12. VITAMIN B3
• Other Name Niacin, or nicotinic acid,
• Active form
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADP)
14. VITAMIN B3
• Deficiency:
• pellagra, a disease involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, & CNS.
• The symptoms of pellagra progress through the three Ds:
• dermatitis,
• diarrhea,
• dementia, and,
• if untreated, death.
29. FOLIC ACID
• Function:
• Transfer one carbon units
• receives one-carbon fragments from donors such as serine, glycine, and histidine and
transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines,
41. VITAMIN A
• Other Name (retinoids,)
• Active form
1. Retinoic acid,
2. Retinal:
3. Retinol:
4. β-carotene:
42. VITAMIN A
• Function
• Visual cycle:
• Growth:
• Reproduction:
• Maintenance of epithelial cells:
43. VITAMIN A
• Deficiency:
1. Night blindness
2. xerophthalmia,
3. Acne and psoriasis:
4. Prevention of chronic disease
44. VITAMIN A
• Daily requirement:
• 1000 retinol equivalents (RE) for males
• 800 retinol equivalents (RE) for females
45. VITAMIN A
• Toxicity:
• Amounts exceeding 7.5 mg/day of retinol should be avoided.
1. the skin, dry and pruritic,
2. the liver, enlarged and can become cirrhotic,
3. the nervous system, rise in intracranial pressure.
4. Pregnant women because of causing congenital malformations in the developing
fetus.
46. VITAMIN K
• Other Name (Menadione) (phylloquinon vitamin K1) (menaquinone vitamin
K2)
• Active form
47. VITAMIN K
• Function
• 1. Formation of
• 2. Interaction of prothrombin with platelets:
• 3. Role of gama carboxyglutamate residues in other proteins:
54. VITAMIN D
• Other Name
• Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)
• Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
• Active form 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol D3
55. VITAMIN D
• Function:
• maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium
• 1) increasing uptake of calcium by the intestine,
• 2) minimizing loss of calcium by the kidney, and
• 3) stimulating resorption of bone when necessary
• 1. Effect of vitamin D on the intestine:
• 2. Effect of vitamin D on bone:
57. VITAMIN D
• Daily requirement: for adults is 5 cholecalciferol, or 200 international units (IU).
58. VITAMIN D
• Toxicity:
• Vitamin D is the most toxic of all vitamins. Like all fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin D can be
stored in the body and is only slowly metabolized.
• High doses 100,000 IU for weeks or months) can cause loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, and
stupor.
• Enhanced calcium absorption and bone resorption results in hypercalcemia, which can lead
to deposition of calcium in many organs, particularly the arteries and kidneys.