partially sealed container under internal pressure is often referred
to as an explosion. Examples include an overheated boiler or a simple tin can of
beans tossed into a fire.
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24. Chemical explosion
A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat
or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and
heat.
For chemical to be explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:
1. Rapid expansion ( rapid production of gases and rapid heating of surrounding)
2. Evolution of heat
3. Rapidity of reaction
4. Initiation of reaction
Chemical: Chemical explosions occur due to either decomposition or combination
reactions, which are both exothermic reactions. Consequently, the rapid expansion of gas
which is released forms a shock wave.
There are two types of chemical explosives: High-Order Explosives and Low-Order
Explosives.
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25. Types of chemical explosives
Basically, chemical explosives are of two types:
(1) detonating, or high, explosives
(2) deflagrating, or low, explosives.
1. Detonating explosives, such as TNT and dynamite, are characterized by
extremely rapid decomposition and development of high pressure
 Detonating explosives are usually subdivided into two categories, primary
and secondary.
 Primary explosives detonate by ignition from some source such as flame, spark,
impact, or other means that will produce heat of sufficient magnitude.
.
 Secondary explosives require a detonator and, in some cases, a supplementary
booster. .
2. Deflagrating explosives, such as black and smokeless powders, involve merely fast
burning and produce relatively low pressures.
prevent the formation of an explosive atmosphere, including by ventilation. collect,
contain and remove any releases to a safe place. avoid ignition sources. avoid adverse
conditions (such as exceeding pressure/temperature limits) that could lead to danger.25

26. Multiphase reactions
Multiphase reactions refer to reactions involving components in different
phases, and is combination of simultaneous phase change and conversion of
some materials to others
Classification on no. of phases
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27. Multiphase catalytic reaction
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28. Multiphase reactor technology area
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29. Common types of gas -solid reactors
 Packed bed
 Fluidized bed
 Monolith
 Riser and Downer
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30. Strategies for Multiphase Reactor Selection
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31.  Dangerous goods can be transported without causing unnecessary hazards if
handled properly and with care.
 What are dangerous goods?
Dangerous goods can be explosive, flammable, toxic, radioactive, corrosive
or harmful in some other way to humans, animals or the environment
Transport effects
Dangerous situations
▪ There is always a risk of spillage during the
transport of hazardous goods. When incompatible
substances mix with each other there is a
possibility of a chemical reaction, which can
produce enough heat to cause fire or explosion
and can release dangerous gases.
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32. Special conditions can increase the
risks. A chemical substance or
preparation may be hazardous in
itself when it comes into contact
with other chemicals including air,
water or humidity.
Vehicle requirements
Transport document (letter of consignment)
 Declaration that the packing and labelling is properly done.
 Transport emergency card (instructions in writing in case of accident or emergency
that may occur during transport)
 Driver's training certificate
 Certificate of approval given by technical inspection for the tank and vehicle
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33. GLOBAL RATES. The Global Chemical Industry
 Generates > $2 trilliongross income (70,000products)
 Largest contributor to GDP
 Distribution
Accident Statistics
 Fire and explosion contribute substantially to the risk associated with the
chemical plants.
Global Rates
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34. PREVENTIVE AND PROTECTIVE
MANAGEMENT FROM FIRES AND
EXPLOSION
Fire can occur when flammable material, oxygen and sufficient ignition energy are available.
Explosion depends on an atmosphere of a mixture of flammable material with oxygen. The best
approach to prevent fires and explosions is to substitute or minimize the use of flammable
material. If that is not possible it is important to avoid effective sources of ignition.
 FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Fire is a rapid oxidation of material releasing heat, light and various chemical products. The
fire triangle describes the conditions that have to be met in order a fire can start:
(1) Flammable material.
(2) Oxygen.
(3) energy to ignite the fire.
 All material capable of an exothermic oxidation reaction has to be considered as flammable.
This can be:
 gases such as butane, propane, methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen,
 liquids such as fuels, solvents, oils, greases, paints and thinners,
 solids such as wood, coal, plastics, metals, food.
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35.  Oxygen is usually available in sufficient quantities in our air to get a fire
started and to sustain it. Fires may however start much easier and may be
more powerful in terms of flame volume and released energy, if the oxygen
content of the surrounding atmosphere is increased, e.g. when an oxygen
cylinder leaks or bursts or when oxygen releasing substances (e.g.
peroxides) are present.
 The needed ignition energy can be very low (usually with gases) and can be
quite high, which is usually the case with solids. Liquids are often
somewhere in between. However the ignition of solids or aerosols depends
also on the particle size: fine dusts of e.g. aluminum or flour mixed with air
can explode easily.
 An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an
extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the
release of gases. An explosion creates a shock wave. Does the created
shock wave exceed the velocity of sound we talk about a detonation; is the
velocity lower the term deflagration is used.
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36. PREVENTIVE & PROTECTIVE MEASURES
REGARDING FIRE & EXPLOSION
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38. 38

39.  All electrical equipment should installed properly
 Get a qualified electrical contractor to carry out installation and repairs
to electrical equipment and fittings
 Maintain proper pest control to avoid rodent damage to electric wiring
and equipment
 Check electrical equipment and remove defective equipment
 Ensure electrical cords are in good condition
 Plug appliances and lights into separate electrical outlets
 Avoid using extension cords. If you require an outlet in an area where
there is none, have one installed by a qualified electrician.
 Use extension cords safety - not under carpets or across walking areas
 Use only one device per outlet
ELECTRICITY PASSIVATION
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40. VENTILATION
 Depends on amount and distribution of air supply, temperature, humidity,
motion, velocity, odors, dust, bacteria and toxic or flammable vapors.
 Proper ventilation for all people in a confined space
 Removal of harmful or dangerous substances in the air
 Ventilation is a part of structural firefighting tactics, and involves the expulsion of
heat and smoke from a burning building, permitting the firefighters to more easily
and safely find trapped individuals and attack the fire.
 Smoke ventilation systems- Automatic smoke vents are generally provided to assist
means of escape from the building. By venting smoke build-up at high level, the
occupants can escape from the building underneath the smoke layer in reasonably
safe conditions
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41.  There are four purposes of ventilation:
 Provide a continuous supply of fresh outside air.
 Maintain temperature and humidity at comfortable levels.
 Reduce potential fire or explosion hazards.
 Remove or dilute airborne contaminants.
 Basic types of Ventilations System during fire prevention:
Vertical and Horizontal their names refer to the general locations of the intended exit points
of the heat and smoke to be ventilated.
• Vertical ventilation takes place through holes cut in the roof, during the early stages of a
fire in a process known collectively as roof operations
• Horizontal ventilation usually takes place through doors and windows.
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42. SPRINKLING
Water Sprinkler Systems
 Sprinkler systems consist of numerous sprinkler heads attached to
a pipe, such as the one shown below. When a fire occurs, heat
causes the fluid in the bulb to expand and shatter the bulb,
allowing water to flow through the nozzle . A deflector at the base
of the sprinkler will divert water flow and increase the area of
coverage. Each sprinkler can be activated individually, because
each is regulated by a different bulb. This allows for smaller,
localized fires to be extinguished while minimizing the damage
done by water.
 Water sprinkler systems are only effective on class A fires.
Though this may limit their viability where other types of fires
may occur, they are among the most common and cost-effective
systems to implement.
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43. Water Sprinklers exist as wet pipe or dry pipe systems:
WET PIPE DRY PIPE
Wet pipe sprinkler systems store water in
the pipe the sprinkler is attached to. These
systems are commonly used in smaller
plants. When the bulb shatters, water
immediately rushes out to contain a fire. In
colder climates, the risk of pipes freezing
should be considered if implementing this
type of system.
In order to combat freezing , buildings may
use a dry pipe system instead. Rather than
water, dry pipe systems are filled with
pressurized air that blocks water flow with a
dry valve. In its normal state, air pressure
prevents the flow of water across the dry
valve. When a fire occurs, the fluid-filled
bulb breaks. This allows the gas to escape
and relieve pressure on the dry valve, which
allows water to rush through and suppress
the fire. These systems are more expensive
to install and maintain when compared to
wet pipe systems. Depending on the air
pressure in the dry pipe system, they may
also delay the release of water for up to a
minute .
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44. Deluge systems
 Larger plants and facilities may employ a deluge sprinkler
system . In this type of system, all sprinklers are connected to
a common control point. Pipes are kept dry until the control
system allows water to flow. Unlike the wet and dry valve
systems, which are activated in response to high temperature,
deluge systems are activated by external control. This allows
for more advanced detection systems, such as smoke or heat
detectors.
 Deluge systems are typically used in plants where a fire could
be disastrous if not immediately contained. Deluge systems
are more likely to contain large fires because they spray water
through every nozzle when activated. This comes at the risk of
causing more water damage than other systems. Furthermore,
containment or disposal systems for runoff water are necessary
in deluge systems to prevent flooding.
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45.  Automatic Systems
 Water Foam System - use a chemical to create a foam and
specialized sprinklers to aerate the foam, increasing the covered
surface area dramatically. Compared to sprinkler systems,
water-foam systems will have increased coverage and
suppressive capabilities, especially against more intense fires.
These systems are, however, more expensive and require a
reservoir of foaming agent.
 ABC Powder Systems - Automatic ABC dry powder
system share many similarities with both fire extinguishers and
sprinkler systems. Dry powder systems consist of a reservoir of
powder and a nitrogen-filled valve. When sufficient heat causes
the valve to burst, powder rushes out and coats the room. As the
name implies, ABC dry powder systems can suppress class A,
B, and C fires. However, these systems are limited to the
volume of the tank and may be of limited effectiveness against
a sufficiently developed fire.
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46. PROOFING
Fireproofing insulation is often applied to equipment
and steel supports in process facilities. Fireproofing
provides resistance to fire so that critical structures
remain standing and critical control systems continue to
operate until the fire is brought under control.
Fireproofing is rendering something resistant to fire, or
incombustible; or material for use in making anything
fire-proof. It is a passive fire protection
measure.
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47. 1. Equipment Supporting Structure- Steel structures supporting fire potential
equipment located within a fire scenario envelope shall be fireproofed up to the
highest level at which the equipment is supported.
2. Vessel / Equipment Supports-Exterior surfaces of skirts supporting towers or
vertical vessels within fire scenario envelope, containing hydrocarbons, shall be
fireproofed.
3. Pipe rack and pipe support- within the fire scenario envelope, which supports
hydrocarbon carrying pipes greater than 6 inches, essential duties lines such as
flare, relief, blowdown, firewater lines and ESD cables or pipe containing toxic
fluid (H2S more than 500 ppm), shall be fireproofed.
4. Air coolers - within the fire scenario envelope which handle flammable liquids
shall have all vertical and horizontal support members fireproofed up to the base
of the cooler regardless of their elevation above grade.
5. Cabling -All critical cabling, power supply cabling and instrument cabling for
ESD, F&G and emergency communication systems shall be fire resistant to IEC
60331.
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48. Relief systems-relief valves
 Relief valves and relief systems A relief system is an emergency system for
discharging gas during abnormal conditions, by manual or controlled means or by an
automatic pressure relief valve from a pressurized vessel or piping system, to the
atmosphere to relieve pressures in excess of the maximum allowable working
pressure (MAWP).
The relief system may include:
 The relief device
 The collection piping
 Flashback protection
 A gas outlet
The relief-system outlet may be either vented or flared. If designed properly, vent or flare
emergency-relief systems from pressure vessels may be combined.
Some facilities include systems for depressuring pressure vessels in the event of an
emergency shutdown. The depressuring-system control valves may be arranged to
discharge into the vent, flare, or relief systems. The possibility of freezing and hydrate
formation during high-pressure releases to the atmosphere should be considered.
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49.  Types of pressure relief devices
The two primary types of relief devices are the relief valve and rupture disk.
 Relief valves
The three basic types of pressure-relief valves are conventional spring loaded, balanced
spring loaded, and the pilot operated.
 Conventional spring loaded- In the conventional spring-loaded valve , the bonnet,
spring, and guide are exposed to the released fluids. If the bonnet is vented to the
atmosphere, relief-system backpressure decreases the set pressure. If the bonnet is
vented internally to the outlet, relief-system backpressure increases the set pressure.
The conventional spring-loaded valve is used in noncorrosive services and where
backpressure is less than 10% of the set point.
 Balanced spring-loaded-The balanced spring-loaded valve incorporates a means to
protect the bonnet, spring, and guide from the released fluids and minimizes the effects
of backpressure. The disk area vented to the atmosphere is exactly equal to the disk area
exposed to backpressure. These valves can be used in corrosive or dirty service and
with variable backpressure.
 Pilot operated-The pilot-operated valve is combined with and controlled by an
auxiliary pressure pilot. The resistance force on the piston in the main valve is assisted
by the process pressure through an orifice. The net seating force on the piston actually
increases as the process pressure nears the set point.
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50. Rupture disk devices
 The rupture-disk device is a non reclosing differential-pressure device
actuated by inlet static pressure.
 The rupture disk is designed to burst at set inlet pressure.
 The device includes a rupture disk and a disk holder. The rupture disk may
be used alone, in parallel with, or in conjunction with pressure-relief
valves.
 They are manufactured in a variety of materials with various coatings for
corrosion resistance.
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51. FLARES
• A flare plays a crucial safety role .
• Indeed, it often provides the last line of defense against a serious incident by
burning off flammable gases released. No practical alternatives to a flare (or flare
stack as it’s often called) exist.
• A flare primarily serves to handle gases released by pressure relief valves and other
devices during emergency or equipment over-pressurization events. For instance,
interruption of the usual operation of a plant, such as by failure of key equipment or
a power outage, may lead to potentially dangerous accumulation of gases; sending
these to a flare and igniting them via a pilot light ensures their safe combustion,
thus preventing their escape into the atmosphere.
• A flare also often combusts gases for relatively short periods during startups and
shutdowns, e.g., to allow proper sequencing of events (such as reintroducing fluids
during startups and emptying process equipment and lines during shutdowns).
Many plants resort to flaring to deal with gases generated during transients in
regular operations; such avoidable gas flaring should be kept to the absolute
minimum possible.
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52. SCRUBBERS
Scrubbers have played a very important role in industrial
ventilation for many decades. These are the only devices which
can remove particulate matter as well as gaseous impurities.
Any activity like burning metal forming, chemical reaction or
material handling will generate pollutants like particulate matter,
unwarranted gases and these pollutants needs to be removed from
the gas stream and cleaned gases are to be left in the atmosphere to
ensure pollution free Environment.
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53. • Air scrubbers are used to clean and deodorize areas where
unpleasant odors are lingering.
• They are most typically used to eliminate the smell of smoke
after a fire or musty odors that often accompany water
damage.
• Commercial air scrubbers contain a portable filtration system
to remove chemicals, particles, odors, and gases from the air.
• Industrial air scrubbers are designed to draw in air from the
surrounding environment and pass it through the filters,
effectively scrubbing the air and removing any contaminants.
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54. References
1. Hafees A., Shammon A., Anmar AL Taie., Ahmad M.,Kumboj A.,Siddiqui
S.,Talwar I.,Industrial hazards and safety management in pharmaceutical
industry,Int. j. appl. res. ,2020,6(5),01-07
2. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.formpl.us/blog/amp/workplace-safety-
hazard
3. https://www.slideshare.net/AnkitaGorhe/fire-protection-system-131126474
4. https://www.slideshare.net/ganpat420/fire-and-explosion-107149590
5. https://www.slideshare.net/grakbph040/fire-and-electrical-hazards
6. https://www.slideshare.net/reddyas/scrubbing-systems
7. https://www.slideshare.net/NcDas/fire-safety-management-12051016
8. https://www.slideshare.net/Shad33/gas-flare-stack-process-86762452
9. Explosion Prevention: Get A Flair For Flares | Chemical Processing
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